Increased seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs in southern Brazil after an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect diverse hosts, including dogs. Although T. gondii infection in dogs is usually subclinical, they are susceptible to infection and develop a specific immune response to the parasite. In 2018, the largest outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in the world occurred in Santa Maria, in southern Brazil; however, the impact of this outbreak on other hosts was not investigated at the time. Considering that dogs often share the same environmental sources of infection as humans, mainly water sources, and that in Brazil, the detection rates of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dogs is very high, this study investigated the frequency of anti-T. gondii IgG in dogs in Santa Maria before and after the outbreak. A total of 2.245 serum samples were analyzed, 1159 collected before the outbreak and 1086 collected after the outbreak. Serum samples were tested for anti-T. gondii antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The infection detection of T. gondii was 16% (185/1159) before the outbreak and 43% (466/1086) after the outbreak. These results showed the infection of dogs with T. gondii and the high frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies in dogs after the outbreak in humans in 2018, reinforcing water as a possible source of infection and the importance of including toxoplasmosis in the differential diagnosis of dogs.

Dynamics of Leishmania spp. infection in dogs from an unaffected region in transition to a visceral leishmaniasis transmission area, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been expanding and urbanizing, mainly in non-endemic areas such as the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Considering that infected dogs are the main reservoirs of VL in urban areas, the present study aimed to evaluate the propagation of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) infection from an unaffected region in transition to a VL transmission area. For this, 1159 and 1087 samples of canine serum from 2015 and 2021, respectively, were analyzed, using the indirect immunofluorescence test. In addition, necropsy reports between 2007 and 2021 were evaluated. The results showed a prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies of 7.5% in the samples from 2015, while in 2021 samples, it was 23.5%, with an incidence of 0.4 cases per 100 dogs. It is noteworthy that in 2007, there was no record of CVL as the cause of death in the pathological reports, and in 2021, 41 diagnoses were made with the protozoan being a determinant of the death of the animal. These values indicate an increasing trend in the prevalence and incidence coefficients of CVL. The results of this study allowed us to verify the spread of the disease from an unaffected region to a transmission area of the agent, as well as provide subsidies for health authorities to implement improvements in the CVL control program in the municipality, to mitigate the emergence of human cases of the disease.

In vitro activity of six antiviral drugs against equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 indicates ganciclovir as promising drug for in vivo studies / A atividade in vitro de seis drogas antivirais contra o alfaherpesvírus equino tipo 1 indica que o ganciclovir é uma droga promissora para estudos in vivo

ABSTRACT: Equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major agent of abortion, respiratory and neurological disease in horses. No specific treatment is available for EHV-1 infection, yet the potential of antiviral therapy has been explored. In this study we investigated the in vitro activity of Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Foscarnet, Famciclovir, Vidarabina and Cidofovir against EHV-1. For this, the MTT test was performed, in which all the tested drugs showed no toxicity up to 200μg/mL. Subsequently, different drug concentrations were submitted to viral plaque reduction assays in cell culture. The selectivity index (SI) of the compounds was determined using the cytotoxic concentration for 50% of cells (CC50), obtained by MTT, and effective drug concentration to inhibit by 50% the number of viral plaques (EC50). Ganciclovir (SI: 490; EC50: 1.9 μg/mL) was the most efficient and safest drug against EHV-1, followed by Cidofovir (SI: 150, EC50: 5.7μg/mL), Acyclovir (SI: 37.4, EC50: 22.2μg/mL), Famciclovir (SI: 25.1, EC50: 24.5μg/mL), Vidarabine (SI: 12.2, EC50: 40.9μg/mL) and Foscarnet (SI: 6.9, EC50: 49.5 μg/mL), respectively. These results indicated that Ganciclovir (followed by Cidofovir), is a promising candidate for use in in vivo experiments.

RESUMO: O alfaherpesvírus equino tipo 1 (EHV-1) está amplamente distribuído nos rebanhos equinos de todo o mundo e é um dos principais agentes causadores de abortos, doença respiratória e neurológica em equinos. Ainda não há tratamento específico para a infecção pelo EHV-1 em equinos, mas o potencial da terapia antiviral tem sido investigado. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a atividade anti-herpética in vitro dos fármacos Aciclovir, Ganciclovir, Foscanet, Famciclovir, Vidarabina e Cidofovir frente ao EHV-1. Para isso, foi realizado o teste de MTT, em que todas as drogas não apresentaram citotoxicidade até a dose de 200μg/mL. A seguir, diferentes concentrações dos fármacos foram submetidas ao teste de redução de placas virais em cultivo celular. O índice de seletividade (IS) dos compostos foi determinado usando a concentração citotóxica para 50% dos cultivos celulares (CC50), obtida pelo MTT, e pela concentração dos fármacos efetiva para inibir em 50% o número de placas virais (EC50). O Ganciclovir (IS: 490; EC50: 1,9μg/mL) foi o mais eficiente e seguro frente ao EHV-1, seguido pelo Cidofovir (IS: 150; EC50: 5,7 μg/mL), Aciclovir (IS: 37,4; EC50: 22,2μg/mL), Famciclovir (IS: 25,1; EC50: 24,5μg/mL), Vidarabina (IS: 12,2; EC50: 40,9μg/mL) e Foscarnet (IS: 6,9; EC50: 49,5μg/mL). Estes resultados indicam que o Ganciclovir constitui-se em um candidato para uso em experimentos in vivo.