Assessing Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Single-Center Historic Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: /aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) has emerged as an alternative for the local treatment of unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We aim to assess the feasibility and safety of EUS-RFA in patients with unresectable PDAC. METHODS: The following was a historic cohort compounded by locally advanced (LA) and metastatic (m) PDAC naïve patients, who underwent EUS-RFA between October 2019 to March 2022. EUS-RFA was performed with a 19-g needle electrode with a 10 mm active tip for energy delivery. Study primary endpoints were feasibility, safety, and clinical follow-up; secondary endpoints were performance status (PS), local control (LC) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were selected: 15/26 LA-PDAC and 11/26 mPDAC. Technical success was achieved in all patients with no major adverse events. Six months after EUS-RFA, OS was 11/26 (42.3%), with significant PS improvement (P=.03). LC was achieved, with tumor reduction from 39.5 to 26 mm (P=.04). Post-treatment hypodense necrotic area was observed at six-month follow-up in 11/11 alive cases. Metastatic disease was a significant factor for OS worsening (HR 5.021; IC 95% 1.589 - 15.87; P=.004) CONCLUSIONS: EUS-RFA of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a minimally invasive and safe technique that may have an important role as targeted therapy for local treatment of unresectable cases, as well as an alternative for poor surgical candidates. Also, RFA may play a role in downstaging cancer with potential OS increase in non-metastatic cases. Large prospective cohorts are required to evaluate this technique in clinical practice.

Deterioro Cognitivo en pacientes diabéticos entre 55 a 65 años de edad. Reporte final de estudio observacional, transversal en la ciudad de Guayaquil / Cognitive impairment in diabetic patients between 55 and 65 years old. Final report of a cross-sectional, observational study in Guayaquil city

RESUMEN Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus es la enfermedad metabólica más frecuente. Su efecto deletéreo sobre la cognición es poco reconocido. La demencia es la enfermedad neurodegenerativa más común y la población diabética está en mayor riesgo de desarrollarla a futuro. Objetivo: Comparar la función cognitiva de los individuos diabéticos de mediana edad, con un grupo control no diabético, y así determinar población en riesgo de desarrollar deterioro cognitivo. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, poblacional, de corte transversal en Guayaquil. Se han estudiado 309 individuos -142 diabéticos y 167 no diabéticos- entre 55 y 65 años de edad a quienes se les practicaron pruebas neuropsicológicas para determinar su funcionamiento cognitivo en atención, velocidad de procesamiento, memoria y función ejecutiva. Resultados: Las comparaciones entre ambos grupos demostraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a hipertensión arterial sistólica (p< .001), hiperlipidemia (p< .001) e índice de riesgo cardiovascular (p< .001). El rendimiento cognitivo fue menor en los pacientes diabéticos luego de considerar la diferencia en años de escolaridad (pruebas de memoria con valores p entre .000 y .002; pruebas de atención con valores p entre .000 y .019; función ejecutiva con valores p entre .000 y .001). No hubo correlación significativa entre los años de evolución de la enfermedad y deterioro cognitivo (memoria -.055; atención -.040; función ejecutiva .0169). La relación entre los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada y deterioro cognitivo sí fueron significativos para todas las funciones cognitivas evaluadas (memoria -.219; atención -.186; función ejecutiva -.269). Conclusión: La población diabética de mediana edad tiene un rendimiento cognitivo inferior a la no diabética. La identificación temprana de población en riesgo de desarrollar demencia en la adultez mayor permitirá diseñar estrategias de intervención que permitan retardar la aparición clínica de la demencia en individuos vulnerables.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a frequent and systemic illness. Deleterious effects on cognition are one of its lesser known consequences. Diabetic individuals are at an increased risk for development of dementia in the future. Objective: To compare cognitive function in middle aged diabetic population with non-diabetic control group, in order to determine high risk population for developing cognitive decline or dementia in the future. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in Guayaquil. We studied 309 individuals between the ages of 55 and 65 years, of which 142 were diabetics and 167 were non-diabetic controls. A neuropsychological evaluation was performed to assess memory, attention, executive functioning and processing speed. Results: Group comparisons revealed significant differences between diabetics and non-diabetics in systolic blood pressure (p<.001), hyperlipidemia (p<.001) and cardiovascular risk (p < .001). Cognitive performance, after considering differences in scholarship, was lower in diabetic people (memory p values between .000 and .002; attention p values between .000 and .019; executive function p values between .000 and .001). Correlation between years of disease and cognitive decline was not significant (memory -.055; attention -.040; executive function .0169). Correlation between glycated hemoglobin and cognitive performance was significant for all evaluated functions (memory -.219; attention -.186; executive function -.269). Conclusion: Middle aged diabetic population has lower cognitive performance compared with non diabetics. The identification of individuals at risk for cognitive decline will contribute to the development and implementation of intervention strategies that will allow the slowing of cognitive decline in vulnerable individuals.

Diabetes Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Middle-Aged Patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a major contributor to dementia in the elderly. Identifying mild cognitive decline in younger individuals with diabetes could aid in preventing the progression of the disease. The aim of our study is to compare whether patients with diabetes experience greater cognitive decline than those without diabetes. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using population-based recruitment to identify a cohort of individuals with diabetes and corresponding control group without diabetes of 55-65 years of age. We defined diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association and conducted a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests consisting of nine verbal and nonverbal tasks assessing three cognitive domains. We defined cognitive decline as an abnormal test in one or more of the domains. We used hierarchical regression to predict abnormal cognitive function by diabetes status, adjusting for gender, education, hypertension, and depression. RESULTS: We included 142 patients with diabetes and 167 control group patients. Those with diabetes had a mean age of 59 ± 4 years, 54% were women, the mean education level was 11 ± 4.5 years of schooling, and their hemoglobin A1c was 8.6 ± 2.5. They had an overall lower mean of all five executive function measures, all seven attention measures, and all five memory measures (P < 0.05). In multivariate analyses, all executive function beta coefficients for diabetes were significant, whereas attention had four out of seven and memory had four out of five. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is associated with cognitive decline in younger patients with diabetes. Preventive strategies should be developed for the prevention of dementia in younger populations.

Increasing myocardial infarction mortality trends in a middle-income country.

BACKGROUND: Developed countries continue to show a decrease in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Little is known about CVD mortality trends in low and middle-income countries. The aim of our study is to describe myocardial infarction (MI) mortality trends and evaluate if differences between ethnic groups and geographic regions are present among the Ecuadorians with acute MI. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional analysis mortality national registry and included deaths related to MI between 2012 and 2016 that had complete demographic data. To describe the general population, we used the 2010 census and applied estimates as population projections. We calculated age and sex standardized MI mortality rates per 100,000. We compared trends in MI mortality rate for every ethnic group and geographic region and used linear regression to estimate predictors of the changing mortality rates. RESULTS: We included 18,277 MI deaths between the years 2012 and 2016. The mean age of death was 73.6±19.5, 59% were male and 33% were illiterate. From 2012 to 2016, the standardized MI mortality rate increased from 51 to 157 deaths per 100,000. The most significant predictors of the increasing mortality rate were living in the coast (ß=0.10), belonging to a mixed race (ß=-0.033) and the year of death (ß=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a worrisome increase in MI mortality between 2012-2016 in Ecuador, a middle-income country in South America. This rapid increase seems to be driven by geographic and racial differences. A thorough evaluation of the causes of this increase has to be undertaken by the Ecuadorian health authorities.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and prediabetes in an urban population of Guayaquil, Ecuador.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and prediabetes in a population of the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, aged 55-65 years; to observe if there are differences in prevalence between males and females, and to describe the frequency with which each component of the metabolic syndrome is found in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: population-based cross-sectional study in Guayaquil. We recruited people of both genders, with ages ranging from 55 to 65 years. Through clinical history, physical examination and laboratory tests, we obtained necessary data to diagnose metabolic syndrome and/or prediabetes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS(®) 22. RESULTS: we obtained a sample of 213 patients, 64.5% were females and 35.5% were males. Mean age was 60.3 years (±3.1). A total 65.8% of patients had increased waist circumference, and 45% were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most prevalent condition in males, while women more commonly had low HDL. Prediabetes was diagnosed in 45.9% of our patients, and 19.5% had both disorders. There was no significant difference on metabolic syndrome prevalence between genders, but prediabetes was significantly more common in women. CONCLUSION: we found a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and prediabetes in Guayaquil, higher than what was reported in other areas. Abdominal obesity is even more prevalent. Women have prediabetes more frequently than men. Our patients, given their age, are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline by having metabolic syndrome and/or prediabetes.

Does Intensive Glucose Control Prevent Cognitive Decline in Diabetes? A Meta-Analysis.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive decline and impaired performance in cognitive function tests among type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Even though the use of tight glucose control has been limited by a reported higher mortality, few reports have assessed the impact of treatment intensity on cognitive function. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate if an intensive glucose control in diabetes improves cognitive function, in comparison to standard therapy. We included 7 studies that included type 1 or type 2 diabetics and used standardized tests to evaluate various cognitive function domains. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for each domain. We found that type 1 diabetics get no cognitive benefit from a tight glucose control, whereas type 2 diabetics get some benefit on processing speed and executive domains but had worse performances in the memory and attention domains, along with a higher incidence of mortality when using intensive glucose control regimes.