Ultrafast Formation of Charge Transfer Trions at Molecular-Functionalized 2D MoS2 Interfaces.

In this work, we investigate trion dynamics occurring at the heterojunction between organometallic molecules and a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) with transient electronic sum frequency generation (tr-ESFG) spectroscopy. By pumping at 2.4 eV with laser pulses, we have observed an ultrafast hole transfer, succeeded by the emergence of charge-transfer trions. This observation is facilitated by the cancellation of ground state bleach and stimulated emission signals due to their opposite phases, making tr-ESFG especially sensitive to the trion formation dynamics. The presence of charge-transfer trion at molecular functionalized TMD monolayers suggests the potential for engineering the local electronic structures and dynamics of specific locations on TMDs and offers a potential for transferring unique electronic attributes of TMD to the molecular layers.

Our Health Counts: Examining associations between colonialism and ever being incarcerated among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Indigenous peoples have a disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration in the Canadian justice system. However, there is limited Indigenous-driven research examining colonialism and the justice system, specifically associations between racism, externally imposed family disruptions, and history of ever being incarcerated. Therefore, this study examined the association between the proportion of previous incarceration and family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization for Indigenous adults in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three communities expressed that they did not want comparison between the communities; rather, they wanted analysis of their community to understand where more supports were needed. METHODS: Indigenous community partners used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to collect data from First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) peoples in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto. Prevalence estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and relative risk were reported using unweighted Poisson models and RDS-adjusted proportions. RESULTS: Proportions of ever being incarcerated ranged from 43.0% in London to 54.0% in Toronto and 72.0% in Thunder Bay. In all three cities, history of child protection involvement and experiencing racism was associated with an approximate 25.0% increase in risk for previous incarceration. In Toronto and London, victimization was associated with increased risk for incarceration. CONCLUSION: This research highlights disproportionately high prevalence of ever being incarcerated among FNIM living in three Ontario cities. Experiencing racism, family disruption, and victimization are associated with incarceration. Decreasing the rates of family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization should inform future policy and services to reduce the disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration for FNIM people living in urban settings.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Les personnes autochtones présentent une prévalence démesurément élevée d'incarcération dans le système judiciaire canadien. Il y a cependant peu d'études dirigées par des Autochtones sur le colonialisme et le système judiciaire, en particulier sur les associations entre le racisme, les perturbations familiales imposées de l'extérieur et les antécédents d'incarcération. C'est pourquoi nous avons fait porter notre étude sur l'association entre la proportion d'incarcérations antérieures et de perturbations familiales, les expériences de racisme et la victimisation chez les adultes autochtones vivant à London, Thunder Bay et Toronto (Ontario), au Canada. Les trois villes ont dit ne pas vouloir que nous fassions de comparaisons entre elles; elles voulaient plutôt des analyses de leur ville pour savoir où des mesures de soutien supplémentaires étaient nécessaires. MéTHODE: Des partenaires associatifs autochtones ont utilisé l'échantillonnage en fonction des répondants (EFR) pour collecter des données auprès des personnes des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis (PNIM) à London, Thunder Bay et Toronto. Les estimations de prévalence, les intervalles de confiance de 95 % et le risque relatif ont été présentés à l'aide de modèles de Poisson non pondérés et de proportions ajustées selon l'EFR. RéSULTATS: La proportion de répondantes et de répondants ayant déjà été incarcérés était de 43 % à London, de 54 % à Toronto et de 72 % à Thunder Bay. Dans les trois villes, la fréquentation des services de protection de l'enfance et l'expérience du racisme étaient associées à une hausse d'environ 25 % du risque d'incarcération antérieure. À Toronto et à London, la victimisation était associée à un risque accru d'incarcération. CONCLUSION: Cette étude souligne la prévalence démesurément élevée de l'incarcération antérieure chez les personnes PNIM vivant dans trois villes de l'Ontario. L'expérience du racisme, les perturbations familiales et la victimisation étaient associées à l'incarcération. La réduction des taux de perturbations familiales, d'expérience du racisme et de victimisation devrait éclairer les politiques et les services futurs afin de réduire la prévalence démesurément élevée de l'incarcération chez les personnes PNIM vivant en milieu urbain.

First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples Living in Urban Areas of Canada and Their Access to Healthcare: A Systematic Review.

In Canada, approximately 52% of First Nations, Inuit and Métis (Indigenous) peoples live in urban areas. Although urban areas have some of the best health services in the world, little is known about the barriers or facilitators Indigenous peoples face when accessing these services. This review aims to fill these gaps in knowledge. Embase, Medline and Web of Science were searched from 1 January 1981 to 30 April 2020. A total of 41 studies identified barriers or facilitators of health service access for Indigenous peoples in urban areas. Barriers included difficult communication with health professionals, medication issues, dismissal by healthcare staff, wait times, mistrust and avoidance of healthcare, racial discrimination, poverty and transportation issues. Facilitators included access to culture, traditional healing, Indigenous-led health services and cultural safety. Policies and programs that remove barriers and implement the facilitators could improve health service access for Indigenous peoples living in urban and related homelands in Canada.

Adverse childhood experiences and recidivism in Indigenous and white female and male adolescents on probation.

BACKGROUND: Even though Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the Canadian justice system, little research has studied potential mechanisms for this overrepresentation. OBJECTIVE: To address this gap, the current study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and recidivism. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A Canadian sample comprised 187 justice-involved Indigenous and White female and male adolescents aged 13 to 20. METHODS: ACEs, reoffense records, Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY; Borum, Bartel & Forth, 2006) assessments, and demographic data were coded from justice files with a mean follow-up period of 1.50 years (SE = 0.03, IQR = 0.58). RESULTS: Results showed that compared to White adolescents, Indigenous adolescents had significantly higher ACE scores. Indigenous males violently recidivated significantly more than White males and Indigenous females had significantly more any recidivism than White females. ACEs predicted and shortened time to any recidivism, added incremental validity above the SAVRY for any recidivism, and explained the relationship between Indigenous ethnicity and any recidivism. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the current study found that ACEs were especially important for Indigenous adolescents. As such, using collateral information to glean ACEs alongside the SAVRY and including Indigenous specific trauma interventions (e.g., Honoring Children interventions) may reduce recidivism for Indigenous adolescents. Future research should incorporate participatory action approaches and focus on how colonialism plays into justice overrepresentation for Indigenous adolescents.

Predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) with Indigenous and Caucasian female and male adolescents on probation.

Indigenous people and the courts have emphasized that it is important to examine whether scores from violence risk assessment tools are valid and appropriate for Indigenous youth. However, studies are scarce. Therefore, we examined the predictive validity of youth probation officers' Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) ratings for 744 Canadian youth, including 299 Indigenous youth (219 male, 80 female), and 445 Caucasian youth (357 male, 88 female) in a prospective field study. The SAVRY summary risk ratings and risk total scores significantly predicted violent and any reoffending for Indigenous female and male youth with medium effect sizes. Relatively few significant differences in the predictive validity emerged for Indigenous and Caucasian youth. However, Historical, Protective, and Risk Total scores predicted any recidivism better for Caucasian males than Indigenous males. Also, Indigenous youth scored significantly higher on all risk domains than Caucasian youth. Opposite to predictions, the rates of false positives were higher for Caucasian youth than for Indigenous youth. Based on the results, the SAVRY appears to be a reasonable tool to use for assessing risk in Indigenous youth. However, assessors should take steps to ensure that they use the SAVRY in a culturally appropriate manner, such as considering cultural factors in case formulations and treatment planning as the SAVRY does not ground assessments in an understanding of factors such as colonialism. In addition, future research should examine culturally salient risk factors (e.g., discrimination) and examine potential causes of higher risk scores in Indigenous youth, particularly the role of both past and present-day colonialism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) among a sample of Asian Canadian youth on probation.

OBJECTIVE: Although past studies suggest that the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY; Borum et al., 2006) has moderate predictive validity, its predictive validity with Asian youth in Western countries is unknown. We therefore compared the SAVRY's predictive validity in a sample of Asian Canadian versus White Canadian youth. HYPOTHESES: Given that the SAVRY is normed on samples comprising mostly youth who are White, we expected its predictive validity for recidivism would be lower for Asian Canadians than White Canadians. METHOD: We examined youth probation officers' SAVRY assessments for 573 youth (445 White Canadians, 56 East/Southeast Asian Canadians, and 72 South Asian Canadians) on community supervision (i.e. probation) in a Canadian province. Youth were prospectively followed for an average of 1.97 years (SD = 0.56 years) to determine if they were subsequently charged with violent or nonviolent offenses. RESULTS: Asian Canadians scored significantly lower on risk total scores compared to White Canadians. Predictive validity for violent and nonviolent recidivism fell in the medium to large range for East/Southeast Asian Canadians (AUCs = .69 to .89) and South Asian Canadians (AUCs = .64 to .83). In comparison, predictive validity for White Canadians was generally lower (AUCs = .63 to .77; small to large range). Risk total scores and nonviolent risk ratings significantly predicted nonviolent recidivism better for East/Southeast Asian Canadians (AUCs = .89 and .87, respectively) than White Canadians (AUCs = .77 and .71, respectively). Despite few significant differences between Asian subgroups, predictive validity for nonviolent risk ratings was significantly higher in East/Southeast Asian Canadians (AUC = .87) than South Asian Canadians (AUC = .64). CONCLUSIONS: The SAVRY may be a useful tool for predicting recidivism with Asian Canadians. However, future research should examine the SAVRY's predictive validity for youth of Asian descent in different countries and contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Oral Language Development in a Child With Floating-Harbor Syndrome.

This clinical exchange presents a 3-year case study of oral language skill development in a child with Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS). FHS is a rare condition that is characterized by short stature, expressive language delay, and triangular facies. Oral language skills were developed in the context of a naturalistic language intervention approach, within an early childhood schoolbased program. Initial presenting speech and language characteristics, as well as long-term needs, are discussed.