Clinical correlation between automated vision screening under cycloplegia and retinoscopy in young children / Correlação clínica entre triagem visual automatizada sob cicloplegia e retinoscopia em crianças pequenas

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the clinical performance of the Spot Vision Screener and establish clinical correlations between automated screening and retinoscopy following induction of cycloplegia in preverbal children. Methods: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, children aged 6-36 months were evaluated using the Spot Vision Screener. A complete ophthalmologic examination, including cycloplegic refraction assessment, was performed, followed by repeat spot vision screening and retinoscopy in all cases to establish correlations regarding hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism following induction of induction cycloplegia. Results: The study included 185 children. The sensitivity of the automated screener after cycloplegia was 100% (95%CI: 85.18-100%), and specificity was 87.04% (95%CI: 80.87-91.79%). Positive and negative predictive values were 52.27% (42.36-62.01%) and 100%, respectively. Compared to retinoscopy, the Spot Vision Screener overestimated spherical values by 0.62 D (95%CI: 0.56-0.69) in the right eye and by 0.60 (95%CI: 0.54-0.66) in the left eye and cylindrical values by -0.38 D in the right eye (95%CI: -0.42--0.33) and by -0.39 D in the left eye (95%CI: -0.43--0.34). For overall spherical and cylindrical values, the difference was 0.61 D (95%CI: 0.57-0.65) and -0.38 D (95%CI: -0.41--0.35) in the left and right eyes, respectively. Conclusion: A substantial correlation was found between retinoscopy and objective data captured by the device. This shows that technology can be used in conjunction, reaching a more accurate diagnosis and identifying amblyopia risk factors as early as possible. Photoscreening may make a difference at the population level for early screening and intervention.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho clínico do Spot Vision Screener e estabelecer correlações clínicas entre a triagem automatizada e a retinoscopia após indução de cicloplegia em crianças pré-verbais. Métodos: Neste estudo transversal prospectivo, crianças de 6 a 36 meses foram avaliadas usando o Spot Vision Screener. O exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo refração cicloplégica, foi então realizado, seguido de repetição da triagem automatizada e retinoscopia em todos os casos, a fim de estabelecer correlações quanto à hipermetropia, miopia e astigmatismo após a indução de cicloplegia. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 185 crianças. A sensibilidade do dispositivo de triagem automática após cicloplegia foi de 100% (IC 95%: 85,18-100%) e a especificidade foi de 87,04% (IC 95%: 80,87-91,79%). Os valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram de 52,27% (42,36 - 62,01%) e 100%, respectivamente. Em comparação com a retinoscopia, o Spot Vision Screener superestimou os valores esféricos em 0,62 D (IC 95%: 0,56 - 0,69) no olho direito e em 0,60 (IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,66) no olho esquerdo e os valores cilíndricos em -0,38 D (IC 95%: -0,42 a -0,33) no olho direito e por -0,39 D (IC 95%: -0,43 a -0,34) no olho esquerdo. A diferença para os valores esféricos e cilíndricos de forma geral foi de 0,61 D (IC 95%: 0,57 - 0,65) e -0,38 D (IC 95%: -0,41 a -0,35), respectivamente. Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação substancial entre a retinoscopia e os dados objetivos captados pelo dispositivo. Isso mostra que a tecnologia pode ser usada em conjunto, contribuindo para um diagnóstico mais preciso e identificando os fatores de risco de ambliopia o mais precocemente possível. A técnica automatizada pode fazer a diferença em nível populacional para triagem e intervenção precoce.

Clinical correlation between automated vision screening under cycloplegia and retinoscopy in young children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical performance of the Spot Vision Screener and establish clinical correlations between automated screening and retinoscopy following induction of cycloplegia in preverbal children. METHODS: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, children aged 6-36 months were evaluated using the Spot Vision Screener. A complete ophthalmologic examination, including cycloplegic refraction assessment, was performed, followed by repeat spot vision screening and retinoscopy in all cases to establish correlations regarding hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism following induction of induction cycloplegia. RESULTS: The study included 185 children. The sensitivity of the automated screener after cycloplegia was 100% (95%CI: 85.18-100%), and specificity was 87.04% (95%CI: 80.87-91.79%). Positive and negative predictive values were 52.27% (42.36-62.01%) and 100%, respectively. Compared to retinoscopy, the Spot Vision Screener overestimated spherical values by 0.62 D (95%CI: 0.56-0.69) in the right eye and by 0.60 (95%CI: 0.54-0.66) in the left eye and cylindrical values by -0.38 D in the right eye (95%CI: -0.42--0.33) and by -0.39 D in the left eye (95%CI: -0.43--0.34). For overall spherical and cylindrical values, the difference was 0.61 D (95%CI: 0.57-0.65) and -0.38 D (95%CI: -0.41--0.35) in the left and right eyes, respectively. CONCLUSION: A substantial correlation was found between retinoscopy and objective data captured by the device. This shows that technology can be used in conjunction, reaching a more accurate diagnosis and identifying amblyopia risk factors as early as possible. Photoscreening may make a difference at the population level for early screening and intervention.

Qualidade de vida de um grupo de elite da polícia militarno período pandêmico / Quality of life of an elite group of the military police in the pandemic period / Calidad de vida de un grupo élite de la policía militar en el período de pandemia

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de um grupo de elite da polícia militar no período pandêmico. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado em outubroa dezembro de 2020, com policiais militares da cidade de Anápolis, Goiás. Utilizou-se dois instrumentos, um para levantamento de dados sociodemográficos e outro sobre avaliação da qualidade de vida(WHOQOL-Bref). Calculou-se a média dos escores do WHOQOL-Bref conforme modelo estatístico disponibilizado pelo Grupo WHOQOL. Resultados: entre 55 policiais participantes, prevaleceu o sexo masculino (96,4%) e faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (41,8%). Os policiais avaliaram a qualidade de vidacomo boa (58,2%) ou muito boa (36,4%). Informaram estarem satisfeitos (56,4%) ou muito satisfeitos (29,1%). O maior escore foi para o domínio relações sociais (79,37) e o menor para o meio ambiente (71,93). Conclusão:os policiais militares avaliados consideram a qualidade de vida boa ou muito boa,e encontram-se satisfeitos com a saúde. Há, no entanto, fragilidades encontradas na qualidade de vida.

Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of an elite group of the military police during the pandemic period. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study, carried out from October to December 2020, with military police officers from the city of Anápolis, Goiás. Two instruments were used, one to collect sociodemographic data and the otherto assess quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref). The mean of the WHOQOL-Bref scores was calculated according to the statistical model provided by the WHOQOL Group. Results: among 55 participating police officers, males prevailed (96.4%) and aged between 30 and 39years (41.8%). Police officers rated quality of life as good (58.2%) or very good (36.4%). They reported being satisfied (56.4%) or very satisfied (29.1%). The highest score was for the social relations domain (79.37) and the lowest for the environment (71.93). Conclusion: the evaluated military police consider their quality of life to be good or very good and are satisfied with their health. There are, however, weaknesses found in the quality of life.

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida de un grupo élite de la policía militar durante el período de pandemia. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo, realizado de octubre a diciembre de 2020, con policías militares de la ciudadde Anápolis, Goiás. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos, uno para la encuesta de datos sociodemográficos y otro para la evaluación de la calidad de vida (WHOQOL-Bref). Se calculó la media de puntuaciones del WHOQOL-Bref según el modelo estadístico disponible en el Grupo WHOQOL. Resultados: entre los 55 policías participantes, prevaleció el sexo masculino (96,4%) y con edad entre 30 y 39 años (41,8%). Los policías calificaron la calidad de vida como buena (58,2%) o muy buena (36,4%). Informaron estar satisfechos(56,4%) o muy satisfechos (29,1%). La puntuación más alta fue para el dominio de relaciones sociales (79,37) y la más baja para el medio ambiente (71,93). Conclusión: los policías militares evaluados consideran buena o muy buena su calidad de vida y estánsatisfechos con su salud. Hay, sin embargo, debilidades encontradas en la calidad de vida.

Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Proprieties of the Mental Toughness Inventory for Brazilian Athletes.

This study has assessed the psychometric proprieties of the Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI) within the context of Brazilian sports. About 12 professionals participated in the process of adapting and translating the scale to Brazilian Portuguese. Subjects were 575 athletes (23.54 ± 5.79 years old; 58% males) who answered the MTI and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha (α), composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), Spearman correlation, and model invariance tests. Results from CFA showed adequate fit for the original 8-item structure of the scale [Chi-square (χ2) = 27.041; p = 0.078; normalized chi-square (χ2/df) = 1.50; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.988; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.981; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.03 [0.00-0.05]; standardized root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.030] assessing mental toughness (MT) as a single factor and the scale presented satisfactory internal consistency (CR = 0.81; α = 0.82). MT was correlated with resilience (r = 0.607), age (r = 0.276), and time of experience in the sport (r = 0.215). The MTI has also shown partial measurement invariance for sex and complete invariance across sport types. It was concluded that the MTI is a suitable tool for assessing MT in the present sample of Brazilian athletes; this instrument has potential practical application for researchers and sports psychologists who seek to develop the well-being and performance of athletes.

Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update of Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (2020).

The Brazilian guidelines for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis were updated and important topics were included such as assessment of risk fracture using FRAX Brazil, use of denosumab, and also recommendations for the use of glucocorticoid pulse therapy and inhaled glucocortiocoid. INTRODUCTION: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used in almost all medical specialties and the incidences of vertebral/nonvertebral fractures range from 30 to 50% in individuals treated with GCs for over 3 months. Thus, osteoporosis and frailty fractures should be prevented and treated in patients initiating treatment or already being treated with GCs. The Committee for Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolic Disorders of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (BSR) established in 2012 the Brazilian Guidelines for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). Herein, we provide a comprehensive update of the original guidelines based on improved available scientific evidence and/or expert experience. METHODS: From March to June 2020, the Osteoporosis Committee of the BRS had meetings to update the questions presented in the first consensus (2012). Thus, twenty-six questions considered essential for the preparation of the recommendations were selected. A systematic literature review based on real-life scenarios was undertaken to answer the proposed questions. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases were searched using specific search keywords. RESULTS: Based on the review and expert opinion, the recommendations were updated for each of the 26 questions. We included 48 new bibliographic references that became available after the date of the publication of the first version of the consensus. CONCLUSION: We updated the Brazilian guidelines for the prevention/treatment of GIO. New topics were added in this update, such as the assessment of risk fracture using FRAX Brazil, the use of denosumab, and approaches for the treatment of children and adolescents. Furthermore, we included recommendations for the use of inhaled GCs and GC pulse therapy in clinical settings.

Strength measurements and assessment: a latin american review on swimming athletes / Medidas e avaliação da força: uma revisão latino-americana em atletas de natação

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze how strength is measurement and its use occurs in studies of Latin American magazines with swimming athletes. The review followed PRISMA principles, carrying out the research in Scielo and Lilacs databases, adopting as inclusion criteria: a) studies with swimming athletes samples; b) studies that involved some evaluation of strength in athletes. A total of 87 articles were found, where 23 remained for complete analysis for suit all the criteria. Data analysis will be performed by metassumarization and content analysis. The results indicated the main measuring instrument to evaluate the strength was the dynamometer (isokinetic, isometric, and portable). Two main groups of subjects involved in the studies were identified, being these, the analysis of the strength for a better performance, and the analysis of imbalance muscular strength, especially in the shoulder. The intervention method was little used, demonstrating that the use of parachute during training and strength training outside the pool under an undulatory periodization are both effective in the athlete's performance. It is concluded that the main method of strength assessment in swimming is with the use of dynamometer, swimmers have a shoulder with muscular imbalance and there are few proposals for intervention to improve muscular strength in swimming athletes.

RESUMO O objetivo foi analisar como ocorre a mensuração da força e sua utilização em estudos de revistas latino-americanas com atletas de natação através de uma revisão. A revisão seguiu os princípios do PRISMA, realizando a pesquisa nas bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs, adotando como critérios de inclusão: a) estudos com amostras de atletas de natação; b) Estudos que envolveram alguma avaliação de força em atletas. Um total de 87 artigos foram encontrados, onde 23 permaneceram para análise completa por atenderem todos os critérios. Para análise de dados foi utilizado metassumarização e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que o principal instrumento de medida para avaliar a força foi o dinamômetro (isocinético, isométrico, portátil). Dois grupos principais de temáticas envolvidas nos estudos foram identificados, sendo estes, a análise da força para um melhor desempenho e a análise do desequilíbrio da força muscular, especialmente no ombro. O método de intervenção foi pouco utilizado, demonstrando que o uso do parachute durante o treino e o treinamento de força fora da piscina sob uma periodização ondulatória são eficazes no desempenho dos atletas. Conclui-se que o principal método de avaliação da força na natação é com o uso do dinamômetro, os nadadores apresentam um ombro com desequilíbrio muscular e poucas são as propostas de intervenção para a melhora da força muscular em atletas de natação.

História do esporte em Moçambique: um olhar dos profissionais de Educação Física / History of sport in Mozambique: una visión de los profesionales de la Educación Física / Historia de lo deporte en Mozambique: a vision of teachers and managers of Physical Education

Propomos com este escrito apresentar a evolução histórica da estrutura do esporte em Moçambique. Para tanto, foram selecionados três professores e quatro dirigentes que viveram a história e a evolução da área da Educação Física (EF) e esporte no país. Utilizamos documentos históricos e entrevista semiestruturada com os participantes. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada para análise e interpretação dos materiais encontrados e das entrevistas. O contexto sociocultural da EF e esporte em Moçambique foram marcados por dois períodos históricos: a era colonial (1927-1974), na qual se estabeleceram as bases para a estruturação da EF vigente em Moçambique e a era pós-independência (1975-2016), caracterizada pela regulamentação, criação de políticas e formação de profissionais de EF e esporte visando a dinamização da área. Nesse processo, apesar das condições sociais e econômicas precárias vivenciadas no período colonial e pós-independência, o governo moçambicano desempenhou um papel mediador que contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da área.

We propose with this work to present the historical evolution of the structure of sport in Mozambique. For this, three teachers and four leaders who lived the history and evolution of Physical Education (PE) and sports in the country were selected. We use historical documents and semi-structured interviews with the participants. The content analysis was used to analyze and interpret the found materials and interviews. The socio-cultural context of FF and sport in Mozambique was marked by two historical periods: the colonial era (1927-1974), which laid the foundations for the structuring of existing FGs in Mozambique and the post-independence era (1975- 2016), which is characterized by regulation, the formulation of policies and the training of PE and sports professionals oriented to promote the area. In this process, despite the precarious social and economic conditions experienced in the colonial period and after independence, the Mozambican government played a mediating role that contributed to the development of the area.

Proponemos con este trabajo presentar la evolución histórica de la estructura del deporte en Mozambique. Para ello, se seleccionaron tres maestros y cuatro líderes que vivieron la historia y evolución de la Educación Física (PE) y los deportes en el país. Utilizamos documentos históricos y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los participantes. El análisis de contenido se utilizó para analizar e interpretar los materiales encontrados y las entrevistas. El contexto sociocultural de la FF y el deporte en Mozambique estuvo marcado por dos periodos históricos: la era colonial (1927-1974), que sentó las bases para la estructuración de los grupos existentes en Mozambique y la era posterior a la independencia (1975-2016) , que se caracteriza por la regulación, la formulación de políticas y la capacitación de profesionales de la educación física y del deporte orientados a promover el área. En este proceso, a pesar de las precarias condiciones sociales y económicas experimentadas en el período colonial y después de la independencia, el gobierno de Mozambique desempeñó un papel mediador que contribuyó al desarrollo del área.

Does multimorbitdity interfere with the fundtionality of the physically active elderly? / A multimorbidade interfere na funcionalidade de idosos fisicamente ativos?

Abstract Introduction: Multimorbidity is currently considered as a relevant clinical condition due to its severity and the high prevalence among the elderly. Objective: Assessing whether multimorbidity is an intervening factor in the functionality of the physically active elderly. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 70 older people of both sexes who practice exercises at the Fitness zones (FZ) in the municipality of Maringá, state of Paraná. A sociodemographic questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHO-DAS 2.0) were used as instruments. Data analysis was performed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank correlation, in addition to the Path Analysis (p <0.05). Results: the elderly who have more than two diseases showed worse functionality than the ones with none or from 1 to 2 diseases (p <0.05). The number of diseases showed a significant association (p <0.05) with a reduction in functional domain scores, which explains from 15% to 31% of the variable's variability. Specifically, the number of diseases was positively associated with the strong effect on the domains referred to as self-care (β = 0.56) and cognition (β = 0.55), besides a moderate effect on interpersonal relationships (β = 0.39) and social participation domains (β = 0.39). Conclusion: it was concluded that multimorbidity can be considered as an intervening factor in the functionality of elderly people who practice physical activity.

Resumo Introdução: A multimorbidade é considerada atualmente uma condição clínica relevante devido à sua gravidade e alta prevalência entre os idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar se a multimorbidade é um fator interveniente na funcionalidade do idoso fisicamente ativo. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 70 idosos de ambos os sexos que praticam exercícios nas academias da terceira idade do município de Maringá, estado do Paraná. Um questionário sociodemográfico e a Escala de Avaliação da Incapacidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHODAS 2.0) foram utilizados como instrumentos. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste de Kruskal-Wallis, teste de Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman, além da Análise de caminhos (p <0,05). Resultados: Os idosos com mais de duas doenças apresentaram pior funcionalidade do que os que não possuíam ou possuíam de uma a duas doenças (p <0,05). O número maior de doenças mostrou associação significativa (p <0,05), com redução nos escores dos domínios funcionais, o que explica de 15% a 31% da variabilidade das variáveis. Especificamente, o número de doenças foi positivamente associado ao forte efeito nos domínios referidos como autocuidado (β = 0,56) e cognição (β = 0,55), além de efeito moderado nos domínios de relações interpessoais (β = 0,39) e participação social (β = 0,39). Conclusão: concluiu-se que a multimorbidade pode ser considerada como um fator interveniente na funcionalidade de idosos que praticam atividade física.

Sport and Exercise Psychology Studies in Brazil: Performance or Health?

The low professional insertion of psychologists in Brazilian sports teams, as well as the Sport Psychology course being seldom offered in undergraduate Psychology courses, may reflect in the current scenario of scientific research in Brazil. It is still not clear what Graduate Programs (GPs) have adopted directions regarding the development of studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology (SEP) research fields since an assessment or mapping of scientific knowledge production in this area has not yet been performed involving Exercise and Sport Science and Psychology GPs. This study aimed at investigating institutional research and their themes in SEP from these graduate programs. Studies were selected and retrieved from a national database (Sucupira Platform), that contains all registered researches from all Exercise and Sport Science (n = 31) and Psychology (n = 84) GPs in the country. Data were analyzed through R software using text mining techniques, latent semantic analysis and K-means clustering. Results revealed that research involving SEP is predominantly being developed at Exercise and Sport Science GPs (n = 171; p < 0.01) in comparison to psychology GPs (n = 39), mostly located in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. This research has focused on the effects of physical exercise and quality of life, while Psychology GPs have analyzed sport as associated with health and education, as a way to promote social support and to study sports' psychological aspects. It was concluded that Exercise and Sport Science GPs had the most significant contribution to SEP. Investigations were focused on the interface of exercise with quality of life, health and education, with gaps existing in programs advancing in the studies on sports and performance.

Futsal de alto rendimento: uma fonte de motivação autodeterminada e satisfação atlética? / Futsal high performance: a source of self-determined motivation and athletic satisfaction?

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre os níveis de motivação e satisfação atlética dos atletas de futsal de equipes do Paraná participantes da Liga Nacional. Participaram do estudo 75 atletas (25,31 ± 5,21 anos), todos do sexo masculino, das cinco equipes paranaenses participantes da Liga Nacional de Futsal no ano de 2013, competição mais importante do Brasil. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizou-se a Escala de Motivação para o Esporte (SMS) e o Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta (QSA). Os atletas responderam os questionários de forma individual e a aplicação desses foi realizada de forma coletiva pelos pesquisadores responsáveis, no local de treinamento de cada uma das equipes. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman, a comparação múltipla das distribuições de médias de todas as ordens e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, adotando como nível de signifi - cância p<0,05. Os atletas de futsal demonstram maiores níveis de motivação intrínseca comparativamente às regulações de motivação extrínseca e de amotivação (p<0,05), apresentando níveis moderados e altos de satisfação atlética, destacando principalmente a Dedicação Pessoal (Md = 6,00; IQR=1,25), Treino Instrução (Md = 5,33; IQR=1,66) e Ética (Md = 5,67; IQR=1,00). Ainda, as dimensões Utilização de Habilidades, Contribuição da Equipe para o Social, Dedicação Pessoal e Diretoria Médica se correlacionaram positivamente com todas as Motivações Intrínsecas (0,26 ≤ r ≤ 0,40) (p<0,05). Conclui-se que os atletas de futsalparanaense são autodeterminados e satisfeitos para a prática do esporte, evidenciando que a motivação intrínseca está associada com o relacionamento social das equipes e o aperfeiçoamento individual dos atletas....(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between motivation levels and athletic satisfaction of Paraná futsal teams participating in National League. Participated 75 athletes (25,31 ± 5,21 years old) of the fi ve teams from Paraná participating in the National Futsal League on 2013, the most important competition in Brazil. The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire were applied. For data analysis the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman, the multiple comparison of mean distributions of all orders and the Spearman correlation (p<0,05) were performed. The futsal athletes demonstrate higher levels of intrinsic motivation when compared to all the regulations of extrinsic motivation and demotivation (p<0,05). They presented moderate and high levels of athletic satisfaction, especially Personal Dedication (Md=6,00; IQR=1,25), Training Instruction (Md=5,33; IQR=1,66) and Ethic (Md=5,67; IQR=1,00). In addition, the Skills Utilization, Social Team Contribution, Personal Dedication and Medical Board dimensions are positively correlated with all Intrinsic Motivations (0,26 ≤ r ≤ 0,40) (p<0,05). It is concluded that futsal athletes of Paraná are self-determined and satisfi ed for sport practice, evidencing that intrinsic motivation is associated with the teammate social relationship and the athletes' individual improvement....(AU)

Barriers for physical activity in older adults users of fitness zones / Barreiras na prática de atividade física de idosos usuários de academias da terceira idade

This study aimed to investigate perceived barriers for physical activity in older adults while in fitness zones (FZ). Participants were 970 older adults, users of 34 out of 57 FZ in the city of Maringá, Paraná, who responded to a sociodemographic questionnaire, the mini-mental state examination and the Questionnaire on barriers for physical activity. The results indicated high indexes of perception of barriers for physical activity in FZ. Older adults with a regular/bad perception of health had fewer barriers, while males, up to 70 years old and who received more than three minimum wage pay per-ceived more barriers (p < 0.05) when compared to other groups, indicating the physical limitations and the fear of getting injured as the most frequent differences. We can conclude that FZ are loca-tions that present a high number of barriers of older adults to be physically active. Moreover, older adults with a certain profile seem to perceive more barriers for the use of FZ, with the most common justification being physical limitations and the fear of getting injured while being physically active

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as barreiras percebidas por idosos para a prática de atividade física nas Academia da Terceira Idade (ATI). Participaram da pesquisa 970 idosos usuários de 34 das 57 ATI no município de Maringá, Paraná, os quais responderam um questionário sociodemográfico, o Mini Exame do Estado Mental e o Questionário de Barreiras para a prática da Atividade Física. Os resultados indicaram altos índices de percepção de barreiras para a prática de atividade física nas ATI. Idosos com percepção de saúde regular/ruim apresentam menor índice de barreiras, enquanto homens, idosos até 70 anos e que re-cebem mais de três salários mínimos percebem maiores barreiras (p < 0,05) quando comparado com outros grupos, indicando as limitações físicas e o medo de se lesionar como as diferenças mais frequentes. Conclui-se que as ATI é um local que apresenta grandes barreiras para os idosos praticarem atividade física. Ainda, ido-sos que apresentam um determinado perfil tendem a reconhecer maiores barreiras para a utilização das ATI, tendo como justificativa principalmente as limitações físicas e o medo de se lesionar durante as atividades

Motivação acadêmica e percepção de competência profissional de acadêmicos de educação física / Academic motivation and perception of professional competence of physical education academics / Motivación académica y percepción de competencia profesional de académicos de educación física

Este estudo analisou o nível de motivação acadêmica e percepção de competência profissional de acadêmicos de Educação Física. Participaram 191 acadêmicos que responderam as Escalas de Motivação Acadêmica e de Autopercepção de Competência Profissional em Educação Fí-sica e Desportos. As mulheres apresentaram maior Regulação Integrada. Os alunos que não realizam estágio demonstraram maior Desmotivação, enquanto os que realizam estágio apre-sentaram maior Regulação Integrada e competência profissional. Ainda, a percepção de com-petência profissional de quem não realiza estágio se correlacionou principalmente com a Re-gulação Externa e a Desmotivação. Concluiu-se que o estágio promove maior percepção de competência profissional e melhores níveis de motivação autodeterminada.

This study analyzed the academic motivation and perception of professional competence lev-els among Physical Education students. The subjects were 191 academics who answered the Academic Motivation Scale and the Self-Perception Scale of Professional Competence in Physical Education and Sports. Women presented greater Integrated Regulation. The students who did not perform the internship had higher demotivation, while those who completed the internship had higher Integrated Regulation and professional competence. Further, the percep-tion of professional competence of those who do not perform internship has correlated mainly with the External Regulation and Desmotivation. It was concluded that internship promotes greater perception of professional competence and better levels of self-determined motivation.

En este estudio se analizó el nivel de motivación académica y la percepción de la competencia profesional de los estudiantes de Educación Física. Participaron 191 estudiantes que respon-dieron a la Escala de Motivación académica y la Escala de Autopercepción de la competencia profesional en Educación Física y Deportes. Las mujeres mostraron una mayor regulación integrada. Los estudiantes que no realizan practicas tuvieron mayor desmotivación, mientras que aquellos que realizan practicas mostraron mayor regulación integrada y competencia pro-fesional. Sin embargo, la percepción de la competencia profesional de los estudiantes que no realizan practicas se asoció principalmente al regulación externa y desmotivación. Se conclu-yó que la practicas promueve una mayor conciencia de la competencia profesional y mejores niveles de motivación autodeterminada.

Psychometric Properties of Dispositional Hope Scale for Brazilian Sport Context.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS) for the Brazilian sport context. The sample for construct validity consisted of 474 athletes; internal validity was assessed with 101 athletes; and external validity was tested in 81 athletes, from which, were 55 had further participated in the temporal stability assessment. Data analysis was conducted through the following tests: Cronbach's alpha, Composite Reliability (CR), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Spearman Correlation Coefficient and intraclass correlation. Results had shown that the DHS presents satisfactory internal consistency (.79 ≤ α ≤ .83; .58 ≤ r ≤ .75). The EFA model revealed a two-factor solution to be the most adequate, while CFA confirmed such model (χ2= 59.88; p .50). Temporal stability was achieved (ICC > .70). It was concluded that the DHS is a valid measure for the assessment of hope in Brazilian sports context; this instrument has potential practical applications for professionals working with Sport Psychology.

Post-decision wagering after perceptual judgments reveals bi-directional certainty readouts.

Humans and other animals constantly evaluate their decisions in order to learn and behave adaptively. Experimentally, such evaluation processes are accessed using metacognitive reports made after decisions, typically using verbally formulated confidence scales. When subjects report high confidence, it reflects a high certainty of being correct, but a low confidence might signify either low certainty about the outcome, or a high certainty of being incorrect. Hence, metacognitive reports might reflect not only different levels of decision certainty, but also two certainty directions (certainty of being correct and certainty of being incorrect). It is important to test if such bi-directional processing can be measured because, for decision-making under uncertainty, information about being incorrect is as important as information about being correct for guidance of subsequent behavior. We were able to capture implicit bi-directional certainty readouts by asking subjects to bet money on their perceptual decision accuracy using a six-grade wager scale (post-decision wagering, PDW). To isolate trial-specific aspects of metacognitive judgments, we used pre-decision wagering (wagering before the perceptual decision) to subtract, from PDW trials, influences resulting from non-trial-specific assessment of expected difficulty and psychological biases. This novel design allowed independent quantification of certainty of being correct and certainty of being incorrect, showing that subjects were able to read out certainty in a bi-directional manner. Certainty readouts about being incorrect were particularly associated with metacognitive sensitivity exceeding perceptual sensitivity (i.e. meta-d' > d'), suggesting that such enhanced metacognitive efficiency is driven by information about incorrect decisions. Readouts of certainty in both directions increased on easier trials, and both certainty directions were also associated with faster metacognitive reaction times, indicating that certainty of being incorrect was not confounded with low certainty. Finally, both readouts influenced the amount of money subjects earned through PDW, suggesting that bi-directional readouts are important for planning future actions when feedback about previous decisions is unavailable.

Factors associated with body image dissatisfaction of the elderly who practice weight training / Fatores associados à insatisfação com a imagem corporal em idosos praticantes treinamento de força

Abstract Introduction: The body image is a multidimensional construct of the internal and external representations of the corporal structures added to the physical appearance, which can be influenced by aging. The weight training can be an important exercise to help elderly to face all the changes arising from aging, being one of them the dissatisfaction with body image. Objective: This study aims at identifying the factors associated with body image dissatisfaction of the elderly who practice weight training. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study. The sample, chosen by convenience and intentionally, embraced 174 male and female elderly subjects who practice weight training at one of the 15 fitness centers drawn for the research that offered this modality of physical exercise in Maringá city, state of Paraná, Brazil. A questionnaire with sociodemographic and health profile questions was used, as well as the BSQ to assess body dissatisfaction. Data analysis was carried out by using a descriptive inferential statistical approach with the Chi-squared test, Fischer's exact test, and binary logistic regression, adopting a significance when p < 0.05. Results: The majority of the elderly showed no body dissatisfaction (82.2%). There was a significant association among the absence of body dissatisfaction and the following items: retirement (p = 0.031), current study (p = 0.035), self perception of health (p = 0.016), body self perception (p = 0.001), and practice time (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the sociodemographic factors are intervenient when considering body dissatisfaction of the elderly people who practice weight training.

Resumo Introdução: A imagem corporal é um construto multidimensional das representações internas e externas das estruturas corporais adicionadas à aparência física, que podem ser influenciadas pelo envelhecimento. O treinamento com pesos pode ser um importante exercício para ajudar os idosos a enfrentar todas as mudanças decorrentes do envelhecimento, sendo um delas a insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores associados à insatisfação com a imagem corporal de idosos praticantes de musculação. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional, de delineamento transversal. A amostra, escolhida por conveniência e de forma intencional, foi composta por 174 idosos, de ambos os sexos, praticantes de musculação em uma das 15 academias sorteadas para a pesquisa, que ofereciam esta modalidade de exercício físico no municípío de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Foi utilizado questionário com questões de perfil sociodemográfico e de saúde, e o BSQ para avaliação da insatisfação corporal. A análise dos dados foi realizada mediante uma abordagem de estatística descritiva e inferencial, por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, exato de Fischer, regressão logística binária, adotando significância quando p < 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se ausência de insatisfação corporal na maioria dos idosos (82,2%). Foi encontrada associação significativa de ausência de insatisfação corporal com a aposentadoria (p = 0,031), estudar atualmente (p = 0,035), com a auto percepção de saúde (p = 0,016), auto percepção corporal (p = 0,001) e tempo de prática (p = 0,027). Conclusão: Por meio dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os fatores sociodemográficos podem ser considerados intervenientes na insatisfação corporal em idosos praticantes de musculação.

Investigation of the emotional and psychological factors of elderly persons frequenting ballroom dancing clubs / Investigação dos fatores psicológicos e emocionais de idosos frequentadores de clubes de dança de salão

Abstract Objective: the present study investigated the psychological and emotional factors of elderly persons who practiced ballroom dancing. Method: the sample consisted of 93 elderly people who attended ballroom dancing clubs in the city of Maringá, in Paraná, Brazil. The Perceived Stress Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Life Satisfaction Scale and the SF-12 questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (data normality), Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (comparison of psychological variables according to sociodemographic and health variables), Spearman Correlation and Multivariate Linear Regression (relationship between variables). Results: there was a predominance of a good perception of health (69.9%); adequate values ​​of life satisfaction (Md=27.00, Q1=25.00, Q3=30.00) and self-esteem (Md=31.00, Q1=30.00, Q3=32.00); as well as physical (Md=59.40, Q1=50.00, Q3=62.50); and mental health perception (Md=71.90, Q1=62.50, Q3=78.12). Low levels of anxiety (Md=6.00, Q1=3.00, Q3=12.00) and depression (Md=3.00, Q1=2.00, Q3=4.00), and a perception of moderate levels of stress (Md=20.00, Q1=13.50, Q3=24.50) were also found. Elderly people with a good perception of health were more satisfied with life and had higher self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety, stress and depression than those with poor/regular perception; anxiety (β= -0.32) and depression (β= -0.15) had a negative impact on life satisfaction, predicting its variability by 21%. Conclusion: the elderly had a healthy profile, and anxiety and depression were the main psychological and emotional factors that negatively influenced the satisfaction with life of these elderly people. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo investigou os fatores psicológicos e emocionais de idosos praticantes de dança de salão. Método: A amostra foi composta por 93 idosos que frequentavam clubes de dança na cidade de Maringá, PR, Brasil. Foram utilizados a Escala de Estresse Percebido, Escala de Autoestima, Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica, Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e o questionário SF-12. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (normalidade dos dados), U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (comparação das variáveis psicológicas em função das variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde), Correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear Multivariada (relação entre as variáveis). Resultados: Observou-se predomínio de boa percepção de saúde (69,9%); valores adequados de satisfação com a vida (Md=27,00; Q1=25,00; Q3=30,00); autoestima (Md=31,00; Q1=30,00; Q3=32,00); e percepção de saúde física (Md=59,40; Q1=50,00; Q3=62,50); e mental (Md=71,90; Q1=62,50; Q3=78,12); além de baixos níveis de ansiedade (Md=6,00; Q1=3,00; Q3=12,00) e depressão (Md=3,00; Q1=2,00; Q3=4,00); e percepção de moderados níveis de estresse (Md=20,00; Q1=13,50; Q3=24,50). Idosos com boa percepção de saúde mostraram-se mais satisfeitos com a vida, possuem maior autoestima e menores níveis de ansiedade, estresse e depressão quando comparados àqueles com percepção ruim/regular; a ansiedade (β= -0,32) e a depressão (β= -0,15) apresentaram impacto negativo sobre a satisfação com a vida, predizendo sua variabilidade em 21%. Conclusão: Os idosos apresentaram perfil saudável, sendo que a ansiedade e a depressão foram os principais fatores psicológicos e emocionais a influenciar negativamente a satisfação com a vida desses idosos. AU

Prática de atividade física por idosos frequentadores de unidades básicas de saúde / Practice of physical activity by elderly frequenters of basic health units

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os fatores associados à atividade física de idosos usuários das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) do município de Matelândia, Paraná. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram pesquisados 343 idosos usuários das UBS do município. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico, o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), e o questionário de barreiras para prática de atividade física. Resultados: Em relação ao nível de atividade física, 88,9% dos idosos avaliados foram classificados como ativos/muito ativos. Maior nível de atividade física foi significativamente associado a quantidade de medicamentos utilizados (p = 0,024), motivo para ir à UBS (p = 0,037) e indicação de atividade física pela UBS (p = 0,040). A falta de energia (p = 0,048) foi é uma barreira mais frequente e significativa para os idosos ativos/muito ativos. Conclusão: É grande o número de idosos ativos/muito ativos usuários das UBS de Matelândia, Paraná, e este foi associado à menor faixa etária, ao menor uso de medicamentos, à ida à UBS para retirada de medicamento/outros e à indicação de atividade física pela UBS. Para aqueles que não se enquadram nesses níveis, a falta de recursos financeiros e o ambiente insuficientemente seguro são as barreiras mais frequentes para a prática de atividades físicas.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the physical activity of elderly assisted at the basic health units (BHU) of the city of Matelândia, Paraná, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which 343 elderly users of the BHU of this city were surveyed. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and the questionnaire of barriers to physical activity practice were used. Results: In relation to the level of physical activity, 88.9% of the elderlies were classified as active/very active. Higher level of physical activity was significantly associated with the amount of medication used (p = 0.024), reason to go to BHU (p = 0.037), and indication of physical activity by UBS (p = 0.040). Lack of energy (p = 0.048) was a more frequent and significant barrier for the active/very active elderly. Conclusion: There is a large number of active/very active elderly users of the BHU of Matelândia, Paraná, Brazil, and this was associated with lower age, lower medication use, going to BHU to withdraw medication/others and indication of physical activity by the BHU. For those who do not fit into these levels, lack of financial resources and insufficiently safe environment are the most common barriers to physical activity.

Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is the leading cause of fractures in the population older than 50 years. This silent disease affects primarily postmenopausal women and the elderly, and the morbidity and mortality rates are high. The main goal of treating osteoporosis is the prevention of fractures. The identification of populations at risk through early diagnosis and treatment is essential. The last Brazilian guideline for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis was elaborated in 2002. Since then, new strategies for diagnosis and risk stratification have been developed, and drugs with novel action mechanisms have been added to the therapeutic arsenal. The Osteoporosis and Osteometabolic Diseases Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology, in conjunction with the Brazilian Medical Association and other Societies, has developed this update of the guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis according to the best scientific evidence available. This update is intended for professionals in many medical and health specialties involved in the treatment of osteoporosis, for physicians in general and for health-related organizations.

Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in men.

Osteoporosis, a metabolic disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of the bone tissue microarchitecture and increased susceptibility to fractures, is commonly regarded as a women's health problem. This point of view is based on the fact that compared with men, women have lower bone mineral density and longer lifespans and lose bone mass faster, especially after menopause, due to a marked decrease in serum estrogen levels. However, in the last 20 years, osteoporosis in men has become recognized as a public health problem due to the occurrence of an increasingly higher number of fragility fractures. Approximately 30% of all hip fractures occur in men. Recent studies show that the probability of fracture due to hip, vertebral or wrist fragility in Caucasian men older than fifty years, for the rest of their lives, is approximately 13% versus a 40% probability of fragility fractures in women. Men show bone mass loss and fractures later than women. Although older men have a higher risk of fracture, approximately half of all hip fractures occur before the age of 80. Life expectancy is increasing for both sexes in Brazil and worldwide, albeit at a higher rate for men than for women. This Guideline was based on a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in men.

Phylogeny of Anophelinae using mitochondrial protein coding genes.

Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is a great burden on the poorest and most marginalized communities of the tropical and subtropical world. Approximately 41 species of Anopheline mosquitoes can effectively spread species of Plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria. Proposing a natural classification for the subfamily Anophelinae has been a continuous effort, addressed using both morphology and DNA sequence data. The monophyly of the genus Anopheles, and phylogenetic placement of the genus Bironella, subgenera Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Stethomyia within the subfamily Anophelinae, remain in question. To understand the classification of Anophelinae, we inferred the phylogeny of all three genera (Anopheles, Bironella, Chagasia) and major subgenera by analysing the amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes of 150 newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Anophelinae and 18 newly sequenced Culex species as outgroup taxa, supplemented with 23 mitogenomes from GenBank. Our analyses generally place genus Bironella within the genus Anopheles, which implies that the latter as it is currently defined is not monophyletic. With some inconsistencies, Bironella was placed within the major clade that includes Anopheles, Cellia, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia, which were found to be monophyletic groups within Anophelinae. Our findings provided robust evidence for elevating the monophyletic groupings Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia to genus level; genus Anopheles to include subgenera Anopheles, Baimaia, Cellia and Christya; Anopheles parvus to be placed into a new genus; Nyssorhynchus to be elevated to genus level; the genus Nyssorhynchus to include subgenera Myzorhynchella and Nyssorhynchus; Anopheles atacamensis and Anopheles pictipennis to be transferred from subgenus Nyssorhynchus to subgenus Myzorhynchella; and subgenus Nyssorhynchus to encompass the remaining species of Argyritarsis and Albimanus Sections.