A multi-layered integrative analysis reveals a cholesterol metabolic program in outer radial glia with implications for human brain evolution.

The definition of molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to brain ontogenetic trajectories is essential to investigate the evolution of our species. Yet their functional dissection at an appropriate level of granularity remains challenging. Capitalizing on recent efforts that have extensively profiled neural stem cells from the developing human cortex, we develop an integrative computational framework to perform trajectory inference and gene regulatory network reconstruction, (pseudo)time-informed non-negative matrix factorization for learning the dynamics of gene expression programs, and paleogenomic analysis for a higher-resolution mapping of derived regulatory variants in our species in comparison with our closest relatives. We provide evidence for cell type-specific regulation of gene expression programs during indirect neurogenesis. In particular, our analysis uncovers a key role for a cholesterol program in outer radial glia, regulated by zinc-finger transcription factor KLF6. A cartography of the regulatory landscape impacted by Homo sapiens-derived variants reveals signals of selection clustering around regulatory regions associated with GLI3, a well-known regulator of radial glial cell cycle, and impacting KLF6 regulation. Our study contributes to the evidence of significant changes in metabolic pathways in recent human brain evolution.

Molecular and cellular dynamics of the developing human neocortex at single-cell resolution.

The development of the human neocortex is a highly dynamic process and involves complex cellular trajectories controlled by cell-type-specific gene regulation1. Here, we collected paired single-nucleus chromatin accessibility and transcriptome data from 38 human neocortical samples encompassing both the prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex. These samples span five main developmental stages, ranging from the first trimester to adolescence. In parallel, we performed spatial transcriptomic analysis on a subset of the samples to illustrate spatial organization and intercellular communication. This atlas enables us to catalog cell type-, age-, and area-specific gene regulatory networks underlying neural differentiation. Moreover, combining single-cell profiling, progenitor purification, and lineage-tracing experiments, we have untangled the complex lineage relationships among progenitor subtypes during the transition from neurogenesis to gliogenesis in the human neocortex. We identified a tripotential intermediate progenitor subtype, termed Tri-IPC, responsible for the local production of GABAergic neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and astrocytes. Remarkably, most glioblastoma cells resemble Tri-IPCs at the transcriptomic level, suggesting that cancer cells hijack developmental processes to enhance growth and heterogeneity. Furthermore, by integrating our atlas data with large-scale GWAS data, we created a disease-risk map highlighting enriched ASD risk in second-trimester intratelencephalic projection neurons. Our study sheds light on the gene regulatory landscape and cellular dynamics of the developing human neocortex.

Security providing leadership and work stress in Spanish Air Force.

Leadership plays a key role in the well-being of military personnel, either contributing to health improvement or, conversely, becoming a source of stress. In the present study we propose that security providing leadership can reduce work stress in the military context. Furthermore, we suggest that security-providing leaders exert their positive influence on work stress by creating a psychological safety climate and preventing organizational dehumanization. A sample of 204 members (72.5% men) of the Spanish Air Force volunteered to participate in this empirical study and completed an online questionnaire and both the direct and indirect structural equation models were analyzed. Results show a negative relationship between security providing leadership and work stress. Additionally, organizational dehumanization and psychological safety climate act as mediators in this relationship. These results support this novel approach to leadership in the military context. They also offer new ways to create better organizational environments. By treating their subordinates in a personalized manner and supporting them, security-providing leaders can improve employees' perceptions of psychological safety climate and combat feelings of organizational dehumanization, which, in turn, can reduce work stress.

Temporal mapping of derived high-frequency gene variants supports the mosaic nature of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

Large-scale estimations of the time of emergence of variants are essential to examine hypotheses concerning human evolution with precision. Using an open repository of genetic variant age estimations, we offer here a temporal evaluation of various evolutionarily relevant datasets, such as Homo sapiens-specific variants, high-frequency variants found in genetic windows under positive selection, introgressed variants from extinct human species, as well as putative regulatory variants specific to various brain regions. We find a recurrent bimodal distribution of high-frequency variants, but also evidence for specific enrichments of gene categories in distinct time windows, pointing to different periods of phenotypic changes, resulting in a mosaic. With a temporal classification of genetic mutations in hand, we then applied a machine learning tool to predict what genes have changed more in certain time windows, and which tissues these genes may have impacted more. Overall, we provide a fine-grained temporal mapping of derived variants in Homo sapiens that helps to illuminate the intricate evolutionary history of our species.

A Brain Region-Specific Expression Profile for Genes Within Large Introgression Deserts and Under Positive Selection in Homo sapiens.

Analyses of ancient DNA from extinct hominins have provided unique insights into the complex evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, intricately related to that of the Neanderthals and the Denisovans as revealed by several instances of admixture events. These analyses have also allowed the identification of introgression deserts: genomic regions in our species that are depleted of "archaic" haplotypes. The presence of genes like FOXP2 in these deserts has been taken to be suggestive of brain-related functional differences between Homo species. Here, we seek a deeper characterization of these regions and the specific expression trajectories of genes within them, taking into account signals of positive selection in our lineage. Analyzing publicly available transcriptomic data from the human brain at different developmental stages, we found that structures outside the cerebral neocortex, in particular the cerebellum, the striatum and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus show the most divergent transcriptomic profiles when considering genes within large introgression deserts and under positive selection.

Burnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement.

A growing body of empirical evidence shows that occupational health is now more relevant than ever due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on burnout, an occupational phenomenon that results from chronic stress in the workplace. After analyzing how burnout occurs and its different dimensions, the following aspects are discussed: (1) Description of the factors that can trigger burnout and the individual factors that have been proposed to modulate it, (2) identification of the effects that burnout generates at both individual and organizational levels, (3) presentation of the main actions that can be used to prevent and/or reduce burnout, and (4) recapitulation of the main tools that have been developed so far to measure burnout, both from a generic perspective or applied to specific occupations. Furthermore, this review summarizes the main contributions of the papers that comprise the Special Issue on "Occupational Stress and Health: Psychological Burden and Burnout", which represent an advance in the theoretical and practical understanding of burnout.

Security Providing Leadership: A Job Resource to Prevent Employees' Burnout.

Leadership styles in work contexts play a role in employees' well-being, contributing to better health or, on the contrary, being a source of stress. In this study we propose that security providing leadership may be considered as a resource to prevent employees' job burnout. First, we examine the relationship between employees' perception of their leader's degree of security in providing leadership and the employees' degree of job-related burnout. Second, the underlying processes by which leaders as security providers exert their influence on burnout are analyzed with a focus on the mediating role of two variables: an organizational climate oriented to psychological safety and organizational dehumanization. A total of 655 Spanish employees (53.7% women) completed a paper-and-pencil self-report questionnaire. To recruit participants, we employed an exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling. Results, using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses, show that security providing leadership was related negatively to burnout. Furthermore, psychological safety climate and organizational dehumanization mediated the relationship between security providing leadership and burnout. These findings support the attachment approach to leadership and open new avenues for creating better organizational environments. Security-providing leaders, by supporting employees and treating them in a personalized way, can enhance the psychological safety climate and prevent organizational dehumanization and consequent job burnout.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents.

Although gambling is forbidden for minors, the prevalence of gambling among adolescents is increasing. In order to improve preventive interventions, more evidence on predictors of gambling onset is needed. A longitudinal study was proposed to (1) establish the prevalence of gambling; (2) identify factors associated with gambling behavior the following year; and (3) adjust a model to predict gambling behavior. A cohort of 1074 students (13-18 years old) was followed for 12 months. The prevalence of gambling reached 42.0% in the second measure. Boys gambled 2.7 times more than girls, and the highest percentages of gambling onset showed up between 13 and 14 years old. Gambling onset and maintenance was associated with gender, age, sensation-seeking, risk perception, self-efficacy for not gambling, parents' attitude towards gambling, group pressure (friends), subjective norm, exposure to advertising, accessibility, normative perception, gambling in T1 and parents gambling behavior. Gender, gambling in T1 and risk perception were significant in all three logistic adjusted regression models, with the fourth variable being sensation seeking, peer pressure (friends) and accessibility, respectively. It is suggested that universal prevention should be aimed preferably at children under 15 years old and to alert regulators and public administrations to the directly proportional relationship between accessibility and gambling onset.

Presenteeism, Overcommitment, Workplace Bullying, and Job Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Relationship.

Presenteeism is a hazardous behaviour that may have personal and organizational consequences. The main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between presenteeism and job satisfaction and evaluate the role of overcommitment as a mediator and the role of work-related and personal bullying as moderators in these relationships. Results from 377 subjects showed that presenteeism and overcommitment are positively related to job satisfaction, with overcommitment being a mediator in the relationships. These relationships are moderated by work-related bullying but not by personal bullying. The findings are discussed, and implications, future research pathways, and limitations are noted.

Modern human changes in regulatory regions implicated in cortical development.

BACKGROUND: Recent paleogenomic studies have highlighted a very small set of proteins carrying modern human-specific missense changes in comparison to our closest extinct relatives. Despite being frequently alluded to as highly relevant, species-specific differences in regulatory regions remain understudied. Here, we integrate data from paleogenomics, chromatin modification and physical interaction, and single-cell gene expression of neural progenitor cells to identify derived regulatory changes in the modern human lineage in comparison to Neanderthals/Denisovans. We report a set of genes whose enhancers and/or promoters harbor modern human single nucleotide changes and are active at early stages of cortical development. RESULTS: We identified 212 genes controlled by regulatory regions harboring modern human changes where Neanderthals/Denisovans carry the ancestral allele. These regulatory regions significantly overlap with putative modern human positively-selected regions and schizophrenia-related genetic loci. Among the 212 genes, we identified a substantial proportion of genes related to transcriptional regulation and, specifically, an enrichment for the SETD1A histone methyltransferase complex, known to regulate WNT signaling for the generation and proliferation of intermediate progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study complements previous research focused on protein-coding changes distinguishing our species from Neanderthals/Denisovans and highlights chromatin regulation as a functional category so far overlooked in modern human evolution studies. We present a set of candidates that will help to illuminate the investigation of modern human-specific ontogenetic trajectories.

Authentic Leadership and Employees' Innovative Behaviour: A Multilevel Investigation in Three Countries.

The innovativeness of individual employees is a vital source of competitive advantage of firms, contributing to societal development. Therefore, the aim of this multilevel study was to examine how entrepreneurial firm owners' authentic leadership relates to their employees' innovative behaviour. Our conceptual model postulates that the relationship between business owners' authentic leadership (as perceived by their employees) and their employees' innovative behaviour is mediated by employees' personal initiative and their work engagement. Hypotheses derived from this model were tested on data collected from 711 employees working in 85 small firms from three European countries: the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. The results of the multilevel modelling confirmed our model, showing that when business owners are perceived as more authentic leaders, their employees show higher personal initiative and are more engaged at work and, in turn, identify more innovative solutions to be implemented in the organization. A cross-national difference was observed: employees from Spain (in comparison to Dutch and Polish employees) reported engaging less frequently in innovative behaviour. These research findings suggest that the innovative behaviour of employees can be boosted through leadership training, improving the quality of relationships between leaders and subordinates, and strengthening employees' personal initiative and work engagement.

Predicting Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Values and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Integrating predictions from the theory of human values with the theory of planned behavior (TPB), our primary goal is to investigate mechanisms through which individual values are related to entrepreneurial career intentions using a sample of 823 students from four European countries. We find that openness and self-enhancement values relate positively to entrepreneurial career intentions and that these relationships are partly mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and, to a lesser extent, by social norms. Values and TPB constructs partially mediated cross-country differences in entrepreneurial intentions. Spanish students showed lower entrepreneurial intentions as compared to Dutch, German, and Polish students, which could be traced back to lower self-enhancement values (power and achievement), less positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and differences in social norms.

Design and validation of a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) for adolescents. / Diseño y validación de una escala de intención de consumo de cannabis (CUIQ) para adolescentes.

In Spain, one in four 14 to 18-year-old adolescents has used cannabis during the last twelve months. Demand for treatment has increased in European countries. These facts have prompted the development of preventive interventions that require screening tools in order to identify the vulnerable population and to properly asses the efficacy of such interventions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), widely used to forecast behavioural intention, has also demonstrated a good predictive capacity in addictions. The aim of this study is to design and validate a Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire (CUIQ) based on TPB. 1,011 teenagers answered a set of tests to assess attitude towards use, subjective norms, self-efficacy towards non-use, and intention to use cannabis. CUIQ had good psychometric properties. Structural Equation Modelling results confirm the predictive model on intention to use cannabis in the Spanish adolescent sample, classified as users and non-users, explaining 40% of variance of intention to consume. CUIQ is aimed at providing a better understanding of the psychological processes that lead to cannabis use and allowing the evaluation of programmes. This can be particularly useful for improving the design and implementation of selective prevention programmes.

En España, uno de cada cuatro jóvenes de 14 a 18 años declara haber consumido cannabis en el último año. La demanda de tratamiento ha aumentado en todos los países europeos. Ello ha motivado el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas que requieren instrumentos para el cribado de la población en riesgo y la evaluación de la prevención. La Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAP), ampliamente utilizada para predecir las intenciones conductuales, ha mostrado una buena capacidad predictiva en el campo de las adicciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar un Cuestionario de Intención de Consumo de Cannabis (CUIQ, Cannabis Use Intention Questionnaire) basado en la TAP. 1011 adolescentes completaron una batería de cuestionarios que se compone de cuatro subescalas: actitud hacia el consumo, norma subjetiva, autoeficacia hacia la abstinencia e intención de consumo. El Cuestionario CUIQ obtuvo buenas características psicométricas. Las ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron el modelo predictivo sobre la intención de consumo en adolescentes españoles (consumidores y no consumidores), llegando a explicar el 40% de la varianza. El CUIQ tiene como objetivo una mejor comprensión del proceso psicológico que conduce al consumo de cannabis y permitir la evaluación de programas. Esto puede ser especialmente útil para mejorar el diseño e implementación de programas de prevención selectiva.

Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia / Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire in a Sample of University Students from Colombia

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.

The influence of leadership style on subordinates' attachment to the leader.

The aim of this research is to explore the extent to which employees establish attachment bonds with their leaders and the effects these bonds have on organizational outcomes. A sample of 225 participants reported on their supervisor's leadership style (transformational, transactional, or passive-avoidant), their attachment bonds to this supervisor (anxious or avoidant), and four organizational variables (subordinate's satisfaction, identification with the organization, extra effort, and perceived leadership effectiveness). Results, analyzed using a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach, indicated that (a) transformational leadership was negatively associated with employees' insecure (anxious or avoidant) attachment to their leader; (b) passive/avoidant leadership was positively associated with subordinates' insecure attachment to their leader; (c) transactional leadership was positively associated with employee's anxious attachment but not with their avoidant attachment; (d) avoidant, but not anxious, attachment to the leader was negatively associated with employee satisfaction, perceived leader effectiveness, employee's extra effort, and organizational identification.

Stress and nurses' horizontal mobbing: moderating effects of group identity and group support.

Horizontal mobbing is a process of systematic and repeated aggression towards a worker by coworkers. Among others, stress has been pointed out as one of the antecedents that favors the onset of horizontal mobbing, whereas group support to the target could act as a buffer. Moreover, the social identity approach emphasizes that group identity is an antecedent of group support. This study explores the interaction of group support and group identity in the explanation of horizontal mobbing in a sample (N = 388) of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses employed at two large hospitals in Madrid and Navarre (Spain). The results show that stress is positively associated to horizontal mobbing, whereas group support and group identity were negative predictors of horizontal mobbing. Furthermore, the combination of low group identity and low group support precipitated HM among nurses.

Organizational injustice: third parties' reactions to mistreatment of employee.

BACKGROUND: Research on organizational injustice has mainly focused on the victim's perspective. This study attempts to contribute to our understanding of third parties' perspective by empirically testing a model that describes third party reactions to mistreatment of employees. METHOD: Data were obtained from a sample (N = 334) of Spanish employees from various organizations, nested into 66 work-groups, via a survey regarding their perceptions of organizational mistreatment. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The proposed model had a limited fit to the data and it was re-specified. Organizational mistreatment, employee performance, and employee organizational commitment explained internal attributions blaming the organization. Moreover, coworkers' organizational identification showed a positive impact on external attributions of responsibility. Lastly, supportive organizational climate and internal attributions accounted for a large percentage of variance in coworkers' perceptions of organizational unfairness. CONCLUSIONS: The final model explains the perceptions of injustice on the basis of internal attributions of responsibility in the face of organizational mistreatment of employees.

[Authentic leadership. Concept and validation of the ALQ in Spain]. / Liderazgo auténtico. Concepto y validación del cuestionario ALQ en España.

This study presents the validation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) in a sample of more than 600 Spanish employees. This questionnaire measures four distinct but related substantive components of authentic leadership. These components are: self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective. Structural equation modeling confirmed that the Spanish version of ALQ has high reliability and predictive validity for important leadership outputs such as perceived effectiveness of leadership, followers' extra effort and satisfaction with the leader.

Theory of planned behavior and smoking: meta-analysis and SEM model.

To examine if the theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts smoking behavior, 35 data sets (N = 267,977) have been synthesized, containing 219 effect sizes between the model variables, using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach (MASEM). Consistent with the TPB's predictions, 1) smoking behavior was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = 0.30), 2) intentions were based on attitudes (weighted mean r = 0.16), and subjective norms (weighted mean r = 0.20). Consistent with TPB's hypotheses, perceived behavioral control was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = -0.24) and behaviors (weighted mean r = -0.20) and it contributes significantly to cigarette consumption. The strength of the associations, however, was influenced by the characteristics of the studies and participants.