Sibling Violence and Bullying Behaviors in Peers: The Mediational Role of Self-Esteem.

In the context of the existing research on families, sibling violence is a less explored area. However, it has seemingly received more attention recently, and it can assume a relevant role in understanding the maladaptive behavior of youngsters and bullying. Additionally, adolescents involved in bullying and self-esteem are associated with disruptive violence inside the family context. This study's sample consisted of 286 students, aged between 12 and 17 years, from both sexes. This study intends to explore the association between sibling violence and bullying behavior in peers and the mediator effect of self-esteem. The measures for data collection were a demographic questionnaire, the Social Exclusion and School Violence Questionnaire, The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (Portuguese version for siblings), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results show a negative effect between negotiation in the sibling relationship (victimization) and social exclusion and verbal aggression related to bullying behavior. Self-esteem represents a total and negative mediator in this connection. Our results also show a variety of indirect outcomes amongst the negotiation dimension, psychological aggression and injury between siblings, and the social exclusion and verbal aggression dimensions (on the aggression and victimization scales). The results will be discussed according to the attachment theory but considering the importance of affective bonds with siblings as a predisposing factor to an adaptive development course.

Mediators of outcome in adolescent psychotherapy and their implications for theories and mechanisms of change: a systematic review.

Psychotherapeutic treatment of adolescents requires age-specific approaches and thus plausibly also involves different change mechanisms than adult psychotherapy. To guide further research and improve therapeutic outcomes for adolescents, we reviewed all RCTs investigating mechanisms of change in the psychological treatment of adolescents to identify the most promising age-, disorder- or treatment-specific mediators. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA), 106 studies were included that reported 252 statistical mediation tests assessed with 181 different measures. Most often studied and significant mediators were cognitive, followed by family-related, and behavioral variables. Several mediators were identified to be promising for future investigations: changes in negative thoughts, dysfunctional beliefs and metacognitive skills; family functioning and parenting skills; as well as successful engagement in therapy activities and increased impulse control. Symptom change during therapy was least often a mediator for other therapeutic changes. Relational and emotional mediators were largely understudied, whereas peer-influence appeared a promising mediator for intervention outcomes. Adolescence-specific mediators were most commonly investigated. Majority of studied mediators were not disorder-specific. There was a tendency to mainly test change mechanisms of specific theoretical models without considering other possible change theories. Further, virtually no studies fulfilled all criteria for rigorously investigating mediation and only nine were classified with an overall good study quality. While bearing in mind the current limitations in study designs, methodological rigor and reporting, there appears to be substantial evidence for transdiagnostic age-specific change models in the psychological treatment of adolescents. For future research, need for consensus on a core set of transdiagnostic and transtheoretical mediators and measures is highlighted. These should address likely core mechanisms of change, as well as take into account age-relevant developmental challenges and biological markers.

Parental meta-emotion, attachment to parents, and personal agency in adolescents.

Guided by attachment theory, we explored in the present study the links between parental emotion-coaching, attachment to parents, and adolescent's sense of agency. Further, we examined a possible mediating role of adolescent's attachment to parents in the association between parental emotion-coaching and sense of agency. All models control for cumulative psychosocial risk, and adolescents' sex and age, and take into account the reports of both mothers and fathers. The sample included 501 Portuguese families comprising adolescents, their mothers, and their fathers. Adolescents (ages ranged from 15 to 18) reported on their attachment to parents, personal agency, and cumulative psychosocial risk, whereas mothers and fathers independently completed a questionnaire assessing their meta-emotion skills. The results indicate that both mothers' and fathers' emotional-coaching are positively associated with the quality of adolescent's attachment to parents. Nonetheless, parental emotion-coaching are not directly associate with sense of agency. The quality of emotional bond with father is linked to a more positive sense of agency, while relationships characterized by mother's inhibition of adolescent's exploration are associated with less positive perceptions of agency. Parental emotion-coaching seems to be associated with the sense of personal agency through the quality of attachment to parents. These results are discussed according to attachment theory taking into account the parents' importance to adolescents' development. Our findings provide a first attempt to unravel the possible links between parental emotion-coaching, attachment to parents, and sense of agency; nevertheless, they need to expand. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

We stick together! COVID-19 and psychological adjustment in youth residential care.

BACKGROUND: Children and youth residential care institutions were forced to introduce adaptations to their regular functioning in order to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic challenges. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the lockdown on the adolescents' psychological adjustment and whether adolescents' perceived cohesion mitigated the increase of adolescents' psychological adjustment problems. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 243 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years, living in 21 different residential care institutions. RESULTS: The results suggested a moderating role of cohesion on the stability of adolescents' emotional distress across time. Lower levels of cohesion were related with higher emotional distress stability across time. On the contrary, as cohesion increased, the association between adolescents' emotional distress at T0 and T1 decreased. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed considering the mechanisms raised by the institutions to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and minimize the negative effects on the psychological adjustment of adolescents living in residential care.

Patient and Public Involvement in Youth Mental Health Research: Protocol for a Systematic Review of Practices and Impact.

Various health settings have advocated for involving patients and members of the public (PPI) in research as a means to increase quality and relevance of the produced knowledge. However, youth PPI has been an understudied area. This protocol paper describes a new project that aims to summarize what is known about PPI with young people in mental health research. In line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement guidelines we will identify and appraise suitable articles and extract and synthesize relevant information including at least two reviewers at each stage of the process. Results will be presented in two systematic reviews that will describe (a) how youth PPI has been conducted (Review1) and (b) what impact youth PPI had on the subsequent research and on stakeholders (Review2). To our knowledge, this is the first set of reviews that uses a critical appraisal tool, which is co-developed with children and young people. Findings from this project will provide valuable insights and set out the key steps to adopting adequate PPI methods when involving children and young people in mental health research.

Mediators and Theories of Change in Psychotherapy for Young People With Personality Disorders: A Systematic Review Protocol.

Background: Personality disorders (PDs) are a severe health issue already prevalent among adolescents and young adults. Early detection and intervention offer the opportunity to reduce disease burden and chronicity of symptoms and to enhance long-term functional outcomes. While psychological treatments for PDs have been shown to be effective for young people, the mediators and specific change mechanisms of treatment are still unclear. Aim: As part of the "European Network of Individualized Psychotherapy Treatment of Young People with Mental Disorders" (TREATme), funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), we will conduct a systematic review to summarize the existing knowledge on mediators of treatment outcome and theories of change in psychotherapy for young people with personality disorders. In particular, we will evaluate whether mediators appear to be common or specific to particular age groups, treatment models, or outcome domains (e.g., psychosocial functioning, life quality, and adverse treatment effects). Method: We will follow the reporting guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement recommendations. Electronic databases (PubMed and PsycINFO) have been systematically searched for prospective, longitudinal, and case-control designs of psychological treatment studies, which examine mediators published in English. Participants will be young people between 10 and 30years of age who suffer from subclinical personality symptoms or have a personality disorder diagnosis and receive an intervention that aims at preventing, ameliorating, and/or treating psychological problems. Results: The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and at conference presentations and will be shared with relevant stakeholder groups. The data set will be made available to other research groups following recommendations of the open science initiative. Databases with the systematic search will be made openly available following open science initiatives. The review has been registered in PROSPERO (evaluation is pending, registration number ID 248959). Implications: This review will deliver a comprehensive overview on the empirical basis to contribute to the further development of psychological treatments for young people with personality disorders.

Mediators in Psychological Treatments for Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents and Young People: A Protocol of a Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety and depressive disorders are a significant problem that starts in childhood or adolescence and should be addressed early to avoid chronic mental conditions. There is strong evidence to demonstrate that psychological treatments are effective for these disorders, however, little is known on mediators and mechanisms of change of psychological treatment in adolescents and young adults. Understanding the pathways through which psychological treatments operate will facilitate more effective treatments. AIM: We aim to conduct a systematic review, exploring the available evidence on mediators of psychological treatments for anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: A systematic search has been performed on PubMed and PsycINFO databases to identify studies from inception to 23rd February 2020. Eligible studies include randomized controlled trials and trials (quasi-experimental) designs that have enrolled adolescents and young adults presenting with depression and/or anxiety and that have examined mediators of psychological treatments. A group of 20 reviewers from the COST-Action TREATme (CA16102) divided into 10 pairs independently screen studies for inclusion, extract information from the included studies, and assess the methodological quality of the included studies and the requirements for mediators. The methodological quality will be assessed by The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Extracted data from the included studies will be collected and presented using a narrative approach. DISCUSSION: This systematic review will summarize and provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on mediators of psychological treatments for anxiety and depression for adolescents and young adults. Results will allow the identification of strategies to optimize intervention to enhance clinical outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not required. Findings from this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated at conferences and meetings. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021234641.

Mediators and theories of change in psychotherapy with adolescents: a systematic review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 75% of mental disorders emerge before the age of 25 years but less than half receive appropriate treatment. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic change of adolescents in psychotherapy. The 'European Network of Individualised Psychotherapy Treatment of Young People with Mental Disorders', funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology, will conduct the first systematic review to summarise the existing knowledge on mediators and theories of change in psychotherapy for adolescents. METHOD: A systematic review will be conducted, conforming to the reporting guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement recommendations. Electronic databases (PubMed and PsycINFO) have been systematically searched on 23 February 2020, for prospective, longitudinal and case-control designs which examine mediators of change. Participants will be adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age who suffer from a mental disorder or psychological difficulties and receive an intervention that aims at preventing, ameliorating and/or treating psychological problems. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for this systematic review as no primary data will be collected. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journals and at conference presentations and will be shared with stakeholder groups. The whole data set will be offered to other research groups following recommendations of the open science initiative. Databases with the systematic search will be made openly available following open science initiatives. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020177535.

Theories of Change and Mediators of Psychotherapy Effectiveness in Adolescents With Externalising Behaviours: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Externalising behaviours are becoming a remarkably prevalent problem during adolescence, often precipitating both externalising and internalising disorders in later adulthood. Psychological treatments aim to increase the social functioning of adolescents in order for them to live a more balanced life and prevent these negative trajectories. However, little is known of the intervening variables and mediators involved in these treatments' change mechanisms. We conducted a systematic review, exploring the available evidence on mediators of psychological treatments for externalising behaviours and symptoms amongst adolescents (10 to 19 years old). METHODS: A systematic search was performed on Medline and PsycINFO databases, which identified studies from inception to February 23, 2020. Eligible studies included randomised controlled trials that enrolled adolescents with externalising symptoms and behaviours as, at least, one of the primary outcomes. A group of 20 reviewers from the COST-Action TREATme (CA16102) were divided into 10 pairs. Each pair independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted information from the included studies, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies and the requirements for mediators, following Kazdin's criteria. Risk of bias of RCTs was assessed by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Extracted data from the included studies were reported using a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), after removing duplicates, 3,660 articles were screened. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. In a second stage, 965 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 14 studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The majority were related to systemic psychological treatment approaches. Two types of mediators were identified as potentially being involved in the mechanisms of change for better social improvements of adolescents: to increase healthier parent-adolescent relationships and parental discipline. However, there were significant and non-significant results amongst the same mediators, which led to discussing the results tentatively. CONCLUSIONS: Family variables were found to be the largest group of investigated mediators, followed by relational, behavioural, and emotional variables. No cognitive or treatment-specific mediators were identified. Both adequate behavioural control of adolescents' peer behaviour and a better positive balance in their relationships with their parents seemed to buffer the effects of externalising behaviours in adolescents. Several methodological limitations concerning mediation testing design, outcome measures, and mediator selection have been identified. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was not required. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021231835.

Validation of a Portuguese Version of the Aspiration Index for Adolescents (AI).

Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and their importance on both developmental and educational practices has led to the development of assessment tools. The Aspiration Index scale (AI; Grouzet et al., 2005), which was developed to measure people`s life aspirations, was translated and validated into Portuguese. A sample of 1,359 adolescents, age ranged from 12 to 18 years-old, participated in the present study. Results showed that a factor structure with the eleven subscales of the AI does not fit the data. However we gathered support for a three-factor structure that organized the items in terms of whether aspirations are intrinsically, extrinsically or self-transcendent oriented. Internal consistency and temporal stability yielded good results. The predictive and criterion validities were demonstrated by significant associations with theoretically supported measures of satisfaction with life and father and mother attachment. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that this structure was invariant across gender. These results suggest that the AI is a reliable measure to assess different types of life aspirations and can be used in future research with adolescents in Portugal.

Engaging Children and Young People in Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review of Modes of Delivery, Facilitators, and Barriers.

BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of children and young people (CYP) experiencing mental health (MH) problems. Owing to accessibility, affordability, and scalability, an increasing number of digital health interventions (DHIs) have been developed and incorporated into MH treatment. Studies have shown the potential of DHIs to improve MH outcomes. However, the modes of delivery used to engage CYP in digital MH interventions may differ, with implications for the extent to which findings pertain to the level of engagement with the DHI. Knowledge of the various modalities could aid in the development of interventions that are acceptable and feasible. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to (1) identify modes of delivery used in CYP digital MH interventions, (2) explore influencing factors to usage and implementation, and (3) investigate ways in which the interventions have been evaluated and whether CYP engage in DHIs. METHODS: A literature search was performed in the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), and PsycINFO databases using 3 key concepts "child and adolescent mental health," "digital intervention," and "engagement." Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed using rigorous inclusion criteria and screening by at least two reviewers. The selected articles were assessed for quality using the mixed methods appraisal tool, and data were extracted to address the review aims. Data aggregation and synthesis were conducted and presented as descriptive numerical summaries and a narrative synthesis, respectively. RESULTS: This study identified 6 modes of delivery from 83 articles and 71 interventions for engaging CYP: (1) websites, (2) games and computer-assisted programs, (3) apps, (4) robots and digital devices, (5) virtual reality, and (6) mobile text messaging. Overall, 2 themes emerged highlighting intervention-specific and person-specific barriers and facilitators to CYP's engagement. These themes encompassed factors such as suitability, usability, and acceptability of the DHIs and motivation, capability, and opportunity for the CYP using DHIs. The literature highlighted that CYP prefer DHIs with features such as videos, limited text, ability to personalize, ability to connect with others, and options to receive text message reminders. The findings of this review suggest a high average retention rate of 79% in studies involving various DHIs. CONCLUSIONS: The development of DHIs is increasing and may be of interest to CYP, particularly in the area of MH treatment. With continuous technological advancements, it is important to know which modalities may increase engagement and help CYP who are facing MH problems. This review identified the existing modalities and highlighted the influencing factors from the perspective of CYP. This knowledge provides information that can be used to design and evaluate new interventions and offers important theoretical insights into how and why CYP engage in DHIs.

Efeito do Suporte Social e Personalidade no Bem-Estar Psicológico em Adolescentes de Diferentes Contextos Relacionais / Effect of Social Support and Personality on Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents from Different Relational Contexts

RESUMO O suporte social e as características da personalidade são evidenciados na literatura como fatores relevantes na promoção do bem-estar psicológico de jovens. Pretendeu-se analisar o efeito preditor do suporte social e da personalidade no bem-estar psicológico, testando ainda o efeito moderador dos contextos relacionais na associação anterior. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal de cariz exploratório. A amostra foi constituída por 350 jovens adolescentes portugueses de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 13 e 18 anos, provenientes de famílias tradicionais (seio familiar apenas com pais e filhos) e em acolhimento residencial. Os resultados sugeriram uma predição do bem-estar psicológico através das dimensões do suporte social e da personalidade. Verificou-se o papel moderador do contexto relacional e foi discutido o papel das ligações afetivas desenvolvidas enquanto fator promotor de bem-estar nos jovens.

ABSTRACT Social support and personality characteristics are highlighted in the literature as relevant factors promoting young psychological well-being. This research aims to analyze the effect of social support and personality on psychological well-being, also testing the moderating effect of relational context on the previous association. It was conducted a cross-sectional and exploratory study. The sample was composed of 350 young Portuguese adolescents of both sexes, aged between 13 and 18 years, from traditional families (family only with parents and child) and residential care. The results suggested there was a prediction of psychological well-being through the dimensions of social support and personality. There was a moderating role of relational context. The results were discussed, highlighting the role of affective bonds developed as well-being promoting factors in young people.

O papel da vinculação aos pais e da regulação emocional no investimento esquemático na aparência em jovens adultos / The Role of Parental Attachment and Emotional Regulation on Schematic Investment in Appearance in Young Adults

Resumo Os vínculos afetivos que se estabelecem na infância podem ter efeitos no desenvolvimento emocional dos jovens. A vinculação segura pode potenciar a capacidade de regulação emocional e proporcionar uma imagem de si mais positiva, gerando comportamentos ajustados de investimento na aparência. A presente investigação objetivou analisar o papel da vinculação aos pais e da regulação emocional no investimento esquemático na aparência. Foram usados instrumentos de autorrelato numa amostra constituída por 948 jovens adultos (18-30 anos) de ambos os sexos. Evidenciou-se o papel significativo que a qualidade de vinculação aos pais e a regulação emocional assumem no desenvolvimento de um investimento ajustado na aparência. Verificou-se ainda o efeito mediador positivo das dificuldades de regulação emocional entre a inibição da exploração e individualidade mãe e a saliência auto-avaliativa.

Abstract. The affective bonds that are established in childhood can have effects on the emotional development of young people. The secure attachment can potentiate the ability of emotional regulation, provide a more positive image of yourself and, therefore, adjusted investment behaviors in appearance. This study aims to analyze the role of parental attachment and the emotional regulation in the schematic investment in appearance. Self-report instruments were used on a sample that consisted of 948 young adults (18 and 30 years) of both genders. The study highlighted the significant role that the quality of parental attachment and emotional regulation take in developing an investment adjusted in appearance. The results showed the positive mediator effect of difficulties in emotional regulation between the inhibition of exploration and individuality mother and the self-evaluative salience.

Vinculação aos pais, adversidade na infância e desenvolvimento de psicopatologia / Attachment to parents, adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology / Vinculación a los padres, adversidad en la infancia y desarrollo de psicopatología

O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar o papel da qualidade da vinculação aos pais na associação entre experiências adversas na infância e sintomatologia psicopatológica em adultos. A amostra foi constituída por 511 indivíduos com idades entre os 25 e os 50 anos de idade (M = 34,69; DP = 7,82). Para a recolha dos dados recorreu-se a questionários de autorrelato. Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade da vinculação aos pais e as experiências adversas na infância são relevantes na predição de sintomatologia psicopatológica (depressão, somatização e ansiedade). Os resultados serão analisados à luz da teoria da vinculação, considerando a importância das experiências adversas na infância na compreensão dos processos psicopatológicos na adultícia

The present study aims to analyze the role of quality of attachment to parents in the association between adverse childhood experiences and the psychopathological symptoms in adulthood. The sample was composed by 511 adults, aged 25 to 50 (M = 34.69; DP = 7.82). For data collection we resorted to the self-report questionnaires. Results suggest that the quality of attachment to parents and adverse childhood experiences are relevant in predicting psychopathological symptoms (depression, somatization and anxiety). The results will be discussed according to attachment theory, considering the importance of adverse childhood experiences in understanding the psychopathological processes in adulthood

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el papel de la calidad del apego a los padres en la relación entre las experiencias infantiles adversas y síntomas psicopatológicos en adultos. La muestra consistió en 511 individuos con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 50 años de edad (M = 34,69; DP = 7,82). Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron cuestionarios de autoinformes. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el papel de la calidad de la vinculación a los padres en la asociación entre experiencias adversas en la infancia y sintomatología psicopatológica en adultos. La muestra fue constituida por 511 individuos con edades entre los 25 y los 50 años de edad (M = 34.69, DP = 7.82). Para la recogida de los datos se recurrió a cuestionarios de autoinformes. Los resultados sugieren que la calidad de la vinculación a los padres y las experiencias adversas en la infancia son relevantes en la predicción de sintomatología psicopatológica (depresión, somatización y ansiedad). Los resultados serán analizados a la luz de la teoría de la vinculación, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de las experiencias adversas en la infancia en la comprensión de los procesos psicopatológicos en la edad adulta

Vinculação aos pais, competências sociais e ideação suicida em adolescentes / Attachment to parents, social skills and suicidal ideation in adolescents / Vinculación a los padres, habilidades sociales e ideación suicida en adolescentes

O presente estudo, de natureza quantitativa, teve como principal objetivo analisar o papel da vinculação aos pais e das competências sociais no desenvolvimento de ideação suicida em adolescentes. A amostra foi constituída por 604 indivíduos, com idades entre os 15 e os 18 anos de idade. Para a recolha dos dados, recorreu-se ao Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe (QVPM), ao Social Skills Questionnaire (SSQ) e ao Questionário de Ideação Suicida (QIS). Os resultados apontam para uma predição negativa da qualidade do laço emocional ao pai e da assertividade face à ideação suicida, assim como para a predição positiva da inibição da exploração da individualidade da mãe face à ideação suicida. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da teoria da vinculação, assumindo a relevância das figuras de afeto na forma como os jovens desenvolvem competências sociais e estão mais capazes de ultrapassar as dificuldades, prevenindo o desenvolvimento de ideações suicidas

This study, of quantitative nature, had as main objective analyze the role of attachment to parents and social skills in the development of suicidal ideation in adolescents. The sample comprised 604 individuals, aged between 15 and 18 years old. For data collection we resorted to the Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe (QVPM), Social Skills Questionnaire and Questionário de Ideação Suicida. The results suggest a negative prediction of the quality of emotional bond to father and assertiveness in relation to suicidal ideation, as well as for the positive prediction of inhibiting mother's exploration of individuality to suicide ideation. The results were discussed based on attachment theory, assuming the relevance of affection figures in the way how adolescents develop social skills, and are more able of overcome the difficulties, preventing suicidal ideation

Este estudio, de naturaleza cuantitativa, tuvo como principal objetivo analizar el papel de la vinculación a los padres y de las habilidades sociales en el desarrollo de ideación suicida en los adolescentes. La muestra se constituyó con 604 individuos, con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 18 años de edad. Para la recolección de los datos, se utilizó el Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe (QVPM), el Social Skills Questionnaire (SSQ) y el Questionário de Ideação Suicida (QIS). Los resultados apuntan a una predicción negativa de la calidad del vínculo emocional con su padre y la asertividad en relación a la ideación suicida, así como para la predicción positiva de la inhibición de la exploración de la individualidad de la madre en la ideación suicida. Los resultados fueron discutidos a luz de la teoría de la vinculación, asumiendo la relevancia de los cuidadores en la forma cómo los jóvenes desarrollan habilidades sociales y están más capaces de superar las dificultades, evitando el progreso de las ideaciones suicidas

Suporte social e individuação em jovens de diferentes configurações familiares / Social support and young people individuation in different family configurations / El apoyo social y la individuación en jóvenes de distintas configuraciones familiares

O estabelecimento de laços com a família, amigos ou mesmo professores é crucial para o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes e jovens adultos. Uma individuação bem-sucedida na adolescência implica qualidade de relação. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as diferenças na percepção do suporte social e processo de individuação em função da configuração familiar, bem como analisar o poder preditor da configuração familiar, do gênero, da idade e da percepção do suporte social dos jovens no processo de individuação. A amostra foi constituída por 827 jovens a frequentarem o ensino secundário e universitário, com idades entre os 13 e os 25 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada no Norte de Portugal, mediante questionários de auto-relato: Social Support Appraisals (SSA) e Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence (MITA). Os resultados mostraram que jovens de famílias intactas apresentavam uma individuação mais bem-sucedida comparativamente com jovens de famílias divorciadas, e ainda evidenciaram o poder preditor da percepção do suporte da família no desenvolvimento da individuação. Neste sentido, verificou-se a importância da configuração e do suporte familiar para uma individuação bem-sucedida.

The establishment of bonds with family, friends or teachers is crucial to the development of adolescents and young adults. A successful individuation in adolescence involves the quality of relationships. This study aims to analyze the differences in the perception of social support and individuation process according to the family setting and to analyze the predictive power of family structure, gender, age and perceived social support of young people in the process of individuation. The sample consisted of 827 young people to attend secondary school and university, aged between 13 and 25 years. The data collection was carried in northern Portugal, through self-report questionnaires: Social Support Appraisals (SSA) and Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence (MITA). The results showed that young peole of intact families had a more successful individuation compared to young people from divorced families, and showed the predictive power of family support perception in the development of individuation. In this sense, this study showed the importance of setting and family support to a successful individuation.

El establecimiento de vínculos con la familia, amigos o profesores es crucial para el desarrollo de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. El éxito del proceso de individuación en la adolescencia implica calidad en las relaciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las diferencias en la percepción de apoyo social y el proceso de individuación de acuerdo con el entorno familiar y analizar la capacidad de predicción de la estructura familiar, el género, la edad y el apoyo social percibido de los jóvenes en el proceso de individuación. La muestra consistió en 827 jóvenes que asisten a la escuela secundaria y la universidad, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 25 años. La recolección de datos se realizó en el norte de Portugal, a través de cuestionarios de autoinforme: Social Support Appraisals (SSA) e Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence (MITA). Los resultados mostraron que los jóvenes de familias intactas tenían una mejor individuación en comparación con los jóvenes de familias divorciadas, y mostraron el poder predictivo de la percepción de apoyo familiar en el desarrollo de la individuación. En este sentido, este estudio demostró la importancia del entorno y del apoyo familiar en el éxito del proceso de individuación de los jóvenes.

Individuação e coping em adolescentes de famílias tradicionais e divorciadas / Individuation and coping in adolescentsfrom traditional and divorced families / Individuación y coping en adolescentes de familias tradicionales y divorciadas

O divórcio é marcado por mudanças e a necessidade de reorganização familiar. A literatura tem abordado as implicações deste processo no desenvolvimento dos adolescentes, nomeadamente a existência de aspetos como a qualidade da vinculação aos pais que potenciam o desenvolvimento de coping e protegem face a fatores de risco. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de individuação face às figuras parentais, bem como o seu papel no desenvolvimento de estratégias de coping em adolescentes de diferentes configurações familiares (tradicionais e divorciadas). A amostra foi composta por 399 participantes, com idades entre 15 e 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros, e provenientes de famílias tradicionais e divorciadas/separadas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram associações entre a individuação parental e o coping. Verificou-se ainda que a configuração familiar não apresenta um efeito moderador na associação entre a individuação parental e o coping, sendo que o divórcio parece não se constituir per si um fator que influencia necessariamente de forma negativa o desenvolvimento do coping em adolescentes, destacando-se a importância da individuação parental neste processo.

Divorce is marked by change and the need of family reorganization. The literature has addressed the implications of this process in the development of adolescents, namely the existence of aspects like quality of attachment with parents that improve the development of coping and protect from risk factors. This study aims to analyse the process of individuation to parental figures, as well as, its role in the development of coping strategies in adolescents from different family configurations (traditional and divorced). The sample comprised 399 participants aged 15 to 18 from both genders and from intact and divorced/separated families. The results showed associations between parental individuation and coping. It has been found that familiar configuration doesn't have a moderating effect on the association between parental individuation and coping, and that divorce doesn't seem itself a negatively influences the development of coping in adolescents, highlighting the importance of parental individuation in this process.

El divorcio está marcado por el cambio y la necesidad de una reorganización familiar. La literatura ha considerado las consecuencias de este proceso en el desarrollo de los adolescentes, a saber, la existencia de aspectos tales como la calidad del apego a los padres que mejoran o desarrollo del coping y protegen contra los factores de riesgo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de individuación en lo que concirne a las figuras parentales, así como su papel en el desarrollo de estrategias de coping en adolescentes de diferentes configuraciones familiares (tradicionales y divorciadas). La muestra consistió en 399 participantes, de edades comprendidas entre 15 y 18 años, de ambos gêneros, y de familias tradicionales y divorciadas/separadas. Los resultados mostraron asociaciones entre la individuación de los padres y el coping. También se observó que la configuración de la familia no tiene un efecto moderador sobre la asociación entre la individuación de los padres y el coping, por lo que el divorcio no parece constituir per se un factor que necesariamente influye negativamente en el desarrollo del coping en adolescentes, destacando la importancia de la individuación de los padres en este proceso.

Não diretividade: avaliação, diagnóstico e a terapia centrada no cliente / Non-directivity: assessment, diagnosis and client-centered therapy / No-directividad: evaluación, diagnostico y la terapia centrada en el cliente

O presente artigo procura problematizar a avaliação à luz da Terapia Centrada no Cliente (TCC). A avaliação é discutida numa perspetiva não diretiva em torno de uma atitude genuína de conhecimento do cliente no desenvolvimento do processo terapêutico. A abertura à experiência ocasiona a compreensão da complexidade do cliente e os modos de conhecer conduzem a um diagnóstico. As técnicas são revistas num reflexo das atitudes do terapeuta que desenvolve uma aliança terapêutica e facilita a tendência atualizante com vista ao crescimento pessoal do cliente...

The present article intends to discuss the evaluation and diagnosis concepts in Client-Centered Therapy (PCT). In the therapeutic process development, evaluation is discussed in a non-directive perspective around a genuine attitude of client knowledge. Openness to experience causes the understanding of client complexity, and the knowledge leads to a diagnosis. Techniques are reviewed as a reflection of the therapist's attitudes, which then develops a therapeutic alliance and facilitates actualizing tendency in order to allow for the client's personnel growth...

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar la evaluación a la luz de la Terapia Centrada en el Cliente (TCC). La evaluación se discute en una perspectiva no-directiva en torno a una actitud genuina de conocimiento del cliente a lo largo del proceso terapéutico. La apertura a la experiencia lleva a la comprensión de la complejidad del cliente y las formas de conocimiento conducen a un diagnóstico. Las técnicas se traducen en un reflejo de las actitudes del terapeuta que desarrolla una alianza terapéutica y facilita la tendencia actualizante para el crecimiento personal del cliente...

Interparental conflicts and the development of psychopathology in adolescents and young adults / Conflitos interparentais e o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia em adolescentes e jovens adultos / Conflictos interparentales y desarrollo de la psicopatología en adolescentes y jóvenes adultos

The objective in this study was to analyze to what extent inter parental conflicts and divorce act as predictors of psychopathological development in young people from intact and divorced families. The participants were 827 Portuguese young people between 13 and 25 years of age. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory were used. Significant difference in the psychopathology were found with regard to gender, age and family structure. As verified, the intensity and lack of solution of the inter parental conflicts positively predict the development of psychopathology. In conclusion, the children whose parents are separated or divorced perceive the frequency and intensity of inter parental conflicts more highly, but present a higher solution level of the inter parental conflicts and higher psychopathology levels. Nevertheless, the family structure has no moderating effect on the interaction between the inter parental conflicts and the development of pyschopathology...

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar em que medida os conflitos interparentais e o divórcio se apresentam como preditores do desenvolvimento de psicopatologia em jovens de famílias intactas e divorciadas. Participaram 827 jovens portugueses de 13 a 25 anos de idade. Foram utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico, o Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale e o Brief Symptom Inventory. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas da psicopatologia face ao gênero, idade e configuração familiar. Constatou-se que o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia é predito positivamente pela intensidade e falta de resolução dos conflitos interparentais. Concluiu-se que os filhos cujos pais se encontram separados ou divorciados têm maior percepção relativamente à frequência e intensidade de conflitos interparentais, porém apresentam maior nível de resolução dos conflitos interparentais e maiores níveis de psicopatologia. Contudo, a configuração familiar não exerce um efeito moderador na interação entre os conflitos interparentais e o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia...

La finalidad de este estudio fue examinar en que medida los conflictos maritales y el divorcio actúan como predictivos de psicopatología en jóvenes de familias tradicionales y divorciadas. Participaron 827 jóvenes portugueses de 13 a 25 anos. Fueron utilizados un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale y el Brief Symptom Inventory. Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en la psicopatología ante el género, la edad y la configuración familiar. Se constato que el desarrollo de la psicopatología se predice positivamente por la intensidad y la no resolución de los conflictos interparentales. Se concluyó que hijos de padres separados o divorciados tienen mayor percepción de frecuencia y intensidad del conflicto marital, pero muestran mayor nivel de resolucion de los conflictos interparentales y mayores niveles de psicopatología. Sin embargo, la configuración familiar no tiene efecto moderador en la interacción entre el conflicto marital y el desarrollo de la psicopatología...

No limite da realidade: intervenção psicoterapêutica na vivência de João / On the edge of reality: Psychotherapeutic intervention in João's experience

O presente estudo de caso aborda a problemática inerente à vivência de João, com 55 anos de idade, pautada por um padrão de angústia diante do passado e de intolerância com o presente. Percebe-se uma ansiedade permanente que traduz a tomada da consciência latente do conflito que permanece entre o eu e sua experiência real. O conhecimento da sua vivência atual adivinha uma organização de personalidade esquizoide em que acresce uma depressividade significativa com ideação suicida frequente. A intervenção psicoterapêutica tem o objetivo de facilitar o crescimento pessoal e integrar as transformações pessoais, as exigências sociais e as expectativas futuras do paciente. O método utilizado foi direcionado para a livre expressão dos seus sentimentos numa perspectiva de intervenção enquadrada na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. Os resultados revelam uma crescente libertação pessoal, marcada pela expressão de sentimentos e maior aceitação de si. Evidenciou-se, ao longo do processo, uma maior adaptação psicossocial por parte do paciente...

This case study discusses the problems inherent in the experience of a 55 year old man, evidenced by a pattern of distress faced with the past and intolerance toward the present. A permanent anxiety was evident that translated into a latent awareness of the conflict between the self and his real experience. The knowledge of his actual experience indicated a schizoid personality organization with significant depressivity and frequent suicidal ideation. The psychotherapeutic intervention was designed with the aim of facilitating personal growth and integrating personal transformation, social demands and the future expectations of the patient. The Methodological procedures used were directed toward the free expression of his feelings from the perspective of an intervention based on the Person Centered Aproach. The results reveal a growing process of personal liberation evidenced by the expression of feelings and greater self-acceptance. Throughout the psycotherapeutic process higher psychossocial adaptation of the patient was evidenced...