Epidemiological and Financial Aspects of Hospitalizations for Bacterial Meningitis in Brazil.

Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology and cost implications of acute bacterial meningitis is crucial for effective health planning, timely treatment implementation, and comprehensive patient support measures, as well as for determining appropriate hospital expenses. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of hospitalization cases for bacterial meningitis in Brazil from January 2008 to December 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study that utilized the Hospital Information System of Brazil's National Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) database. The variables included sex, region, age group, hospitalizations, deaths, lethality rate, and hospital service expenses. The data were tabulated to focus specifically on the epidemiological aspect of bacterial meningitis. Results: During the study period, there were 20,207 hospitalizations for bacterial meningitis in Brazil. Men accounted for a higher number of cases, with 11,690 (57.67%), while women had a higher lethality rate of 10.64%. The Southeast region had the highest percentage of both hospitalizations (45.78%) and deaths (46.42%). Bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Notably, the elderly and the Northeast region showed higher rates of lethality. The total expenditure on hospital services exceeded 43 million in Brazilian real, with the highest expenditure observed in 2019 and the lowest in 2011. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of the disease was observed in males, in children under 1-year-old and in the southeast region. Hospital expenditures were found to be substantial and increasing over time, underscoring the significance of early diagnosis and the promotion of vaccination campaigns.

BRAZILIAN GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES (PART 2): UPDATE ON TREATMENT.

BACKGROUND: : The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer of the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association BGCA (Part 1) was recently published. On this occasion, countless specialists working in the treatment of this disease expressed their opinion in the face of the statements presented. AIM: : To present the BGCA Guidelines (Part 2) regarding indications for surgical treatment, operative techniques, extension of resection and multimodal treatment. METHODS: To formulate these guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each declaration present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases initially with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, multimodal treatment. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. RESULTS: : Of the 43 statements present in this study, 11 (25,6%) were classified with level of evidence A, 20 (46,5%) B and 12 (27,9%) C. Regarding the degree of recommendation, 18 (41,9%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e one (2,3%) 3. CONCLUSION: : The guidelines complement of the guidelines presented here allows surgeons and oncologists who work to combat gastric cancer to offer the best possible treatment, according to the local conditions available.

Brazilian gastric cancer association guidelines (part 2): update on treatment / Diretrizes da associação brasileira de câncer gástrico (parte 2): atualização sobre o tratamento

ABSTRACT Background : The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer of the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association BGCA (Part 1) was recently published. On this occasion, countless specialists working in the treatment of this disease expressed their opinion in the face of the statements presented. Aim : To present the BGCA Guidelines (Part 2) regarding indications for surgical treatment, operative techniques, extension of resection and multimodal treatment. Methods: To formulate these guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each declaration present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases initially with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, multimodal treatment. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Results : Of the 43 statements present in this study, 11 (25,6%) were classified with level of evidence A, 20 (46,5%) B and 12 (27,9%) C. Regarding the degree of recommendation, 18 (41,9%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e one (2,3%) 3. Conclusion : The guidelines complement of the guidelines presented here allows surgeons and oncologists who work to combat gastric cancer to offer the best possible treatment, according to the local conditions available.

RESUMO Racional: O II Consenso Brasileiro de Câncer Gástrico da Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico ABCG (Parte 1) foi recentemente publicado. Nesta ocasião inúmeros especialistas que atuam no tratamento desta doença expressaram suas opiniões diante declarações apresentadas. Objetivo: Apresentar as Diretrizes da ABCG (Parte 2) quanto às indicações de tratamento cirúrgico, técnicas operatórias, extensão de ressecção e terapia combinada. Métodos: Para formulação destas diretrizes os autores realizaram extensa e atual revisão referente a cada declaração presente no II Consenso, utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO, inicialmente com os seguintes descritores: câncer gástrico, gastrectomia, linfadenectomia, terapia combinada. Ainda, cada declaração foi classificada de acordo com o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Resultados: Das 43 declarações presentes neste estudo, 11 (25,6%) foram classificadas com nível de evidência A, 20 (46,5%) B e 12 (27,9%) C. Quanto ao grau de recomendação, 18 (41,9%) declarações obtiveram grau de recomendação 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e um (2,3%) 3. Conclusão: O complemento das diretrizes aqui presentes possibilita que cirurgiões e oncologistas que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico possam oferecer o melhor tratamento possível, de acordo com as condições locais disponíveis.

BRAZILIAN GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES (PART 1): AN UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP.

BACKGROUND: The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association (ABCG) was recently published. On this occasion, several experts in gastric cancer expressed their opinion before the statements presented. AIM: To present the ABCG Guidelines (part 1) regarding the diagnosis, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: To forge these Guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each statement present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. RESULTS: Of the 24 statements, two (8.3%) were classified with level of evidence A, 11 (45.8%) with B and 11 (45.8%) with C. As for the degree of recommendation, six (25%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, nine (37.5%) recommendation 2a, six (25%) 2b and three (12.5%) grade 3. CONCLUSION: The guidelines presented here are intended to assist professionals working in the fight against gastric cancer with relevant and current information, granting them to be applied in the daily medical practice.

Ii brazilian consensus on gastric cancer by the brazilian gastric cancer association / Ii consenso brasileiro de câncer gástrico realizado pela associação brasileira de câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT Background: Since the publication of the first Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer (GC) in 2012 carried out by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association, new concepts on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up have been incorporated. Aim: This new consensus is to promote an update to professionals working in the fight against GC and to provide guidelines for the management of patients with this condition. Methods: Fifty-nine experts answered 67 statements regarding the diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of GC with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. This article presents only the responses of the participating experts. Comments on each statement, as well as a literature review, will be presented in future publications. Results: Of the 67 statements, there was consensus in 50 (74%). In 10 declarations, there was 100% agreement. Conclusion: The gastric cancer treatment has evolved considerably in recent years. This consensus gathers consolidated principles in the last decades, new knowledge acquired recently, as well as promising perspectives on the management of this disease.

RESUMO Racional: Desde a publicação do primeiro Consenso Brasileiro sobre Câncer Gástrico em 2012 realizado pela Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico (ABCG), novos conceitos sobre o diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento e seguimento foram incorporados. Objetivo: Promover uma atualização aos profissionais que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico (CG) e fornecer diretrizes quanto ao manejo dos pacientes portadores desta afecção. Métodos: Cinquenta e nove especialistas responderam 67 declarações sobre o diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento e prognóstico do CG com cinco alternativas possíveis: 1) concordo plenamente; 2) concordo parcialmente; 3) indeciso; 4) discordo e 5) discordo fortemente. Foi considerado consenso a concordância de pelo menos 80% da soma das respostas "concordo plenamente" e "concordo parcialmente". Este artigo apresenta apenas as respostas dos especialistas participantes. Os comentários sobre cada declaração, assim como uma revisão da literatura serão apresentados em publicações futuras. Resultados: Das 67 declarações, houve consenso em 50 (74%). Em 10 declarações, houve concordância de 100%. Conclusão: O tratamento do câncer gástrico evoluiu consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Este consenso reúne princípios consolidados nas últimas décadas, novos conhecimentos adquiridos recentemente, assim como perspectivas promissoras sobre o manejo desta doença.

Morbidade e mortalidade no fechamento de estomas: revisão de 10 anos / Morbidity and mortality of stoma closure: a 10-year review

Introdução: O fechamento de estomas, embora rotineiramente performado, ainda não pode ser considerado um procedimento simples. Nós reportamos, desta forma, a morbidade, mortalidade e fatores de riscos associados a este procedimento em um período de dez anos. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de 252 prontuários (149 homens; 103 mulheres), com uma média de 56 anos de idade (18 a 89 anos), que foram submetidos a fechamento de estomas, com análise de complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas, características relacionadas ao estoma, entre outros. Admissão em UTI, complicações precoces (até 30 dias) (classificação de Clavien-Dindo), e tardias, além de óbito, foram analisados. Os testes T de Student, ANOVA, Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fischer e de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para análise paramétrica e não-paramétrica. Resultados: Tumores colorretais (64%) e diverticulite (10%) foram as principais causas para a confecção do estoma. 112 (44,4%) dos pacientes tiveram pelo menos uma complicação cirúrgica. As complicações precoces foram infecção de ferida operatória (13%), fistula e deiscência anastomótica/intestinal (9%), abscessos de cavidade ou parede abdominais (8,3%); tardiamente houveram 36 casos de hérnia incisional (14,2%) e uma estenose intestinal (0,3%). Comorbidades levaram a 10% maior probabilidade de ter uma ou mais complicações cirúrgicas, e todas as cinco mortes ocorreram nestes pacientes (2%). Estomas de intestino grosso, maior tempo operatório e admissão em UTI estiveram significamente relacionados a aumento da morbidade. Conclusão: Pacientes com comorbidades e estomas de intestino grosso tiveram mais risco de complicações. Cuidados pré e perioperatórios, e melhor seleção de pacientes são importantes na redução da morbimortalidade.(AU)

Introduction: Although routinely performed, stoma closure cannot as yet be considered a simple procedure. We report here the morbidity, mortality and risk factors associated with this procedure over a 10-year period. Methods: The medical records of 252 patients (149 men; 103 women), with a mean age of 56 years (18 to 89 years), who underwent stoma closure were retrospectively reviewed for postoperative clinical and surgical complications, stoma-related features, among others. ICU admission, early surgical complications (within 30 days) according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, late surgical complications, and death were analyzed. Student's t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and MannWhitney U test were used for parametric and nonparametric data. Results: Colorectal tumors (64%) and diverticulitis (10%) were the main reasons for stoma surgery. Overall, 112 (44.4%) patients had at least one surgical complication. Early complications included surgical wound infection (13%), fistula and anastomotic/ intestinal dehiscence (9%), and abdominal wall or intra-abdominal abscesses (8.3%). Late complications included 36 (14.2%) cases of incisional hernia and one case (0.3%) of stricture. Patients with comorbidities were 10% more likely to have one or more surgical complications, and all 5 deaths occurred in these patients (2%). Large-bowel ostomies, longer operative time and ICU admission were significantly related to increased morbidity. Conclusion: Patients with an increased number of comorbidities and large-bowel ostomies are at higher risk for complications. Pre- and perioperative care and accurate patient selection are important to reduce morbidity and mortality.(AU)

NUTRIC score use around the world: a systematic review. / Uso do escore NUTRIC pelo mundo: uma revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To collect data on the use of The Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC) score. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Reviews, abstracts, dissertations, protocols and case reports were excluded from this review; to be included in the review, studies needed to specifically evaluate the NUTRIC score and to have been published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. RESULTS: We included 12 (0.8%) studies from our search in this review. Ten studies (83.3%) were observational, 1 was a pilot study (8.3%) and 1 was a randomized control trial (8.3%). All of the included studies (100%) chose not to use IL-6 and considered a high nutritional risk cutoff point ≥ 5. There were 11 (91.7%) English language studies versus 1 (8.3%) Spanish language study. Mechanical ventilation and a high NUTRIC score were significantly correlated in four studies. The association between intensive care unit or hospital length of stay and nutritional high risk was significant in three studies. Seven studies found a statistically significant association between the NUTRIC score and mortality. CONCLUSION: The NUTRIC score is related to clinical outcomes, such as length of hospital stay, and is appropriate for use in critically ill patients in intensive care units.

OBJETIVO: Coletar dados a respeito do uso do escore Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC). MÉTODOS: Conduziu-se pesquisa sistemática da literatura em conformidade com as especificações PRISMA. Excluíram-se da pesquisa os trabalhos referentes a revisões, resumos, dissertações, protocolos e relatos de caso. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliaram especificamente o escore NUTRIC publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português. RESULTADOS: Incluímos 12 (0,8%) estudos de nossa busca nesta revisão. Dez eram estudos observacionais (83,3%), um estudo piloto (8,3%) e um ensaio randomizado e controlado (8,3%). Em todos os estudos incluídos (100%), os autores decidiram não utilizar dosagem de interleucina 6 e consideraram como ponto de corte para alto risco nutricional um escore ≥ 5. Dentre os estudos selecionados, 11 (91,7%) estavam em idioma inglês e um (8,3%) em espanhol. Ventilação mecânica e o escore NUTRIC tiveram correlação significante em quatro estudos. A associação entre o tempo de permanência no hospital ou na unidade de terapia intensiva e o alto risco nutricional apresentou correlação significante em três estudos. Sete estudos identificaram associação estatisticamente significante entre escore NUTRIC e mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: O escore NUTRIC tem relação com desfechos clínicos, como tempo de permanência no hospital, e seu uso é apropriado em pacientes críticos na unidade de terapia intensiva.

Uso do escore NUTRIC pelo mundo: uma revisão sistemática / NUTRIC score use around the world: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Coletar dados a respeito do uso do escore Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC). Métodos: Conduziu-se pesquisa sistemática da literatura em conformidade com as especificações PRISMA. Excluíram-se da pesquisa os trabalhos referentes a revisões, resumos, dissertações, protocolos e relatos de caso. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliaram especificamente o escore NUTRIC publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português. Resultados: Incluímos 12 (0,8%) estudos de nossa busca nesta revisão. Dez eram estudos observacionais (83,3%), um estudo piloto (8,3%) e um ensaio randomizado e controlado (8,3%). Em todos os estudos incluídos (100%), os autores decidiram não utilizar dosagem de interleucina 6 e consideraram como ponto de corte para alto risco nutricional um escore ≥ 5. Dentre os estudos selecionados, 11 (91,7%) estavam em idioma inglês e um (8,3%) em espanhol. Ventilação mecânica e o escore NUTRIC tiveram correlação significante em quatro estudos. A associação entre o tempo de permanência no hospital ou na unidade de terapia intensiva e o alto risco nutricional apresentou correlação significante em três estudos. Sete estudos identificaram associação estatisticamente significante entre escore NUTRIC e mortalidade. Conclusão: O escore NUTRIC tem relação com desfechos clínicos, como tempo de permanência no hospital, e seu uso é apropriado em pacientes críticos na unidade de terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To collect data on the use of The Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC) score. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Reviews, abstracts, dissertations, protocols and case reports were excluded from this review; to be included in the review, studies needed to specifically evaluate the NUTRIC score and to have been published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Results: We included 12 (0.8%) studies from our search in this review. Ten studies (83.3%) were observational, 1 was a pilot study (8.3%) and 1 was a randomized control trial (8.3%). All of the included studies (100%) chose not to use IL-6 and considered a high nutritional risk cutoff point ≥ 5. There were 11 (91.7%) English language studies versus 1 (8.3%) Spanish language study. Mechanical ventilation and a high NUTRIC score were significantly correlated in four studies. The association between intensive care unit or hospital length of stay and nutritional high risk was significant in three studies. Seven studies found a statistically significant association between the NUTRIC score and mortality. Conclusion: The NUTRIC score is related to clinical outcomes, such as length of hospital stay, and is appropriate for use in critically ill patients in intensive care units.

Predicting factors of postoperative complications in appendectomies. / Fatores preditores de complicações pós-operatórias em apendicectomias.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the main risk factors for postoperative complications in patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis. METHODS: we retrospectively analyzed 1241 patients undergoing open or laparoscopic appendectomy. Patients were allocated to four groups: Group 1, without postoperative complications, and Groups 2, 3, and 4, with postoperative complications defined according to their severity, following Clavien-Dindo classification (I, II, and ≥III, respectively). RESULTS: patients aged ≥38.5 years had more severe complications (p<0.0001). Patients in Group 1, without postoperative complications, had, for the most part, a laparoscopic approach. Groups 2, 3, and 4 underwent, predominantly, to an open surgery (p<0.0001). In cases of acute appendicitis, the odds ratio (OR) for complications was 3.09, 3.04, and 12.41 for Groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively (p<0.0001). Anesthetic risk, duration of the procedure, and length of hospital stay were related to a higher risk and severity of complications. CONCLUSION: the main predicting factors of postoperative complications in patients operated for acute appendicitis were: age ≥38.5 years, conventional or open surgical access, complicated appendicitis, ASA≥2, and surgical time >77 minutes.

OBJECTIVE: avaliar os principais fatores de risco para complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia por apendicite aguda. METHODS: foram analisados retrospectivamente 1241 pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia aberta ou laparoscópica. Os pacientes foram alocados em quatro grupos: Grupo 1, sem complicações pós-operatórias, e Grupos 2, 3 e 4, com complicações pós-operatórias, definidas de acordo com sua gravidade, conforme classificação de Clavien-Dindo I, II e ≥III, respectivamente. RESULTS: pacientes com idade ≥38,5 anos tiveram complicações mais graves (p<0,0001). Os pacientes do Grupo 1, sem complicações pós-operatórias, foram predominantemente operados por via laparoscópica. Os Grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram, em sua maior parte, operados por via convencional (p<0,0001). Razão de chances de complicações para apendicite complicada foi de 3,09, 3,04 e 12,41 para os Grupos 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente (p<0,0001). Risco anestésico, duração do procedimento e tempo de internação hospitalar estiveram relacionados com maior risco e gravidade de complicações (p<0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: os principais fatores preditores de complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes operados por apendicite aguda foram: idade ≥38,5 anos, acesso cirúrgico convencional ou aberto, apendicite complicada, ASA≥2 e tempo cirúrgico >77 minutos.

Clinical, laboratory and densitometric comparison of patients with coxarthrosis and femoral neck fractures. / Comparação clínica, laboratorial e densitométrica de pacientes com coxartrose e com fraturas do colo femoral.

OBJECTIVE: to compare clinical, laboratory and densitometric data from patients with osteoarthrosis and femoral neck fractures. METHODS: we conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with femoral neck fracture and hip osteoarthrosis submitted to hip arthroplasty. We collected clinical, laboratory and densitometric data. RESULTS: we included 53 patients, 22 with femoral neck fractures and 31 with osteoarthrosis. Patients with femoral neck fractures were older than patients with osteoarthrosis, with lower BMI values, bone mineral density and palmar grip strength (sarcopenic patients), being more neurologically impaired and presenting a worse ASA score. Among the various biochemical parameters analyzed, we found statistically significant differences in total serum calcium, ionized calcium, vitamin D, free thyroxine, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and creatinine between the two groups. Other hormones analyzed and biochemical parameters did not differ significantly, although they showed trends between the two groups. CONCLUSION: patients with femoral neck fractures are older than patients with osteoarthrosis, have a lower weight and BMI, are more debilitated, many with anemia and reduced bone mass, and have a significant decrease in total calcium, ionized calcium, vitamin D and creatinine and a significant increase in free thyroxine.

Use of dietary fibers in enteral nutrition of critically ill patients: a systematic review. / Uso de fibras dietéticas em nutrição enteral de pacientes graves: uma revisão sistemática.

To meet the nutritional requirements of patients admitted to intensive care units, it is necessary to establish a diet schedule. Complications associated with enteral nutrition by tube feeding are not uncommon and may reduce the delivery of required nutrient to patients in intensive care units. Research on the osmolality, fat content, caloric intensity and fiber content of formulas are under way, and a substantial number of studies have focused on fiber content tolerability or symptom reduction. We conducted a systematic review of dietary fiber use and safety in critically ill patients in 8 studies based on diarrhea, other gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal distension, gastric residual volume, vomiting and constipation), intestinal microbiota, length of stay in the intensive care unit and death. We discussed the results reported in the scientific literature and current recommendations. This contemporary approach demonstrated that the use of soluble fiber in all hemodynamically stable, critically ill patients is safe and should be considered beneficial for reducing the incidence of diarrhea in this population.

Para atender as necessidades nutricionais de pacientes admitidos às unidades de terapia intensiva, é necessário estabelecer um plano dietético. As complicações associadas com a nutrição enteral administrada por tubo não são incomuns e podem reduzir o fornecimento das necessidades nutricionais a pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Encontram-se em andamento pesquisas relativas a osmolaridade, gorduras, intensidade calórica e conteúdo de fibras das fórmulas, e muitos estudos têm focado na tolerabilidade ao conteúdo de fibras ou na redução de sintomas. Conduzimos uma revisão sistemática do uso e segurança das fibras dietéticas em pacientes críticos, que envolveu oito estudos e teve como base diarreia, outros sintomas gastrintestinais (distensão abdominal, volume gástrico residual, vômitos e constipação), microbiota intestinal, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, e óbito. Discutimos os resultados encontrados na literatura científica, assim como as recomendações atuais. Esta abordagem contemporânea demonstrou que o uso de fibras solúveis em todos os pacientes graves hemodinamicamente estáveis é seguro e deve ser considerado benéfico para redução da incidência de diarreia nesta população.

Uso de fibras dietéticas em nutrição enteral de pacientes graves: uma revisão sistemática / Use of dietary fibers in enteral nutrition of critically ill patients: a systematic review

RESUMO Para atender as necessidades nutricionais de pacientes admitidos às unidades de terapia intensiva, é necessário estabelecer um plano dietético. As complicações associadas com a nutrição enteral administrada por tubo não são incomuns e podem reduzir o fornecimento das necessidades nutricionais a pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Encontram-se em andamento pesquisas relativas a osmolaridade, gorduras, intensidade calórica e conteúdo de fibras das fórmulas, e muitos estudos têm focado na tolerabilidade ao conteúdo de fibras ou na redução de sintomas. Conduzimos uma revisão sistemática do uso e segurança das fibras dietéticas em pacientes críticos, que envolveu oito estudos e teve como base diarreia, outros sintomas gastrintestinais (distensão abdominal, volume gástrico residual, vômitos e constipação), microbiota intestinal, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, e óbito. Discutimos os resultados encontrados na literatura científica, assim como as recomendações atuais. Esta abordagem contemporânea demonstrou que o uso de fibras solúveis em todos os pacientes graves hemodinamicamente estáveis é seguro e deve ser considerado benéfico para redução da incidência de diarreia nesta população.

ABSTRACT To meet the nutritional requirements of patients admitted to intensive care units, it is necessary to establish a diet schedule. Complications associated with enteral nutrition by tube feeding are not uncommon and may reduce the delivery of required nutrient to patients in intensive care units. Research on the osmolality, fat content, caloric intensity and fiber content of formulas are under way, and a substantial number of studies have focused on fiber content tolerability or symptom reduction. We conducted a systematic review of dietary fiber use and safety in critically ill patients in 8 studies based on diarrhea, other gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal distension, gastric residual volume, vomiting and constipation), intestinal microbiota, length of stay in the intensive care unit and death. We discussed the results reported in the scientific literature and current recommendations. This contemporary approach demonstrated that the use of soluble fiber in all hemodynamically stable, critically ill patients is safe and should be considered beneficial for reducing the incidence of diarrhea in this population.

CD117 Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oesophagus.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Identification of changes in specific genes may help new attempts in finding targeted therapy for oesophageal cancer which still has a very poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate CD117 expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (SCCO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preliminary study was performed for CD177 immunoreactivity using a monoclonal antibody against CD117 on 27 SCCO specimens from patients who underwent surgical resection. Specimens of oesophageal mucosa obtained from 10 healthy individuals were studied as a control group. RESULTS: Most patients had TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIb or III SCCO and mean overall survival was 21 (range=2-72) months. Cytoplasmic membrane CD117 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in only four (15%) out of 27 tumours and in none of the controls. CONCLUSION: Although immunohistochemical expression of CD117 was higher than previously demonstrated, the lack of expression does not warranty further use in targeted therapy of SCCO.

Score of "eat-ability" as a predictor of malnutrition in patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: decreased food intake, loss of appetite, and dysphagia are relevant symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer. However, these symptoms have been isolated or indirectly assessed when comprising quality of life questionnaires or risk assessment tools. OBJECTIVE: to determine whether a combined assessment of dysphagia, appetite and food intake may be used as a parameter of eat-ability (food capacity) in patients with GIT cancer. METHODS: a cross-sectional pilot study on 41 patients with GIT cancer were evaluated using a score for "eat-ability"(SEA) as compared to the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG-SGA), anthropometry and laboratory profile. RESULTS: eleven (27%) patients had full eat-ability(SEA 0), three (7%) had moderate (SEA 1) and 27 (66%) had poor (SEA ≥ 2) eat-ability, which were significantly different, between upper and lower GIT tumors (p ≤ 0.05). By ROC curves, SEA 1 and ≥ 2 showed an 80% for both sensibility (95% CI: 0.48-0.95) and specificity (95% CI: 0.63-0.91) to PG-SGA (A and B), with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.95) (p = 0.006). Patients with SEA ≥ 2 had a significant weight loss within three (p = 0.001) and six months (p < 0.001) when compared to patients with SEA 0 and 1. Mortality was also significantly higher (p = 0.01) among patients with critical food capacity by SEA (77%) in severely malnourished patients by PG-SGA (84%). CONCLUSION: by combining food intake, dysphagia and appetite assessment altogether, a reliable score clearly demonstrated compromised eating capacity affecting nutritional status of patients with GIT tumors at a higher risk for death.

PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN LEVELS IN TRANSOPERATIVE PERITONEAL LAVAGE IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER.

BACKGROUND: The carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage has been showing to be a reliable prognostic factor in gastric cancer. AIM: To identify any association between carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage, in gastric cancer patients, with mortality, peritoneal recurrence, tumor relapse or other prognostic factors. METHODS: In total, 30 patients (22 men, 8 women; median age 66 years) with resectable gastric cancer (mainly stage III and IV) were studied. Carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage was detected at operation by immunocytochemical method and a level over 210 ng/g of protein was considered as positive. RESULTS: There were detected 10 positive cases (33.3%) of plCEA levels. These levels were associated with mortality, RR: 2.1 (p=0.018); peritoneal recurrence, OR: 9.0 (p=0.015); and relapse or gastric cancer progression, OR: 27.0 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Increased levels of plCEA fairly predicts mortality, peritoneal recurrence tumor relapse or cancer progression.

Inflammatory and nutritional statuses of patients submitted to resection of gastrointestinal tumors.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the association between the nutritional and the inflammatory statuses of patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract undergoing surgical resection and to identify predictors of mortality in these patients. METHODS: we conducted a prospective study of 41 patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer submitted to surgery between October 2012 and December 2014. We evaluated the nutritional status by subjective and objective methods. We assessed the inflammatory response and prognosis using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Onodera Prognostic Nutritional Index (mPNI), Inflammatory-Nutritional Index (INI) and C-Reactive Protein/Albumin ratio (mPINI). RESULTS: half of the patients were malnourished and 27% were at nutritional risk. There was a positive association between the percentage of weight loss (%WL) and the markers NLR (p=0.047), mPINI (p=0.014) and INI (p=0.015). Serum albumin levels (p=0.015), INI (p=0.026) and mPINI (p=0.026) were significantly associated with the PG-SGA categories. On multivariate analysis, albumin was the only inflammatory marker independently related to death (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: inflammatory markers were significantly associated with malnutrition, demonstrating that the higher the inflammatory response, the worse the PG-SGA (B and C) scores and the higher the %WL in these patients. However, further studies aimed at improving surgical outcomes and determining the role of these markers as predictors of mortality are required.

ADDUCTOR POLLICIS MUSCLE THICKNESS AND PREDICTION OF POSTOPERATIVE MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH STOMACH CANCER.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is very prevalent in patients with gastric cancer and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) appears as an important objective, quick, inexpensive and noninvasive measure to assess the muscle compartment. AIM: To compare APMT and other nutritional assessment methods and to correlate these methods with postoperative mortality. METHODS: Forty-four patients, 29 men and 15 women, mean age of 63±10.2 and ranging from 34-83 years, who underwent nine (20.5%) partial and 34 (77.3%) total gastrectomies due to stomach cancer (stage II to IIIa) were preoperatively assessed by Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), anthropometry and laboratorial profile. RESULTS: APMT better predicted death (p<0.001) on both, dominant and non-dominant hand, and well correlated with albumin (p=0.039) and PG-SGA (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: APMT clearly allowed to determine malnutrition and to predict risk of death in patients with gastric cancer.

Role of BI-RADS Ultrasound Subcategories 4A to 4C in Predicting Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) ultrasound (US) categorization revised in 2013 by the American College of Radiology resulted in unquestionable standardization of reports and confirmed category 3 and 5 as benign and malignant lesions, respectively. In contrast, suspected images (category 4) have subcategorization criteria, although theses have been detailed difficult to apply. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the US 4A to 4C BI-RADS subcategories in predicting malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of diagnostic tests to estimate the performance of the US BI-RADS categorization to clearly differentiate benign from malignant lesions. A total of 975 US examinations performed at the Hospital Femina, Grupo Hospitalar Conceição teaching hospitals from January 2012 through March 2015 were included in the present study. The US BI-RADS lexicon was used to classify the examination findings. Suspicious lesions underwent core needle biopsy, and the US and histology reports were compared to determine the performance using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Overall, the BI-RADS US categorization showed good discriminating accuracy with a receiver operating characteristic curve of 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88%-93%). However, BI-RADS subcategory 4b had a positive predictive value of 25% (95% CI, 20%-31%) and subcategory 4A had a positive predictive value of only 6% (95% CI, 3.5%-9.8%). CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that US BI-RADS subcategories 4A and 4B are clearly unfit for use in screening tests, because they cannot rule out the need for biopsy. Therefore, management will not be improved by subcategorizing category 4, because all suspicious lesions will still require definite biopsy.

Adductor pollicis muscle thickness and prediction of postoperative mortality in patients with stomach cancer / Espessura do músculo adutor do polegar e predição de mortalidade pós-operatória em pacientes com câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT Background: Malnutrition is very prevalent in patients with gastric cancer and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) appears as an important objective, quick, inexpensive and noninvasive measure to assess the muscle compartment Aim: To compare APMT and other nutritional assessment methods and to correlate these methods with postoperative mortality Methods: Forty-four patients, 29 men and 15 women, mean age of 63±10.2 and ranging from 34-83 years, who underwent nine (20.5%) partial and 34 (77.3%) total gastrectomies due to stomach cancer (stage II to IIIa) were preoperatively assessed by Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), anthropometry and laboratorial profile Results: APMT better predicted death (p<0.001) on both, dominant and non-dominant hand, and well correlated with albumin (p=0.039) and PG-SGA (p=0.007) Conclusion: APMT clearly allowed to determine malnutrition and to predict risk of death in patients with gastric cancer.

RESUMO Racional: A desnutrição é muito prevalente em pacientes com câncer gástrico e aumenta o risco de morbidade e mortalidade. A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (APMT) aparece como uma importante medida objetiva, rápida, barata e não invasiva para avaliar o compartimento muscular. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a APMT e outros métodos de avaliação nutricional e correlacionar esses métodos com a mortalidade pós-operatória. Métodos: Quarenta e quatro pacientes, 29 homens e 15 mulheres; média (SD) de 63 anos (10,2) e variando de 34 a 83 anos, que foram submetidos a 9 (20,5%) gastrectomias parciais e 34 (77,3%) totais por câncer de estômago (Estágio II a IIIa) e avaliados no pré operatório por Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida Pelo Paciente (PG-SGA), antropometria e perfil laboratorial. Resultados: APMT melhor predisse morte (p<0,001) em ambas mãos, dominante e não-dominante, e se correlacionou bem com albumina (p=0,039) e PG-SGA (p=0,007). Conclusão: APMT permitiu claramente determinar a desnutrição e prever o risco de morte em pacientes com câncer gástrico.

Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in transoperative peritoneal lavage in patients with gastric cancer / Valor prognóstico dos níveis transoperatórios de antígeno carcinoembriônico em lavagem peritoneal de pacientes com câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT Background: The carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage has been showing to be a reliable prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Aim: To identify any association between carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage, in gastric cancer patients, with mortality, peritoneal recurrence, tumor relapse or other prognostic factors. Methods: In total, 30 patients (22 men, 8 women; median age 66 years) with resectable gastric cancer (mainly stage III and IV) were studied. Carcinoembryonic antigen level in peritoneal lavage was detected at operation by immunocytochemical method and a level over 210 ng/g of protein was considered as positive. Results: There were detected 10 positive cases (33.3%) of plCEA levels. These levels were associated with mortality, RR: 2.1 (p=0.018); peritoneal recurrence, OR: 9.0 (p=0.015); and relapse or gastric cancer progression, OR: 27.0 (p=0.001). Conclusion: Increased levels of plCEA fairly predicts mortality, peritoneal recurrence tumor relapse or cancer progression.

RESUMO Racional: Os níveis do antígeno carcinoembriônico no lavado peritoneal têm sido demonstrados como possível fator prognóstico de recidiva e mortalidade em pacientes com câncer gástrico. Objetivos: Medir seus níveis em lavado peritoneal durante operação de ressecção de câncer gástrico e ver se eles aumentados estão relacionados com mortalidade, recorrência, recidiva e outros fatores prognósticos. Métodos: Foi realizado lavado peritoneal durante ressecções de câncer gástrico; os níveis do antígeno carcinoembriônico nesse lavado maiores ou iguais a 210 ng/g foram considerados aumentados ou positivos. Resultados: Foram estudados 30 pacientes, destes, 33,33 % apresentaram níveis aumentados, os quais foram fator de risco para mortalidade em seis meses OR: 8,5 (1,458-49,539) IC 95%, mortalidade geral RR: 2,111 (1,314-3,391) IC 95%, mortalidade devido à doença OR: 12 (1,885-76,376) IC 95%, recorrência peritoneal OR: 9 (1,325-61,138) IC 95%, e recidiva ou progressão da doença OR: 27 (2,705-269,460) IC 95%. Conclusões: Os níveis aumentados do antígeno carcinoembriônico no lavado peritoneal foram fatores de risco para mortalidade, recorrência peritoneal, recidiva e progressão da doença em pacientes com câncer gástrico.