Impact of roux-en-y gastric bypass surgery (rygb) on metabolic syndrome components and on the use of associated drugs in obese patients / Impacto do bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (RYGB) nos componentes da síndrome metabólica e sobre o uso de drogas associadas em pacientes obesos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide and both behavior modification and drug therapy have low adherence. Gastric bypass has shown effective results in both reducing weight and improving comorbidities. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) on both metabolic syndrome components and the use of associated drugs in obese patients. METHODS Historical cohort of patients subjected to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) between January 2007 and March 2014 in a private clinic. The sample consisted of 273 obese class II and III individuals, 86.4% of whom were female, with age ≥20 years, followed up for 2 months after surgery. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and drug-use data were collected from patients’ medical records. RESULTS Significant differences were found in weight, body mass index and waist circumference, after 60 postoperative days. Components for metabolic syndrome diagnosis (hypertension P=0.001; hyperglycemia P<0.001; hypertriglyceridemia P=0.006) were reduced after 60 days of postoperative, with the exception HDL-c (P=0.083). There was a significant reduction in the use of antihypertensive (P<0.001), hypoglycemic (P=0.013), lipid lowering (P<0.001), and antiobesity (P=0.010) drugs and increased use of gastroprotective drugs, vitamins, and minerals (P<0.001) after 60 postoperative days. CONCLUSION Patients subjected to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery exhibited both weight loss and significant improvement not only in metabolic syndrome components (except for HDL-c) but in the use of drugs associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A prevalência de obesidade e síndrome metabólica é crescente no mundo e tanto a terapia de modificação de estilo de vida quanto a medicamentosa têm baixa adesão. O bypass gástrico tem apresentado resultados eficazes na redução de peso e comorbidades. OBJETIVO Avaliar o impacto do bypass gástrico em Y de Roux nos componentes da síndrome metabólica e sobre o uso de drogas associadas em pacientes obesos. MÉTODOS Coorte histórica de pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y de Roux entre janeiro de 2007 e março de 2014, em clínica privada. A amostra foi composta por 273 indivíduos obesos classe II e III, 86,4% dos quais eram do sexo feminino, idade ≥20 anos, acompanhados por 2 meses após a cirurgia. Dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, clínicos e de uso de medicamentos foram coletados nos prontuários dos pacientes. RESULTADOS Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no peso, índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura, após 60 dias de pós-operatório. Os componentes para diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica (hipertensão P=0,001; hiperglicemia P<0,001; hipertrigliceridemia P=0,006) foram reduzidos no pós-operatório, com exceção do HDL-c (P=0,083). Houve uma redução significativa no uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (P<0,001), hipoglicêmicos (P=0,013), hipolipemiantes (P<0,001), antiobesidade (P=0,010) e uma maior utilização de gastroprotectores, vitaminas e minerais (P<0,001) após 60 dias de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO Os pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y de Roux exibiram perda de peso e uma melhora significativa, não só em componentes da síndrome metabólica (exceto para o HDL-c), mas também no uso de medicamentos associados à obesidade e à síndrome metabólica.

IMPACT OF ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY (RYGB) ON METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS AND ON THE USE OF ASSOCIATED DRUGS IN OBESE PATIENTS.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide and both behavior modification and drug therapy have low adherence. Gastric bypass has shown effective results in both reducing weight and improving comorbidities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) on both metabolic syndrome components and the use of associated drugs in obese patients. METHODS: Historical cohort of patients subjected to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) between January 2007 and March 2014 in a private clinic. The sample consisted of 273 obese class II and III individuals, 86.4% of whom were female, with age ≥20 years, followed up for 2 months after surgery. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and drug-use data were collected from patients' medical records. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in weight, body mass index and waist circumference, after 60 postoperative days. Components for metabolic syndrome diagnosis (hypertension P=0.001; hyperglycemia P<0.001; hypertriglyceridemia P=0.006) were reduced after 60 days of postoperative, with the exception HDL-c (P=0.083). There was a significant reduction in the use of antihypertensive (P<0.001), hypoglycemic (P=0.013), lipid lowering (P<0.001), and antiobesity (P=0.010) drugs and increased use of gastroprotective drugs, vitamins, and minerals (P<0.001) after 60 postoperative days. CONCLUSION: Patients subjected to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery exhibited both weight loss and significant improvement not only in metabolic syndrome components (except for HDL-c) but in the use of drugs associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Análise fatorial do Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos / Factorial analysis of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults / El análisis factorial del cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos

O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social ou Fobia Social está entre os transtornos psicológicos mais comuns e, para seu diagnóstico correto, é necessário o uso de instrumentos de avaliação com adequadas propriedades psicométricas. Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever a análise fatorial exploratória do Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos, um novo instrumento de avaliação do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social. A amostra compôs-se de 894 sujeitos, sendo 768 de população não clínica e 126 clínica. É um estudo instrumental, quantitativo e transversal. O Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas, estabilidade na estrutura e natureza dos cinco fatores, com ótima consistência interna. Conclui-se que o instrumento possui distribuição fatorial claramente definida e é adequado para a mensuração da ansiedade social

Social Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia is among the most common psychological disorders, and the use of assessment tools with proper psychometric properties is required to obtain a correct diagnosis. This article aims to describe the exploratory factor analysis of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults, which is considered a new instrument to assess Social Anxiety Disorder. The sample consisted of 894 participants, including 768 of non-clinical population and 126 of clinical one. This is an instrumental, quantitative and cross-sectional study. As a result, the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults showed good psychometric properties, stability in structure and nature of the five factors with excellent internal consistency, pointing to a clearly factorial distribution of the instrument for measuring social anxiety

El trastorno de ansiedad social o fobia social es uno de los trastornos psicológicos más comunes y, para un correcto diagnóstico, es necesario el uso de instrumentos de evaluación con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir el análisis factorial exploratorio del Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos, un nuevo instrumento de evaluación del trastorno de ansiedad social. La muestra consistió en 894 sujetos, 768 de población no clínica y 126 clínica. Se trata de un estudio instrumental, cuantitativo y transversal. El Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas, estabilidad de la estructura y naturaleza de los cinco factores, con una excelente consistencia interna. Se concluye que el instrumento posee distribución factorial claramente definida y es adecuado para la medición de la ansiedad social

Peri-implant osseointegration after low-level laser therapy: micro-computed tomography and resonance frequency analysis in an animal model.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy on the osseointegration process by comparing resonance frequency analysis measurements performed at implant placement and after 30 days and micro-computed tomography images in irradiated vs nonirradiated rabbits. Fourteen male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each, one control group (nonirradiated animals) and one experimental group that received low-level laser therapy (Thera Lase®, aluminum-gallium-arsenide laser diode, 10 J per spot, two spots per session, seven sessions, 830 nm, 50 mW, CW, Ø 0.0028 cm2). The mandibular left incisor was surgically extracted in all animals, and one osseointegrated implant was placed immediately afterward (3.25ø × 11.5 mm; NanoTite, BIOMET 3i). Resonance frequency analysis was performed with the Osstell® device at implant placement and at 30 days (immediately before euthanasia). Micro-computed tomography analyses were then conducted using a high-resolution scanner (SkyScan 1172 X-ray Micro-CT) to evaluate the amount of newly formed bone around the implants. Irradiated animals showed significantly higher implant stability quotients at 30 days (64.286 ± 1.596; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 60.808-67.764) than controls (56.357 ± 1.596; 95 %CI 52.879-59.835) (P = .000). The percentage of newly formed bone around the implants was also significantly higher in irradiated animals (75.523 ± 8.510; 95 %CI 61.893-89.155) than in controls (55.012 ± 19.840; 95 %CI 41.380-68.643) (P = .027). Laser therapy, based on the irradiation protocol used in this study, was able to provide greater implant stability and increase the volume of peri-implant newly formed bone, indicating that laser irradiation effected an improvement in the osseointegration process.

Avaliação quantitativa e do grau de segregação dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos gerados em serviços de alimentação de um shopping center em Porto Alegre ­ RS / Quantitative evaluation and segregation of organic solid waste generated in food services of a shopping center in Porto Alegre - RS

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a quantidade e o grau de segregação dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos (RSO) gerados em 14 estabelecimentos que preparam e servem alimentos em um shopping center no município de Porto Alegre - RS. Em quatro dias não consecutivos, os resíduos gerados nos estabelecimentos foram coletados para avaliação, resultando em 180 amostras e geração diária média de 421kg de RSO. Considerando que estes resíduos são destinados à alimentação animal, determinou-se o grau de conformidade na sua segregação, através da observação e manuseio dos conteúdos de cada amostra. Verificou-se que apenas 82 (46%) amostras estavam de acordo com os critérios de segregação previamente estabelecidos, não sendo observada diferença (P=0,189) entre os estabelecimentos. O alto índice de segregação em desacordo demonstra que há necessidade de capacitação continuada junto às pessoas que atuam nestes ambientes.

This study aimed at quantitatively and qualitatively assessing the solid organic waste (SOW) produced by 14 food establishments in a shopping center. In 4 days, 180 samples were collected, with each establishment generating a daily average of 421 Kg. Considering that these SOW are destined to feed animals, the conformity degree in their segregation was determined, through observation and handling of the contents of each sample. We verified that only 82 (46%) of the samples were compliant with the segregation criteria established and that this percentage was similar (P=0.189) between the establishments. The high level of deviation demonstrates that the persons working in such environments need continuous training.

Description of sarcopenia frequency and analysis of agreement between the calf circumference and the european consensus for sarcopenia screening in elderly / Descrição da frequência de sarcopenia e análise da concordãncia entre a circunferência da panturrilha e o consenso europeu para o rastreio de sarcopenia em idosos / Descripción sarcopenia frecuencia y análisis del acurdo entre el becerro circunferencia nivel y el consenso europeo para la sarcopenia cribado en el anciano

This study aimed to describe the frequency of sarcopenia and verify the agreement between instruments for diagnosis. This a cross-sectional study, where we used the algorithm proposed by the European Consensus Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), calf circumference (CC), muscle mass and body mass index. 167 elderly were evaluated with a mean age of 68.03 ± 6.12 years. The elderly frequency screened by EWGSOP sarcopenia and CC was as follows: 40 (24.0%) 27(16.2%) and 15 (9.0%). A low degree of agreement between CC and the EWGSOP (Ò¡ = 0.192) was found. However, these instruments due to the low financial cost and easy applicability are important auxiliary tools for the screening of sarcopenia in elderly.

Este estudo teve o objetivo descrever a frequência de sarcopenia e verificar a concordância entre instrumentos para o seu diagnóstico. Trata-se de estudo transversal onde foram utilizados o algoritmo proposto pelo Consenso Europeu de Sarcopenia em idosos (EWGSOP), circunferência da panturrilha (CP), massa muscular e índice de massa muscular. 167 idosos foram avaliados com idade média de 68.03±6.12 anos. A frequência de idosos rastreados com sarcopenia pelo EWGSOP e CP foi a seguinte: 27(16.2%) e 15 (9.0%). Foi verificado um fraco grau de concordância entre a CP e o EWGSOP (Ò¡ = 0.192). Contudo, esses instrumentos, devido ao baixo custo financeiro e fácil aplicabilidade são ferramentas auxiliares importantes para o rastreio de sarcopenia em idosos.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la frecuencia de la sarcopenia y verifique el acuerdo entre los instrumentos para el diagnóstico. Este estudio transversal donde se utilizó el algoritmo propuesto por el Consenso Europeo Sarcopenia en Anciano (EWGSOP), circunferencia de la pantorrilla (CP), la masa muscular y el índice de masa corporal. 167 ancianos fueron evaluados con una edad media de 68,03 ± 6,12 años. Las personas mayores a menudo diagnosticada por EWGSOP sarcopenia y CP fue el siguiente: 27 (16.2%) y 15 (9.0%). Se encontró un bajo grado de correlación entre la CP y el EWGSOP (Ò¡ = 0.192). Sin embargo, estos instrumentos debido al bajo costo financiero y de fácil aplicabilidad son ayudas importantes para la detección y el diagnóstico de la sarcopenia en los ancianos.

Psychosocial factors associated with adherence to treatment and quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil / Fatores psicossociais associados para adesão ao tratamento e qualidade de vida de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS no Brasil

Objective: The objective of this article was to investigate the biopsychosocial factors that influence adherence to treatment and the quality of life of individuals who have been successfully following the HIV/AIDS treatment. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study carried out with 120 HIV positive participants in the south of Brazil. Among the variables studied, of note are: perceived stress, social support, symptoms of anxiety and depression and quality of life. Results: The results show that a moderate to high adherence to the treatment paired with a strong sense of social support indicate a higher quality of life. Conclusion: The combination of social support and antiretroviral treatment have an impact on physical conditions, improving immune response and quality of life. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar os fatores biopsicossociais para adesão e qualidade de vida de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS bem-sucedidas no tratamento de saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 120 participantes portadores de HIV do sul do Brasil. Entre as variáveis estudadas, destacam-se: estresse percebido, suporte social, sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e qualidade de vida. Resultados: Os resultados apontam que a adesão ao tratamento moderada para alta com boa percepção do suporte social indica melhor qualidade de vida. Conclusão: O suporte social e o tratamento antirretroviral têm impacto nas condições físicas, promovendo aumento na resposta imunológica e na qualidade de vida. .

Qualidade de vida em mulheres portadoras de HIV/Aids / Quality of life in women living with HIV/Aids

O trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a qualidade de vida em mulheres portadoras de HIV/AIDS, em destaque as relações sociais e a sexualidade. Foram analisados também aspectos sociodemográficos e situação clínica (marcadores biológicos CD4+ e carga viral) de 63 mulheres entre 18 e 65 anos em uso de terapia antirretroviral. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal descritivo analítico. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: ficha de dados sociodemográficos e da situação clínica e WHOQOL-HIV bref. Os resultados mostraram as maiores médias nos domínios espiritualidade/religião/crenças pessoais e relações sociais na avaliação da qualidade de vida. Quanto à situação laboral, as mulheres que trabalhavam apresentaram médias superiores nos domínios psicológico, relações sociais e nível de independência com relação às mulheres que não trabalhavam. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância de que as ações no contexto de saúde voltada para estas mulheres incluam a atenção para o fortalecimento das suas relações sociais.

The work aims to evaluated quality of life in women living with HIV/Aids, in prominence social relations and sexuality. The study assessed also socio demographic aspects and clinical situation (CD4+ and viral load) of 63 women, from 18 and 65 years old, in use of antiretroviral therapy. This study is quantitative, has cross sectional analytical descriptive character. It was used the instruments: socio demographic data questionnaire, biological markers: rate of CD4 and viral load and WHOQOL-HIV bref. The results show the higher averages in the spirituality/religion/personal beliefs and social relations domains in the evaluation of quality of life. In relation to labor situation the women that worked showed higher averages in the psychological, social relations and independent level domains compared to women that didn't work. In this way, it is standed out the importance that the actions in the context of health directed to these women include attention to reinforcement of their social relations.

Immunohistochemical assessment of the MIB, CK-14, p63, p16, Cal A, and Cys A markers in spindle cell squamous cell carcinomas of the lip / Avaliação imuno-histoquímica dos marcadores MIB, CK-14, p63, p16, Cal A e Cys em carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio

Objective: with the objective of testing the expression of the protein markers MIB, CK14, p63, p16, Cal A, and Cys A in the pathogenesis of oral spindle cell carcinoma, we conducted an immunohistochemical study of the expression of the protein markers MIB, CK14, p63, p16, Cal A, and Cys A in human biopsy specimens of these lesions. Methods: fifteen histological specimens of spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip were obtained from the Department of Oral Pathology, Bahia Federal University. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heidelberg University, Germany. Results: statistical analysis revealed no association between markers. There was strong positive staining for Ck14, MIB, and Cal A in 93.3% of cases, thus establishing a strong association. Conclusion: p63, p16, MIB, Cal A, Cys A are markedly expressed and p16 is strongly suppressed in oral cavity tumors, which suggests that the latter protein may play a role in negative regulation of cell cycle progression.

Avaliação do efeito biomodulatório local e à distância por laserterapia infravermelha e vermelha na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em dorso de ratos / Analysis of local and distant biomodulatory effects by red and infrared lasertherapy on cutaneous wounds healing on the dorsum of rats

Objetivos: Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar se os lasers vermelho e infravermelho podem, ou não, interferir no processo cicatricial de ferimentos localizados no ponto de aplicação e a distância deste. Materiais e métodos: Foram realizados três ferimentos circulares em dorso de ratos, na região cranial, na região medial e na região caudal. Para este estudo experimental foram analisados 45 animais, divididos em três grupos, onde 15 animais não sofreram irradiações, em 15 animais foi aplicado laser infravermelho e em 15 animais foi aplicado laser vermelho. O período de observação foi de três, cinco e sete dias. Assim, cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos (A; B; C), de acordo com período de observação. Para os grupos II e III a dose de energia das irradiações foi de 8J/cm2, aplicados após o término da cirurgia e a cada 48 horas, totalizando, na dependência da época da morte do animal, duas, três ou quatro irradiações. Resultados: Houve maior presença de edema e processo inflamatório agudo nos primeiros dias avaliados e quantitativamente não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no percentual de redução das feridas intra e inter-grupos. Conclusões: A fototerapia por laser de baixa potência infravermelha apresentou um efeito biomodulatório positivo nos períodos iniciais de cicatrização e reparo em feridas no dorso de ratos. A fototerapia por laser de baixa potência vermelha apresentou, nos períodos iniciais analisados, maior processo inflamatório agudo, o que pode ser devido ao menor comprimento de onda que atinge as camadas mais superficiais da ferida.

Objectives: This study aims to verify whether red and infrared lasers can interfere with the healing process ofwounds located at the point ofapplication and at distance. Materials and methods: Three circular wounds were conducted on the dorsum of rats, being one in the cranial region, another one in the medial reg ion, and a third one in the caudal region. For thisexperimental study, 45 animals wereinvestigated and divided into threegroups, to which 15 animals weresubmitted to no laser of any kind, 15 animals were submitted to infrared laser, and 15 animals were submitted tored laser. The observation periodwas of three, five, and seven days.Thus, each group was divided into three subgroups (A, B,C) based on the observation period. For groups II andIII the amount of energy during theirradiation was 8J/cm 2, appliedafter the surgery and then every 48hours, totalizing, depending on thetime of death of the animal, two,three or four irradiations. Results: There was higher presence of edema in among 3 and 5 day period of analysis and acuteinflammatory proces s were found in red laser irradiation study group.Quantitatively, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of reduction of wounds in and among the groups. Conclusions: There is no statistical difference were found by thetherapy with low power red and infra-red laser in the wound sizes during all period of analysis.

Assessment of marginal adaptation after apicoectomy and apical sealing with Nd:YAG laser.

OBJECTIVE: Recurrent periapical disease poses a substantial challenge to the dental practitioner. However, the use of novel methods and materials in periapical surgery has increased the success rates of treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) retrofilling and apical sealing with Nd:YAG laser (at 10 Hz, 150 mJ, 1.5 W, in 60 sec pulses) as adjuncts to apicoectomy. METHODS: Perpendicular root end resection was performed with diamond-coated burs on 40 canine teeth previously subjected to endodontic treatment. Teeth were randomly allocated into four groups: group A, apicoectomy alone; group B, apicoectomy+Nd:YAG laser; group C, apicoectomy+MTA retrofilling; group D, apicoectomy+MTA retrofilling+Nd:YAG laser. Specimens were embedded in epoxy resin and sliced lengthwise and crosswise. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed more homogeneous and canaliculi-free apical surfaces in groups B and D (p<0.01). Marginal gaps between the dentin surface and filling material were observed in decreasing order of gap size in groups B, A, D, and C (p<0.01) for cross-sectional analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) revealed greater phosphorus (p<0.01) and lower calcium (p<0.01) ion content in the Nd:YAG-irradiated groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, Nd:YAG laser irradiation had a positive effect on dentin surface sealing, despite an untoward dimensional effect when associated with MTA retrofilling.

Anxiety and depression symptoms in women with and without binge eating disorder enrolled in weight loss programs.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate the association between binge eating scores, anxiety and depression symptoms, and body mass index (BMI), and 2) to assess the presence of differences in severity of anxiety symptoms, severity of depression symptoms, and BMI in women with and without binge eating disorder. METHOD: The sample comprised 113 women aged between 22 and 60 years (39.35±10.85) enrolled in weight loss programs in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The following instruments were used: structured interview, Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Binge Eating Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: A positive association was found between binge eating scores and the severity of anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001) and depression symptoms (p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between BMI and binge eating scores (p = 0.341). There were significant differences between women with and without binge eating disorder with regard to severity of anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001) and severity of depression symptoms (p < 0.001). Conversely, no significant differences were observed between the groups concerning BMI (p = 0.103). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that binge eating is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, but not with BMI.

Intensidade de uso de crack de acordo com a classe econômica de usuários internados na cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil / Intensity of crack consumption according the economic level of the admitted users in the city of Porto Alegre/Brazil

OBJETIVOS: Investigar se há associação entre intensidade e frequência de uso de crack e o nível econômico de dependentes da droga e verificar se há relação entre classe econômica e intensidade e frequência de uso de crack em homens adultos em internação psiquiátrica. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal quantitativo. Instrumentos: entrevista estruturada, Critérios de Classificação Econômica Brasil e Miniexame do Estado Mental. Tratamento estatístico: análises descritivas e inferenciais (testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis - nível de significância de 5%). RESULTADOS: Duzentos e vinte e um participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) Grupo de maior nível econômico (classes A e B) e (2) Grupo de menor nível econômico (Classes C, D e E). Não houve diferença significativa (p = 0,893 - teste de Mann-Whitney) entre os grupos quanto à intensidade e à frequência de uso de crack. Também não houve relação significativa (p = 0,549 - teste de Kruskal-Wallis) entre classe econômica (A, B, C, D e E) e intensidade e frequência de uso de crack. CONCLUSÃO: Os dependentes de crack de maior e de menor poder aquisitivo não diferiram de forma significativa com relação à intensidade e à frequência de uso da droga. Não houve relação entre classe econômica e intensidade e frequência de uso de crack nesta amostra.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a relationship exists between the intensity and frequency of crack consumption and the economic level of the drug addicts, and verify if there is a relationship between economic class and frequency and intensity of crack consumption in adult men during a psychiatric hospitalization. METHOD: This is quantitative study. Instruments: structured interview, Brazil Economic Classification Criteria and Mini Mental State Examination. Statistical analysis: descriptive and inferential analysis (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test - significance level of 5%). RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty one participants were divided into two groups: (1) Higher socioeconomic status group (classes A and B) and (2) lower socioeconomic status group (Classes C, D and E). There was no significant difference (p = 0.893 - Mann-Whitney) between the groups regarding the intensity and frequency of crack use. There was also no significantly relationship (p = 0.549 - Kruskal-Wallis) between economic class (A, B, C, D and E) and frequency and intensity of crack use. CONCLUSION: The crack-dependent higher and lower buying power did not differ significantly with respect to intensity and frequency of drug use. There was no relationship between socioeconomic status and frequency and intensity of crack use in this sample.

Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em mulheres com e sem compulsão alimentar participantes de programas de redução de peso / Anxiety and depression symptoms in women with and without binge eating disorder enrolled in weight loss programs

OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate the association between binge eating scores, anxiety and depression symptoms, and body mass index (BMI), and 2) to assess the presence of differences in severity of anxiety symptoms, severity of depression symptoms, and BMI in women with and without binge eating disorder. METHOD: The sample comprised 113 women aged between 22 and 60 years (39.35±10.85) enrolled in weight loss programs in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The following instruments were used: structured interview, Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Binge Eating Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: A positive association was found between binge eating scores and the severity of anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001) and depression symptoms (p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between BMI and binge eating scores (p = 0.341). There were significant differences between women with and without binge eating disorder with regard to severity of anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001) and severity of depression symptoms (p < 0.001). Conversely, no significant differences were observed between the groups concerning BMI (p = 0.103). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that binge eating is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, but not with BMI.

OBJETIVOS: 1) Investigar a associação entre escores de compulsão alimentar, sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão e índice de massa corporal (IMC); e 2) verificar se existe diferença na intensidade dos sintomas de ansiedade, dos sintomas depressivos e no IMC em mulheres com e sem compulsão alimentar. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta de 113 mulheres com idade entre 22 e 60 anos (39,35±10,85), participantes de programas de redução de peso na cidade de Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: entrevista estruturada, Critérios de Classificação Econômica Brasil, Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Houve associação positiva entre os escores de compulsão alimentar e a intensidade dos sintomas de ansiedade (p < 0,001) e de depressão (p < 0,001). Não foi observada associação significativa (p = 0,341) entre IMC e escores de compulsão alimentar. Houve diferença significativa entre mulheres com e sem compulsão alimentar com relação à intensidade dos sintomas de ansiedade (p < 0,001) e depressão (p < 0,001). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos com relação ao IMC (p = 0,103). CONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo mostraram que a compulsão alimentar está associada a sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão, porém não está associada ao IMC.

Dimensional accuracy of select laser sintering and three-dimensional printing biomodels after autoclaving: a preliminary descriptive study / Precisão dimensional da sinterização seletiva a laser e da impressão tridimensional de biomodelos após esterilização em autoclave: um estudo preliminar descritivo

Objective: This is a preliminary descriptive study to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of two biomodels after autoclaving. Materials and methods: Data were obtained using computed tomography (CT) scans of a dry skull, and were used as the basis for the construction of two prototypes using two rapid prototyping techniques: three-dimensional printing (3DP™) with plaster powder; and selective laser sintering (SLS) with polyamide powder. Using 19 cranial landmarks, 10 linear measurements of each prototype were repeated twenty times each using a digital caliper. After that, the SLS and 3DP™ biomodels were autoclaved under the same conditions and technical parameters. Each linear measurement was repeated 20 times after autoclaving, but only for the SLS model because the 3DP™ model deformed during autoclaving. Results and conclusion: The biomodel manufactured with polyamide powder using the SLS technique (SLS model) did not undergo any significant dimensional changes during autoclaving, which suggests that this technique may have potential clinical and surgical applicability.

Objetivo: Este é um estudo preliminar descritivo para avaliar a precisão dimensional de dois biomodelos após aautoclavagem. Materiais e métodos: Os dados foram obtidos por meio de tomografia computadorizada (TC) deum crânio seco, sendo usados como base para a construção de dois protótipos, utilizando duas técnicas de prototipagemrápida: impressão tridimensional (3DP®) com pó de gesso e sinterização seletiva a laser (SLS) de pó depoliamida. Utilizando 19 caracteres cranianos, dez medidas lineares de cada protótipo foram repetidas 20 vezescada uma, utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Depois disso, os biomodelos de SLS e 3DP® foram autoclavadossob as mesmas condições e parâmetros técnicos. Cada medição linear foi repetida 20 vezes após a autoclavagem,mas apenas para o modelo SLS, pois o modelo 3DP® foi deformado durante a autoclavagem. Resultados e conclusão:Os biomodelos fabricados com pó de poliamida utilizando a técnica SLS (modelo SLS) não sofreram alteraçãodimensional significativa durante a autoclavagem, o que sugere que essa técnica pode ter aplicabilidadeclínica e cirúrgica em potencial.

Analysis of the morphology and composition of tooth apices apicectomized using three different ablation techniques.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate apicectomies performed using burs, a CO2 laser or an Er:YAG laser and to evaluate the following aspects: morphology of apicectomized surfaces, presence of failures at the dentin/obturation material interface (marginal fit) of the apical portions of the root canals, and the proportions of chemical elements in the apicectomized surfaces. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-four teeth were divided into three groups of eight and each group underwent apicectomy by one of three different ablation techniques: bur, CO2 laser or Er:YAG laser. The morphology of the apicectomized surfaces was then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and their chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. RESULTS: Surfaces produced with ablation by bur exhibited less surface irregularities and better marginal fit, while ablation with the CO2 laser caused intense surface carbonization and failures in obturation material fit. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, taking into consideration their clinical application, ablation of tooth apices using burs proved to be the best option among those tested here.

Histological and physical analysis of bone neoformation by osteogenesis distraction: A preliminary report.

INTRODUCTION: Osteogenesis distraction (OD) is a mainstream technique in maxillofacial surgical reconstruction with varied applications. OD technique employs a distractor with the aim to get new bone in the site of interest. Osseous maturation time is necessary before the device can be removed and few patients' complaint of related discomfort, especially when these devices are external, and induces superficial infections, paresthesia, hypertrophic scars and social relationship difficulties. The use of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been proved beneficial to soft tissue and osseous repairs. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 12 rabbits were randomly divided in to two groups. In all animals, distractor was placed and one group was exposed to LLLT while the other group served as control. After consolidation, animals were sacrificed, the new bone formed were subjected to investigations including histomorphometric, physical analysis and tomographical analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULT: Newly formed bone was significantly different between the groups. The physical properties of the neobone were comparatively better when the animals were exposed to LLLT with varying statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The results obtained with smaller sample size in this study need to be interpreted with care. The results of this preliminary pilot study encourage the use of LLLT during healing period. However the histological, tomographical and physical findings need to be ascertained using a larger sample size to study the bio-stimulatory effects with laser therapy from basics to clinical relevance on wound and bone healing.

Estudo comparativo da variabilidade de posição dos terceiros molares retidos em pacientes adolescentes e adultos jovens / Comparative study of variability of position of impacted third molars patients in teens and young adults

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, através da avaliação de radiografias panorâmicas, a prevalência da posição dos terceiros molares, definindo as posições mais freqüentes e sua distribuição entre os gêneros. De uma amostra de 279 radiografias panorâmicas de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial da FO-PUCRS, no período compreendido entre março e setembro de 2006, foram selecionadas 100 radiografias que obedeciam os seguintes critérios de inclusão: presença de segundo molar na hemiarcada e presença de terceiro molar retido na hemiarcada. Das 100 radiografias panorâmicas 42% apresentavam todos os terceiros molares; 15% três terceiros molares, 31% dois terceiros molares, 9% um terceiro molar. Apenas 3% mostrou agenesia de todos os terceiros molares. Concluiu-se que a posição mais prevalente do terceiro molar retido, em ambos os gêneros, foi a mésio-angulada, seguida pelas posições, vertical, disto-angulada e, finalmente a horizontal. A freqüência da posição mésio-angulada foi maior nos terceiros molares inferiores e apresentou-se ligeiramente maior no gênero masculino (44,8%).

The aim of this study was establish the prevalence of the position of the third molar. This objective was accomplished using panoramic x-ray. Our variables in concern were the most frequent position and the distribution between genders of this tooth. These x-rays were selected by the following inclusion criteria: existence of the second molar in the hemi-arcade and presence of the non-erupted third molar in the hemi-arcade. We used 100 x-rays, which 42% showed all third molars, 15% showed three, 31% showed two, 9% showed one and 3% showed no third molars. As a result, we found that in all third molars, the most frequent position was the mesio-angular in both genders. We also found that the most frequent position of non-erupted third molar, in both genders, was a mesio-angular, followed by the positions vertical, disto-angular and horizontal.

Seasonal flight and resource collection patterns of colonies of the stingless bee Melipona bicolor schencki Gribodo (Apidae, Meliponini) in an Araucaria forest area in southern Brazil / Padrão sazonal de vôo e coleta de recursos em colônias de Melipona bicolor schencki Gribodo (Apidae, Meliponini) em área de Floresta com Araucária no sul do Brasil

Melipona bicolor schencki occurs in southern Brazil and at high elevations in southeastern Brazil. It has potential for use in meliponiculture but this stingless bee species is vulnerable to extinction and we have little knowledge about its ecology. In order to gather essential information for species conservation and management, we made a study of seasonal flight activities in its natural environment. We sampled bees entering the nests with pollen, nectar/water and resin/mud, in five colonies during each season. In parallel, we analyzed the influence of hour of the day and meteorological factors on flight activity. Flights were most intense during spring and summer, with daily mean estimates of 2,100 and 2,333 flights respectively, while in fall and winter the daily flight estimate was reduced to 612 and 1,104 flights, respectively. Nectar and water were the most frequently-collected resources, followed by pollen and building materials. This preference occurred in all seasons, but with variations in intensity. During spring, daily flight activity lasted over 14 hours; this period was reduced in the other seasons, reaching eight hours in winter. Meteorological factors were associated with 40.2 percent of the variation in flight and resource collection activity. Apparently, other factors that we did not measure, such as colony needs and availability of floral resources, also strongly influence the intensity of resource collection.

Melipona bicolor schencki ocorre no Sul e em regiões de altitude elevada no Sudeste do Brasil. Encontra-se vulnerável a extinção no Rio Grande do Sul e possui potencial para meliponicultura, entretanto o conhecimento de sua ecologia é escasso. Desenvolveu-se o estudo sazonal das atividades de vôo de colônias em ambiente natural, com vistas a subsidiar ações conservacionistas e manejo. Amostrou-se o ingresso de pólen, néctar/água e resina/barro em cinco colônias, durante o período de atividades externas, em cada estação do ano. Analisou-se também a influência do horário e de fatores meteorológicos sobre o vôo. Os vôos foram similarmente mais intensos durante a primavera e verão, com estimativa diária de 2100 e 2333, enquanto no outono e inverno reduziram-se respectivamente para 612 e 1104. O transporte de néctar/água foi maior, seguido de cargas de pólen e de materiais de construção. Esta situação ocorreu similarmente nas quatro estações, porém com variações de intensidade. A amplitude diária de vôo foi de 14 horas na primavera, reduzindo-se nas demais estações e atingindo 8 horas no inverno. Os fatores meteorológicos exerceram influência de 40,2 por cento no vôo das abelhas. Este resultado indica que outros fatores, não mensurados neste estudo, como as necessidades das colônias determinadas por fatores fisiológicos e a disponibilidade de recursos florais, exercem forte influência sobre a intensidade de coleta de recursos.

Analysis of the systemic effect of red and infrared laser therapy on wound repair.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, using histological analysis, the systemic action and repair process of wounds produced on the back of rats and treated with red, infrared, or both lasers applied directly or indirectly to the wounds. BACKGROUND DATA: Skin tissue repair and wound healing are complex processes that involve a series of dynamic events. Many benefits are associated with biomodulation using laser therapy. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (without laser), red laser (aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP); lambda=685 nm; phi=0.0314 cm2; CW; P=30 mW; D=20 J, time of irradiation=667 sec), infrared laser (gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs): lambda=830 nm; phi=0.0314 cm2; CW; P=50 mW; D=20 J, time of irradiation=401 sec), and both lasers (infrared laser: GaAlAs; lambda=830 nm; phi=0.0314 cm2; CW; P=50 mW; D=10 J, time of irradiation=201 sec+red laser: AlGaInP; lambda=685 nm; phi=0.0314 cm2; CW; P=30 mW; D=10 J, time of irradiation=334 sec; total dose=20 J). Three subgroups were formed according to observation time points. Three wounds were produced on the back of each animal. Only the wound closest to the head was irradiated in the experimental groups. For the evaluation of skin reaction and wound healing, three animals of each group were killed at 3, 5, and 7 days postoperatively. The irradiation protocol established 48-hour intervals between applications, with the first application immediately after the surgical procedure. RESULTS: In the red and infrared laser group, healing was more advanced in the wound located furthest from the point of laser application. The most effective healing of a proximal wound was verified in the control group on the 7th postoperative day. CONCLUSION: The combined application of red and infrared lasers resulted in the most evident systemic effect on the repair of skin wounds produced in rats.