NDRG4 promoter hypermethylation is a mechanistic biomarker associated with metastatic progression in breast cancer patients.

The risk of developing metastatic disease in breast cancer patients is traditionally predictable based on the number of positive axillary lymph nodes, complemented with additional clinicopathological factors. However, since lymph node-negative patients have a 20-30% probability of developing metastatic disease, lymph node information alone is insufficient to accurately assess individual risk. Molecular approaches, such as multigene expression panels, analyze a set of cancer-related genes that more accurately predict the early risk of metastasis and the treatment response. Here, we present N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) epigenetic silencing as a mechanistic biomarker of metastasis in ductal invasive breast tumors. While aberrant NDRG4 DNA hypermethylation is significantly associated with the development of metastatic disease, downregulation of NDRG4 transcription and protein expression is functionally associated with enhanced lymph node adhesion and cell mobility. Here, we show that epigenetic silencing of NDRG4 modulates integrin signaling by assembling ß1-integrins into large punctate clusters at the leading edge of tumor cells to promote an "adhesive switch," decreasing cell adhesion to fibronectin and increasing cell adhesion and migration towards vitronectin, an important component of human lymph nodes. Taken together, our functional and clinical observations suggest that NDRG4 is a potential mechanistic biomarker in breast cancer that is functionally associated with metastatic disease.

Epigenetic silencing of CRABP2 and MX1 in head and neck tumors.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease affecting the epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Conditions of most patients are diagnosed at late stages of the disease, and no sensitive and specific predictors of aggressive behavior have been identified yet. Therefore, early detection and prognostic biomarkers are highly desirable for a more rational management of the disease. Hypermethylation of CpG islands is one of the most important epigenetic mechanisms that leads to gene silencing in tumors and has been extensively used for the identification of biomarkers. In this study, we combined rapid subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis in a hierarchical manner to select genes that are putatively reactivated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5Aza-dC) in HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, UM-SCC-14A, UM-SCC-17A, UM-SCC-38A). This combined analysis identified 78 genes, 35 of which were reactivated in at least 2 cell lines and harbored a CpG island at their 5' region. Reactivation of 3 of these 35 genes (CRABP2, MX1, and SLC15A3) was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR; fold change, >or=3). Bisulfite sequencing of their CpG islands revealed that they are indeed differentially methylated in the HNSCC cell lines. Using methylation-specific PCR, we detected a higher frequency of CRABP2 (58.1% for region 1) and MX1 (46.3%) hypermethylation in primary HNSCC when compared with lymphocytes from healthy individuals. Finally, absence of the CRABP2 protein was associated with decreased disease-free survival rates, supporting a potential use of CRABP2 expression as a prognostic biomarker for HNSCC patients.

Frequency of the CCR5delta32 allele in Brazilians: a study in colorectal cancer and in HTLV-I infection

A observaçäo de que indivíduos homozigotos para uma deleçäo de 32 pares de base no gene que codifica para o receptor 5 de cc-quimiocinas apresentam um menor risco de contrair a infecçäo por HIV-1 levou à investigaçäo da freqüência deste polimorfismo em várias populaçöes mundiais. É importante investigar se o CCR5delta32 é um fator a ser considerado na epidemiologia do HIV em populaçöes individuais. Com estes pressupostos em mente nós estabelecemos a freqüência do CCR5delta32 em uma grande amostra (907 indivíduos näo-relacionados) da populaçäo urbana do sudeste brasileiro, estratificada da seguinte maneira: 322 indivíduos sadios, 354 pacientes com câncer colorretal e 229 doadores de sangue. Os três grupos apresentaram essencialmente a mesma freqüência alélica de CCR5delta32 e a comparaçäo par-a-par näo revelou diferenças significativas. Assim, os nossos resultados podem ser agrupados para fornecer uma estimativa confiável de 0,053 ñ 0,005 da freqüência alélica de CCR5delta32. Os doadores de sangue compreendiam 50 indivíduos soronegativos para HTLV-I, 115 indivíduos assintomáticos por ELISA mas com resultados indeterminados em Western blot, 49 indivíduos soropositivos para HTLV-I mas assintomáticos e 15 indivíduos soropositivos para HTLV-I sintomáticos com mielopatia. Foi observado um sugestivo gradiente decrescente da freqüência alélica de CCR5delta32 nestas categorias. Entretanto, quando aplicamos o teste exato de Fisher, näo emergiram diferenças significativas. Para uma melhor avaliaçäo da influência do alelo CCR5delta32 na probabilidade de infectar-se com HTLV-I ou de desenvolver doença clínica seräo necessários estudos com um maior número de doadores de sangue.

Nova variante do gene do prionio em uma familia psicotica / New variant of the prion protein gene in a psychotic family

As doencas de prionio sao caracterizadas pelo acumulo no cerebro da PrP-sc, uma proteina prionica infectante e protease resistente. A Prp-sc difere da PrP-c, de funcao desconhecida, apenas em termos conformacionais. As doencas humanas de prionio conhecidas sao Kuru, Gertsman Straussler (GSS), Insonia Familiar Fatal(IFF) e doencas de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD)...