Radiotherapy for oral cavity cancers.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy and brachytherapy are standard techniques of irradiation for the treatment of oral cavity cancers. These techniques are detailed in terms of indication, planning, delineation and selection of the volumes of interest, dosimetry and patients positioning control. This is an update of the guidelines of the French Society of Radiotherapy Correspondence.

[Radiotherapy for oral cavity cancers]. / Radiothérapie des cancers de la cavité buccale.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and brachytherapy are standard techniques for the irradiation of oral cavity cancers. These techniques are detailed in terms of indication, preparation, delineation and selection of the volumes, dosimetry and patient positioning control.

[Brachytherapy for head and neck cancers]. / Curiethérapie des cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures.

The main indications of brachytherapy for head and neck cancers are limited tumours of the oral cavity, the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. This technique can be exclusive, associated with external radiotherapy or postoperative. This is also a treatment for second localizations in previously irradiated areas. If low-dose rate brachytherapy is the reference, the pulse dose rate brachytherapy by control of the dose rate and optimisation of the dose distribution is the technique to be preferred. High-dose rate brachytherapy is an option. The major prognosis factors of local control and complications are the use of a leaded protection of the mandible, the intersource spacing (1.2-1.4 cm), the volume treated (30 cm(3), i.e. three loops), the safety margin (5 mm), the dose rate (0.5 Gy/h), the total dose (65 Gy in case of exclusive brachytherapy, 25 Gy in case of a combination of external beam irradiation [50 Gy] and brachytherapy in the oropharyngeal carcinomas, 35 Gy in case of a combination of external beam irradiation [40 Gy] and brachytherapy in the oral cavity carcinomas, 60 Gy in case of a second localization in previous irradiated tissues), the delay between external irradiation and brachytherapy (<20 days), the dose per fraction and the treated volume for high-dose rate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy, when possible, is the optimal method of irradiation of head and neck carcinomas with limited volume.

Lavado broncoalveolar em eqüinos: revisão de literatura. Parte 1: Técnicas de colheita / Bronchoalveolar lavage in equine: review of the literature. part 1: collecting techniques / Lavado bronco - alveolar en el equino: revisión de la literatura parte 1: técnicas de recolección

O lavado broncoalveolar é um método que permite obter amostras de material oriundo do trato respiratório posterior. Sua principal aplicação prática na clínica médica de eqüinos é para a avaliação citológica de enfermidades inflamatórias não-infecciosas pulmonares (doença inflamatória das vias aéreas e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica) bem como da hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício. Embora essa técnica de diagnóstico seja bastante utilizada em outros países, ainda é pouco difundida no Brasil (o objetivo desta primeira parte da revisão é divulgar informações sobre técnicas de colheita de lavado broncoalveolar que possam ser úteis para implementação delas na rotina diagnóstica, pois é um método pouco invasivo que pode ser realizado a campo.

ABSTRACT:Bronchoalveolar lavage is a method that allows the collection of material samples from the superior respiratory tract. Its main practical application in equine medical clinic is the cytological evaluation of non-infectious infl ammatory diseases of the lungs (infl ammatory airway disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), as well as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Although this diagnosis technique is broadly used in other countries, it is not commonly applied in Brazil. The objective of the fi rst part of this review is to widespread information about collection techniques of bronchoalveolar lavage in order to aid the implementation of this diagnostic routine, for it is little invasive and may be usedin fi eld conditions

RESUMEN: El lavado bronco-alveolar es un método que permite obtener muestras de material procedente del tracto respiratorio posterior. Su principal aplicación práctica en la clínica médica de equinos es la evaluación citológica de enfermedades infl amatorias no infecciosas pulmonares (enfermedad infl amatoria de las vías aéreas y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica) así como de la hemorragia pulmonar inducida por el ejercicio. Aunque esta técnica de diagnóstico sea bastante usada en otros países, todavía está poco difundida en Brasil. El objetivo de esta primera parte de la revisión es divulgar informaciones sobre las técnicas de recolección del lavado bronco-alveolar y su posible inclusión en la rutina diagnóstica, pues se trata de un método poco agresivo y realizable en el campo.

Concentrados protéicos para bovinos: 1. Digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e da proteína bruta / Protein concentrates for bovines: 1. In situ digestibility of dry matter and crude protein

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a degradaçäo ruminal, pela técnica in situ, da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) de 10 concentrados protéicos. As degradaçöes potenciais da MS e da PB das farinhas de origem vegetal, soja, algodäo, mamona e palmiste, mostraram-se elevadas (próximas a 100 por cento), porém em funçäo de taxas de degradaçäo mais altas para o farelo de soja (10 por cento) e menores para o algodäo (4 por cento), mamona (MS:3 por cento; PB:1,2 por cento) e palmiste (1,7 por cento), as degradabilidades efetivas (DE) foram bem superiores para o farelo de soja, independentemente da taxa de passagem, o que a torna a fonte protéica de maior disponibilidade ruminal. O glúten de milho mostrou ser uma fonte protéica de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (DE da PB: 16 por cento para 0,05 de taxa de passagem). Dentre os alimentos de origem animal, a maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta foi verificada para a farinha de carne e ossos ( 75,5 por cento), seguida das farinhas de peixe I (58,5 por cento), de penas e vísceras (52,3 por cento) e de sangue (36,7 por cento). A maior degradabilidade efetiva para a taxa de passagem de 5 por cento foi a da farinha de carne e ossos (51 por cento), seguida da farinha de peixe I (41 por cento), de penas e vísceras (40,0 por cento) e de sangue (33 por cento). A farinha de peixe II apresentou valores muito baixos de degradabilidade, apenas 22 por cento com 48h de incubaçäo ruminal.

Concentrados protéicos para bovinos. 2. digestão pós-ruminal da matéria seca e da proteína / Protein concentrates for bovines. 2. post-ruminal digestion of protein and dry matter

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestão pós-ruminal de fontes protéicas. Utilizou-se a técnica de sacos de náilon móveis introduzidos no duodeno e colhidos nas fezes. Os alimentos introduzidos no intestino foram anteriormente incubados em sacos de náilon no rúmen ou foram separados das frações solúveis em água. O farelo de soja foi a fonte protéica de maior degradabilidade ruminal (73%) e altíssima digestibilidade intestinal (98%). O glúten de milho foi a fonte protéica menos degradada no rúmen (16%) e sua parcela sobrepassante foi altamente digerida no intestino (95%). Os farelos de algodão e de mamona mostraram características semelhantes com digestibilidade total da proteína de 95% e em torno de 65% de degradabilidade ruminal. O farelo de palmiste foi menos digerido (87% digestibilidade total quando incubado). Farinhas de origem animal foram menos digeridas no intestino e também no rúmen (fora o glúten), com digestibilidades totais de 75% para farinha de carne e ossos, 85% para farinha de penas e vísceras e farinha de peixe I, 67% para farinha de peixe II e apenas 46% para farinha de sangue.

Dynamic changes in apoptotic and necrotic cell death correlate with severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major cause of organ dysfunction following lung transplantation. We have recently described increased apoptosis in transplanted human lungs after graft reperfusion. However, a direct correlation between ischemic time, cell death, and posttransplant lung function has not yet been demonstrated. We hypothesized that an increased ischemic period would lead to an increase in cell death, and that the degree and type of cell death would correlate with lung function. To investigate this, we preserved rat lungs at 4 degrees C for 20 min and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, and then transplanted the lungs and reperfused them for 2 h. Cell viability was determined with a triple staining technique combining trypan blue, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-uridine nucleotide end-labeling, and propidium iodide nuclear staining. Percentages of apoptotic and necrotic cells were calculated from total cell numbers. Following 20 min and 6 and 12 h of cold preservation, less than 2% of graft cells were dead, whereas after 18 and 24 h of cold preservation, 11% and 27% of cells were dead (p < 0.05), the majority of which were necrotic. After transplantation and reperfusion, the mode of cell death changed significantly. In the 6- and 12-h groups, approximately 30% of cells were apoptotic and < 2% were necrotic, whereas in the 18- and 24-h groups, 21% and 29% of cells, respectively, were necrotic and less than 1% were apoptotic. Lung function (Pa(O(2))) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing preservation time. The percentage of necrotic cells was inversely correlated with posttransplant graft function (p < 0.0001). The study demonstrates a significant association among cold preservation time, extent and mode of cell death, and posttransplant lung function, and suggests new potential strategies to prevent and treat IR injury.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A report of 4 cases occurring in one family.

We describe slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 4 members of a black, obese family, who were all first-degree relatives. The aetiology of slipped capital femoral epiphysis is unknown, although it is thought to be multifactorial. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors have been associated with the condition. A familial incidence with at least two cases in the same family has been reported. In epidemiological studies, this incidence ranges from 3% to 35%. Our cases were investigated in an attempt to find a possible aetiological genetic factor. A genetic predisposition with an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission is suggested, although environmental variables must be considered as provocative factors.