Letter to editor: Volumetric segmentation in the context of posterior fossa­related pathologies: a systematic review.

This letter provides feedback on the article titled "Volumetric Segmentation in the Context of Posterior Fossa-Related Pathologies: A Systematic Review." It highlights the positive impacts of the review, such as its comprehensive examination of existing literature and its potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. However, it also addresses limitations and challenges associated with volumetric segmentation, including variability in image quality and accessibility issues.

Letter to editor: Bridging the gap: robotic applications in cerebral aneurysms neurointerventions - a systematic review.

The letter critically evaluates the role of robotic applications in cerebral aneurysm neurointerventions, synthesizing a diverse array of studies to elucidate both the potential benefits and inherent limitations of this emerging technology. The review highlights the advancements in precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes facilitated by robotic platforms, while also acknowledging challenges such as the steep learning curve and the need for further research to establish long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness. By navigating through the complexities of robotic-assisted neurosurgery, the review provides valuable insights into the transformative potential of robotics in optimizing treatment paradigms and improving patient care.

Letter to the editor: "A nomogram based on radiomics and clinical information to predict prognosis in percutaneous balloon compression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective cohort study of published cases".

This critique evaluates a recent study on a nomogram based on radiomics and clinical data to predict the prognosis of percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, and suggestions for future research. It acknowledges the innovative approach's potential to personalize treatment and improve outcomes, but raises concerns about the study's retrospective nature, sample size limitations, and challenges in implementing radiomics in clinical practice. Overall, although the nomogram offers promise, further validation in larger cohorts is essential to confirm its utility and reliability. Future research should prioritize prospective multicenter studies with standardized protocols, collaborative efforts among institutions, and innovative techniques to advance our understanding and management.

Letter to editor: single-cell transcriptome analysis upon ECM-remodeling meningioma cells of published cases.

This letter offers a nuanced evaluation of the recent study on single-cell transcriptome analysis of ECM-remodeling meningioma cells. While acknowledging the positive aspects, such as enhanced understanding of tumor heterogeneity and identification of potential therapeutic targets, it also highlights potential limitations, including challenges in data interpretation and validation.The focus on ECM-remodeling may inadvertently overshadow other critical aspects of tumor biology, necessitating a more holistic approach. The abstract concludes by emphasizing the importance of considering the broader context of tumor heterogeneity and microenvironmental influences in future research endeavors to improve clinical outcomes for patients with meningioma and other malignancies.

Letter to editor : optimizing surgical approaches for anterior communicating artery aneurysms: development and internal validation of a novel surgical scoring system.

The recent publication titled "Optimizing Surgical Approaches for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: Development and Internal Validation of a Novel Surgical Scoring System" presents a groundbreaking study in neurosurgery. This critique examines both the positive and negative impacts of the research. Positive aspects include the potential to improve patient outcomes through personalized surgical approaches guided by a standardized scoring system. Internal validation enhances the credibility of the scoring system. However, challenges such as the need for external validation and additional surgeon training are acknowledged. Overall, while the study offers promising advancements, further research and validation are essential for widespread implementation in clinical practice.

Letter to editor: Scalp incision technique for decompressive hemicraniectomy: Comparative systematic review and meta­analysis of the reverse question mark versus alternative retroauricular and Kempe incision techniques of published cases.

The "Letter to the Editor" titled "Scalp incision technique for decompressive hemicraniectomy: comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of the reverse question mark versus alternative retroauricular and Kempe incision techniques of published cases" provides a detailed analysis of different scalp incision techniques in decompressive hemicraniectomy procedures. While commendable for its systematic approach and valuable insights, the letter has several limitations, including a lack of transparency in the search strategy, failure to address potential sources of bias, and a narrow focus on technical aspects without considering broader outcome domains and practical considerations. Despite these limitations, the letter underscores the importance of evidence-based decision-making in neurosurgical practice and calls for further research to address these gaps.

Craniocervical instability in patients with Ehlers­Danlos syndromes: outcomes analysis following occipito­cervical fusion of published cases.

This critique provides a critical analysis of the outcomes following occipito-cervical fusion in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) and craniocervical instability. The study examines the efficacy of the surgical intervention and evaluates its impact on patient outcomes. While the article offers valuable insights into the management of EDS-related craniocervical instability, several limitations and areas for improvement are identified, including sample size constraints, the absence of a control group, and the need for long-term follow-up data. Future research efforts should focus on addressing these concerns to optimize treatment outcomes for individuals with EDS.

Letter to editor : Local anesthesia with sedation and general anesthesia for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta­analysis of published cases.

This critique evaluates the systematic review and meta-analysis titled "Local anesthesia with sedation and general anesthesia for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma." The study provides valuable insights into anesthesia techniques' effectiveness in managing this condition but has limitations, including selection bias, heterogeneity among cases, lack of standardized protocols, and retrospective design. Despite these limitations, the review contributes to understanding chronic subdural hematoma management but underscores the need for future research to address these shortcomings.

Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer on silanized graphene oxide for the detection of 17-estradiol in wastewater.

This research article demonstrates the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) on the surface of silanized graphene oxide (silanized GO), which is nanostructured and used to quantify 17-estradiol (E2) in wastewater. As characterization methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic scattering light (DSL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to examine the synthesized GO, silanized GO, MIP-GO composite, and non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-GO (NIP-GO) composite. FTIR results confirmed the successful synthesis of GO composites. Raman study confirmed the synthesis of monolayer silanized GO, MIP-GO composite, and NIP-GO composite. Surface morphology revealed that after polymerization, the surface of silanized GO sheet-like morphology is covered with nanoparticles. Adsorption kinetics studies revealed that adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Further, we studied the performance of a MIP-GO-based sensor by optimizing the effects of pH, scan rate, and incubation period. The linear calibration was achieved between the oxidation peak current and E2 concentration from 0.1 to 0.81 ppm, with a detection limit of 0.037 ppm. The selectivity of the MIP-GO composite was also checked by using other estrogens, and it was found that E2 is 3.3, 0.5, and 1.4 times more selective than equilin, estriol, and estrone, respectively. The composite was successfully applied to the wastewater samples for the detection of E2, and a good percentage of recoveries were achieved. It suggests that the reported composite can be applied to real samples. PRACTITIONER POINTS: An innovative electrochemical sensor was developed for selective detection of 17-estradiol through molecularly imprinted polymer fabricated on the surface of silanized GO (MIP-GO composite). The developed method was comprehensively validated and found to be linear in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 ppm of 17-estradiol, with 0.037 ppm of limit of detection and 0.1 ppm of limit of quantification, respectively. The developed MIP-GO-composite-based electrochemical sensor was found 3.3, 0.5, and 1.4 times more selective for 17-estradiol than equiline, estriol, and estrone, respectively. The applicability of a developed sensor was also checked on wastewater samples, and a good percent recovery was obtained.

Letter to the editor: Effect of low fibrinogen level on in-hospital mortality and 6-month functional outcome of TBI patients, a single center experience, the retrospective cohort study.

This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of low fibrinogen levels on in-hospital mortality and 6-month functional outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) within a single center,focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, and suggestions for future research. Patients were followed up to assess in-hospital mortality and functional outcomes at six months post-injury using standardized scales. Statistical analyses, including multivariable regression models, were employed to evaluate the association between low fibrinogen levels and outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and revealed a significant association between low fibrinogen levels and increased in-hospital mortality rates among patients with TBI (p < 0.05). Additionally, patients with low fibrinogen levels exhibited poorer functional outcomes at the 6-month follow-up, as evidenced by lower scores on functional assessment scales than those with normal fibrinogen levels, suggesting that low fibrinogen levels upon admission may serve as a prognostic indicator for adverse outcomes in patients with TBI, including higher in-hospital mortality rates and impaired functional recovery at 6 months post-injury. Furthermore, this study explored conservative and surgical management approaches, offering valuable insights into treatment decision-making and outcomes. Future research should prioritize prospective, multicenter studies with standardized protocols, collaborative efforts among institutions, and innovative techniques to advance our understanding and management.

Letter to the editor: "Management of cerebrospinal­fluid­related intracranial abnormalities in frontoethmoidal encephalocele using "Shunt algorithm for frontoethmoidal encephalocele" (SAFE), a retrospective cohort study of published cases".

This critique evaluates a recent study on the management of cerebrospinal fluid-related intracranial abnormalities in frontoethmoidal encephalocele, as explored in a retrospective cohort study titled "Shunt Algorithm for Frontoethmoidal Encephalocele (SAFE): A Retrospective Cohort Study of Published Cases." focusing on their strengths, weaknesses, and suggestions for future research. This highlights the positive impacts of the SAFE algorithm in standardizing treatment protocols, improving patient outcomes, and enhancing our understanding of the condition through collaborative data analysis. However, it also addresses limitations, such as potential biases in retrospective data analysis and the need for individualized patient care. This abstract emphasizes the significance of continued research and multidisciplinary collaboration in refining the treatment strategies for frontoethmoidal encephaloceles. Prospective, multicenter studies with standardized protocols, collaborative efforts among institutions, and innovative techniques are needed to advance our understanding and management.

"Letter to the editor: traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory fixation in adults: a systematic review of published cases".

This critique evaluates a recent study on adult traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF), focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, and suggestions for future research. The study provides a comprehensive examination of the anatomical and biomechanical complexities of the C1-C2 articulation, shedding light on the rare nature of adult traumatic AARF and common injury mechanisms. It categorizes AARF based on the atlanto-dental interval (ADI) and dislocation severity, aiding clinicians in assessing injury severity and treatment planning. Furthermore, the study explores conservative and surgical management approaches, offering valuable insights into treatment decision-making and outcomes. However, limitations such as its retrospective nature, reliance on reported cases, lack of standardized protocols, and limited sample size may constrain the generalizability of findings. Future research should prioritize prospective, multicenter studies with standardized protocols, collaborative efforts among institutions, and innovative techniques to advance our understanding and management of adult traumatic AARF.

Prevalence and factors influencing anemia in women of reproductive age visiting a tertiary care hospital (Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center) in Karachi: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a significant public health concern, primarily affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in women of reproductive age visiting a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age, while the secondary objective was to investigate potential causes of anemia within this demographic group. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional approach was employed, adhering to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A questionnaire-based method was used to assess anemia, and data were collected from women aged 14 to 40 years. METHOD: The study was conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center from January to May 2023. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jinnah Sindh Medical University (Institutional Review Board reference number JSMU/IRB/2023/699). A sample of 397 women was included, and various demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed. RESULTS: In this study of 397 participants, 71.5% were found to have anemia, primarily microcytic anemia (48.2%). Anemia prevalence was highest among the 14-18 years age group (80.7%) and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (73.6%). Factors such as frequent tea consumption, irregular mealtimes, and pica consumption were associated with higher anemia rates. Pregnant women and those with more children were at a heightened risk of anemia. CONCLUSION: The study reveals a notable prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age with a surprising emphasis on younger individuals and lower socioeconomic groups. Dietary habits, lifestyle choices, and pregnancy status play significant roles in anemia development. Targeted interventions are essential, particularly for younger women, those from disadvantaged backgrounds, and pregnant individuals, to combat anemia effectively in this region.

Anemia is a widespread health concern, especially in young children, pregnant women, and menstruating adolescent girls. This condition, characterized by low hemoglobin levels, leads to insufficient oxygen delivery to organs. Globally, nearly 30% of women of reproductive age suffer from anemia, with a higher prevalence in certain regions such as Pakistan. This study aimed to assess anemia prevalence and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Karachi, Pakistan. Of the 397 participants, 71.5% were anemic. Microcytic anemia was more prevalent than macrocytic anemia. Various factors contributed to anemia, including age (highest prevalence in 14 to 18 years), lower socioeconomic status, irregular meal times, and frequent tea consumption. Surprisingly, individuals who consumed iron supplements exhibited a higher prevalence of anemia. Factors contributing to higher rates of anemia included frequent tea consumption, irregular mealtimes, and the consumption of non-nutritive substances (pica). Pregnant women and those with more children were identified as having an increased risk of anemia. In addition, women with hectic schedules were more prone to anemia. These results highlight the importance of lifestyle choices, dietary habits, and pregnancy status in the development of anemia. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address anemia effectively, with a particular focus on younger women, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, and pregnant women. By understanding the specific factors contributing to anemia in this population, public health strategies can be tailored to address the unique needs of these groups, ultimately improving the overall health outcomes for women of reproductive age in the region.

Efficacy and safety of steroids for chronic subdural hematoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid, blood, and blood breakdown products between the brain's arachnoid and dura mater coverings. While steroids have been explored as a potential treatment option, their efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to assess the impact of steroids on CSDH management, including mortality, recurrence, complications, and functional outcomes. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in major electronic databases up to June 2023, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Interventions. Inclusion criteria encompassed adult patients with CSDH, the use of steroids as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy, and clearly defined outcomes. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies meeting these criteria were included in the study. Results: The initial search yielded 4315 articles, with 12 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Our findings indicate a non-significant trend toward reduced mortality with steroids in combination with standard care (Odds ratios [OR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-2.18). However, substantial heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 70%). Sensitivity analysis, excluding influential studies, suggested a potential increased mortality risk associated with steroids (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.87-2.48). Steroids showed a possible benefit in reducing the recurrence of CSDH (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.20-1.67), but with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 89%). No clear advantage of steroids was observed in terms of functional outcomes at three months (modified Rankin scale scores). Furthermore, steroids were associated with a significantly higher incidence of adverse effects and complications (OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.48-3.17). Conclusion: Steroids may have a potential role in reducing CSDH recurrence but do not appear to confer significant advantages in terms of mortality or functional outcomes. However, their use is associated with a higher risk of adverse effects and complications. Given the limitations of existing studies, further research is needed to refine the role of steroids in CSDH management, considering patient-specific factors and treatment protocols.