Situación epidemiológica de VIH a nivel global y nacional: Puesta al día / Epidemiological situation of HIV at global and national level: update

INTRODUCCIÓN: En las cuatro décadas de la epidemia por VIH, se han observado avances notables que han contribuido a una disminución progresiva en la incidencia de nuevas infecciones y en la mortalidad a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, no ha ocurrido lo mismo en Latinoamérica y en Chile. OBJETIVO: Esta revisión tiene como objetivo conocer la epidemiología actual a nivel global, latinoamericano y chileno. METODOLOGÍA: Se analizaron los informes epidemiológicos oficiales de infección por VIH emitidos por organismos nacionales e internacionales, más los estudios epidemiológicos nacionales. RESULTADOS: Se estima que 39 millones de personas viven con VIH en el mundo; no obstante, la mortalidad y la incidencia de nuevos casos han disminuido de forma notoria durante las últimas dos décadas, asociado a una expansión en al acceso a terapia antirretroviral en forma global. A diferencia del resto del mundo, América Latina presenta una tendencia de alza en las nuevas infecciones y Chile registra un aumento de 35% en nuevos casos durante los últimos 10 años, coincidiendo con un aumento en los flujos de migrantes que ha afectado a la región. Algunas estrategias preventivas como la profilaxis pre exposición se han implementa-do a un ritmo lento, tanto a nivel mundial, como latinoamericano. CONCLUSIONES: La epidemiología del VIH presenta características propias regionales y nacionales. En particular en Chile, diversos factores incluyendo déficit en políticas públicas de prevención y los recientes flujos migratorios han modelado nuestra actual epidemia. El desafío presente debe contemplar los esfuerzos multisectoriales para lograr los objetivos de ONUSIDA en esta década.

BACKGROUND: Over the course of the last four decades of global HIV epidemic, significant improvements have contributed to gradually reduce the frequency of new infections and global mortality rates. However, in Latin America particularly in Chile, new infections continue increasing. AIM: This review aims to comprehend the_epidemiology today on a worldwide, Latin American, and Chilean scale. METHODS: National epidemiology studies and official HIV reports from international and national organizations were reviewed. RESULTS: It is estimated that 39 million people live with HIV worldwide; however, mortality and the incidence of new cases have decreased markedly over the last two decades, associated with an expansion in access to antiretroviral therapy globally. In contrast to the rest of the world, Latin America shows an upward trend in new infections, with Chile registering a 35% increase in new cases over the last 10 years, coinciding with an increase in migratory flows that has occurred throughout the region. Some preventive strategies, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis, have been implemented at a slow pace, both globally and in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of HIV has regional and national characteristics. Specifically in Chile, several factors, including deficits in public prevention policies and recent migratory flows, have shaped our current epidemic. The present challenge must contemplate multisectoral efforts to achieve the UNAIDS objectives during this decade.

Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Chia Seeds from Latin American Countries.

In the last few decades, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) cultivation has expanded around the world, and the seeds have become well known due to their rich composition of nutrients and bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and nutritional profile of eight types of chia seeds grown in different Latin-American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru). The results showed that several nutritional parameters of the seeds, such as the protein content and amino acid profile, dietary fiber content, lipid content, mineral composition, and presence of phytate, depend on the location in which they were grown. Other parameters, such as ash content, fatty acid profile, or various physical parameters, were uniform across locations (except for color parameters). The results support the notion that the nutritional characteristics of seeds are determined by the seeds' origin, and further analysis is needed to determine the exact mechanisms that control the changes in the seed nutritional properties of chia seeds.

Characterization of Mandibular Border Movements and Mastication in Each Skeletal Class Using 3D Electromagnetic Articulography: A Preliminary Study.

Mandibular movement recording is relevant for the planning and evaluation of mandibular function. These movements can include mandibular border movements (MBM) or mastication. Our objective was to characterize the kinematics of MBM and mastication among skeletal classes I, II, and III in the three spatial planes. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 participants. Instructions were provided on how to form Posselt's envelope and to perform masticatory. After data processing, we obtained numerical values for the areas, trajectories, and ranges of MBM that formed Posselt's envelope and the values for speed, masticatory frequency, and the areas of each masticatory cycle. Significant differences were found in the area of Posselt's envelope in the horizontal plane between skeletal classes I and III and in the range of right laterality between skeletal classes II and III. Mastication showed significant differences in the area of the masticatory cycles in the horizontal plane between classes I and III and between classes II and III. In conclusion, there were differences in MBM and mastication between skeletal classes III and I in the horizontal plane. This study supports the need to establish normal values for mandibular kinematics in skeletal class III.

Composición química, características nutricionales y beneficios asociados al consumo de chía (Salvia hispanica L.)

RESUMEN La chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es una semilla originaria de la zona sur de México y Guatemala, que se ha expandido a otros países de latinoamérica. Esta semilla ha sido utilizada con diferentes fines a lo largo de la historia, donde se destaca como producto alimentario debido a su gran versatilidad, ya que puede ser utilizada como semilla, harina integral, fracciones de fibra y/o proteína y aceite. En la actualidad, la investigación de nuevas fuentes alimentarias que otorguen beneficios a la salud ha logrado recopilar información sobre la composición química y valor nutricional de esta semilla y sus derivados (harina y aceite), donde se encuentra principalmente el contenido de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados n-3, destacando el ácido alfa linolénico (C18:3n-3, ALA), que se propone como fuente alternativa de este nutriente a alimentos de otros orígenes, además el contenido de fibra de la chía, principalmente fibra insoluble. En cuanto a los beneficios que se asocian al consumo de chía, se ha visto que tiene estrecha relación con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertensión, cáncer, entre otras, logrando captar la atención de investigadores para controlar y prevenir estas patologías que van en aumento en la población mundial. Por lo tanto, se hace relevante profundizar en los conocimientos disponibles sobre esta semilla y sus subproductos para poder establecer los posibles mecanismos moleculares que están involucrados en la generación de beneficios para la salud. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización de los beneficios asociados al consumo de semilla de chía y sus derivados.

ABSTRACT Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a seed native to the southern part of Mexico and Guatemala, which has spread to other Latin American countries. This seed has been used for different purposes throughout history, where it stands out as a food product due to its great versatility, since it can be used as a seed, whole meal flour, fiber and/or protein fractions and oil. Currently, the investigation of new food sources that provide health benefits has managed to collect information on the chemical composition and nutritional value of this seed and its derivatives (flour and oil). For polyunsaturated fatty acid content, n-3 is found, highlighting alpha linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, ALA), which is proposed as an alternative source of this nutrient to foods of other origins. In addition, the fiber content of chia, is mainly insoluble fiber. Regarding the benefits associated with chia consumption, it is closely related to chronic non-communicable diseases such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, type II, hypertension, cancer, among others, managing to attract the attention of researchers to control and prevent these pathologies that are increasing in world population. Therefore, it is relevant to deepen the knowledge available about this seed and its by-products in order to establish the possible molecular mechanisms that are involved in generating health benefits. The objective of this review is to present an update on the benefits associated with consumption of chia seed and its derivatives.

Albahaca: Composición química y sus beneficios en salud

Las plantas medicinales se han utilizado tradicionalmente en la medicina popular debido a sus reconocidos efectos curativos naturales. Se estima que alrededor de dos tercios de la población mundial utilizan la medicina tradicional para sus necesidades médicas primarias. La albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) es uno de los principales cultivos herbáceos del mundo que ha mostrado componentes que pueden ser beneficiosos para el tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares, trastornos inflamatorios y disminución del riesgo de cáncer. Este artículo presenta una revisión acerca de la planta y semillas de albahaca desde el 2010 a la fecha, con el objetivo de identificar la composición química (macronutrientes-proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos; compuestos volátiles y polifenoles) y sus beneficios para la salud en función de la evidencia en humanos, modelo in vivo e in vitro. La literatura reciente muestra que las hojas y semillas de albahaca son una buena fuente de ácidos grasos α-linolénico, aceite y polifenoles con propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias que afectaría de forma favorable en la salud, restaurando la homeostasis en diversas patologías. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no se han dilucidado por completo los mecanismos moleculares involucrados.

Medicinal plants have traditionally been used in folk medicine for their natural healing effects. It is estimated that around two-thirds of the world's population uses traditional medicine for their primary medical needs. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is one of the main herbal crops in the world that has shown components that can be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and decreased risk of cancer. This article presents a review of the state of the art about the basil plant and seeds from 2010 to date, with the aim of identifying the chemical composition (macronutrients-proteins, lipids, carbohydrates; volatile compounds and polyphenols) and its benefits on health based on evidence in humans, in vivo and in vitro models. Recent literature shows that basil leaves and seeds are a good source of α-linolenic fatty acids, essential oils and polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that would have a favorable impact on health, restoring homeostasis in various pathologies. However, to date, the molecular mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated.

Sex estimation by metric analysis of the angle of mandible and the mandibular ramus: a systematic review / Estimación sexual mediante análisis métrico del ángulo de la mandíbula y de la rama mandibular: revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: Sex estimation is the first step in human identification. The mandibular ramus and the condyle have been widely used as indicators for sexual diagnosis because they are regions that undergo important morphological changes which increase sexual dimorphism. The object of the present study was to carry out a systematic review to determine the metric parameters of the mandibular ramus that present the greatest sexual dimorphism, and to sex estimation from the angle of mandible (MA). We included documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese which analysed sex estimation or sex diagnosis by metric analysis of the mandibular ramus in humans. The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, up to December 2020. The risks of bias were analysed using the AQUA tool. The search identified 538 studies. After exclusion of duplicates and irrelevant articles, 39 studies were included for qualitative analysis. Of these, 18 studies were carried out on dry mandibles and 21 by imaging techniques, totalling 7270 participants of 14 different nationalities. We found 14 sex-estimation parameters in the mandibular ramus, plus the MA. Sex estimation by the MA is variable; it is a good predictor only for some populations. The height of the mandibular ramus, the angle of mandible, the bicondylar angle and the height of the coronoid process were the estimation parameters cited in the greatest number of studies. The mandibular ramus presents great sexual dimorphism and can be used as a sex predictor in different populations. Although some parameters of the mandibular ramus can present accuracy of almost 80 % when analysed in isolation, more accurate sex estimation is achieved when the parameters are analysed in conjunction.

RESUMEN: La estimación sexual es el primer paso en la identificación humana. La rama mandibular y el cóndilo se han utilizado ampliamente como indicadores para el diagnóstico sexual debido a que son regiones que sufren cambios morfológicos importantes, aumentando el dimorfismo sexual. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática a fin de determinar los parámetros métricos de la rama mandibular que presentan mayor dimorfismo sexual, bien estimar el sexo a través del ángulo de la mandíbula (AM). Se incluyeron artículos en Inglés, Español y Portugués que analizaron la predicción sexual o el diagnóstico sexual mediante análisis métrico de la rama mandibular en humanos. La búsqueda fue realizada a través de PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, con límite hasta Diciembre 2020. El análisis de los riesgos de sesgos se realizó con la herramienta AQUA. Fueron identificados 538 estudios. Tras la exclusión de duplicados y estudios fuera del tema fueron incluidos 39 estudios para análisis cualitativa. De estos, 18 estudios fueron realizados en mandíbulas secas y 21 en exámenes de imagen, totalizando 7270 participantes de 14 nacionalidades distintas. Fueron encontrados 14 parámetros predictores del sexo en la rama mandibular más el AM. La predicción sexual a través del AM es variable, siendo un buen predictor solamente para algunas poblaciones. La altura de la rama mandibular, ángulo bigoníaco, ángulo bicondilar y la altura del proceso coronoides fueron los parámetros predictivos citados en mayor número de estudios. La rama mandibular presenta gran dimorfismo sexual y puede ser utilizada como predictor del sexo en diferentes poblaciones. A pesar que algunos parámetros de la rama mandibular pueden presentar una precisión de casi 80 % cuando analizadas de forma aislada, una mayor predicción sexual es alcanzada cuando los parámetros son analizados en conjunto.

Basil Seeds as a Novel Food, Source of Nutrients and Functional Ingredients with Beneficial Properties: A Review.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is found worldwide and is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries; however, the nutritional and functional properties of the seeds are scarcely known. Basil seeds contain high concentrations of proteins (11.4-22.5 g/100 g), with all the essential amino acids except S-containing types and tryptophan; dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) ranging from 7.11 to 26.2 g/100 g lipids, with linoleic (12-85.6 g/100 g) and linolenic fatty acids (0.3-75 g/100 g) comprising the highest proportions; minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, in high amounts; and phenolic compounds, such as orientine, vicentine, and rosmarinic acid. In addition, their consumption is associated with several health benefits, such as the prevention of type-2 diabetes, cardio-protection, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticoagulant, and anti-depressant properties, among others. The focus of this systematic review was to study the current state of knowledge and explore the enormous potential of basil seeds as a functional food and source of functional ingredients to be incorporated into foods.

Intake of soluble fibre from chia seed reduces bioaccessibility of lipids, cholesterol and glucose in the dynamic gastrointestinal model simgi®.

The role of soluble fibres on hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects has been widely documented, but the effect on glucose and cholesterol binding capacity of soluble fibre extracted from chia seed mucilage has not been studied until now. In the present research, dynamic gastrointestinal model simgi® combined with absorption static techniques have been used to explore the effect of chia seed mucilage at 0.75 and 0.95% w/w on the bioaccessibility of glucose, dietary lipids and cholesterol along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose bioaccessibility was reduced when 0.95% of chia mucilage was present in sugar food models. The total reduction of glucose bioaccessibility reached a maximum of 66.7% while glucose dialysis retardation index presented its maximum of 53.4% at the end of small intestine digestion. The in vitro studies with lipid food models, showed that the presence of both, 0.75 and 0.95% of chia seed mucilage caused substantial reductions on the bioaccessibility of free fatty acids (16.8 and 56.1%), cholesterol (18.2 and 37.2% respectively) and bile salts (4.8 and 64.6%), revealing a clear dependence on fibre concentration. These innovative results highlight the potential functionality of the soluble fibre extracted from chia seeds to improve lipid and glycemic profiles and suggest the dietary health benefits of this new soluble fibre source as an ingredient in functional foods designed to reduce the risk of certain non-communicable diseases.

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease and periodontitis reveals a novel shared risk locus.

Evidence for a shared genetic basis of association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and periodontitis (PD) exists. To explore the joint genetic basis, we performed a GWAS meta-analysis. In the discovery stage, we used a German aggressive periodontitis sample (AgP-Ger; 680 cases vs 3,973 controls) and the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D CAD meta-analysis dataset (60,801 cases vs 123,504 controls). Two SNPs at the known CAD risk loci ADAMTS7 (rs11634042) and VAMP8 (rs1561198) passed the pre-assigned selection criteria (PAgP-Ger < 0.05; PCAD < 5 × 10-8; concordant effect direction) and were replicated in an independent GWAS meta-analysis dataset of PD (4,415 cases vs 5,935 controls). SNP rs1561198 showed significant association (PD[Replication]: P = 0.008 OR = 1.09, 95% CI = [1.02-1.16]; PD [Discovery + Replication]: P = 0.0002, OR = 1.11, 95% CI = [1.05-1.17]). For the associated haplotype block, allele specific cis-effects on VAMP8 expression were reported. Our data adds to the shared genetic basis of CAD and PD and indicate that the observed association of the two disease conditions cannot be solely explained by shared environmental risk factors. We conclude that the molecular pathway shared by CAD and PD involves VAMP8 function, which has a role in membrane vesicular trafficking, and is manipulated by pathogens to corrupt host immune defense.

Evaluation of protective effect of different dietary fibers on polyphenolic profile stability of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.

The aim of this work was to determine the protective effect of different dietary fibers on (i) the recovery and bioaccessibility indexes, and (ii) the stability of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins) of maqui berry powder subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID). The extracts obtained in each phase (oral, gastric and intestinal) of GID were used to analyze the stability of polyphenolic compounds by HPLC, and the bioaccessibility of these compounds was also determined. At the end of the GID process, the mixture of maqui berry with the different fibers increased the bioaccessibility index of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds in all cases. The results obtained suggest that the anthocyanins and phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds present in maqui are stabilized through dietary fiber interactions, which might provide sufficient levels for absorption during gastrointestinal digestion. The gums sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum and guar gum provided the best protective effect.

Factores mal evaluados en encuestas de satisfacción aplicadas a usuarios de atención primaria en Latinoamérica / Poorly evaluated factors in satisfaction surveys applied to users of Primary care in Latin America / Fatores mal avaliados em questionários de satisfação aplicados aos usuários de atenção primária na América Latina

ResumenEl objetivo de este manuscrito es identificar los factores mal evaluados en encuestas de satisfacción usuaria aplicadas a poblaciones atendidas en centros de atención primaria en Latinoamérica. La metodología consistió en una revisión de literatura. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos LILACS, SCIELO, REDALYC, CUIDEN, REDIB, DIALNET, PUBLINDEX y EBSCO. Inicialmente, se obtuvo 21 estudios de los cuales se seleccionó ocho de acuerdo con criterios de inclusión. El resultado principal estriba en que entre los factores mal evaluados figuran acceso a la atención, puntualidad de la atención, tiempos de espera, demora en los trámites previos a la atención, suficiencia del personal, la entrega de medicamentos gratuitos, entrega de la información sobre derechos y deberes, resolución del problema de salud, ajuste del horario a las necesidades de los usuarios, infraestructura, ambientes y comodidad y, finalmente, las indicaciones claras de la receta. Se concluye que es indiscutible la importancia de medir la satisfacción usuaria, más en atención primaria, debido a que es la puerta de entrada al contexto sanitario. Identificar factores mal evaluados por medio de encuestas, permite orientar intervenciones respecto de lo que se quiere mejorar, así como satisfacer las expectativas del paciente y mejorar la calidad de la atención.

AbstractThe aim of this manuscript is to identify poorly evaluated factors in user satisfaction surveys applied to populations in primary care centers in Latin America. The methodology consists of a literature review. The bibliographic search was done in the databases LILACS, SCIELO, REDALYC, CUIDEN, REDIB, DIALNET, PUBLINDEX and EBSCO. Initially, 21 studies were obtained, of which eight were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The main outcome is that the main poorly evaluated factors are the following: access to care, timeliness of care, waiting time, pre-service procedure delay, staff adequacy, delivery of free medication, information on legal rights and duties, health problem resolution, adjustment of the schedule to the needs of the users, infrastructure, environment and comfort and, finally, the clear indications of the prescription. It is concluded that the importance of measuring user satisfaction, especially in primary care, is indisputable because it is the gateway to the health context. Identifying factors that are poorly evaluated in surveys, allows for interventions to be guided by needs improvement, as well as to satisfy the patient's expectations and to improve the quality of care.

ResumoO objetivo do manuscrito é identificar que foram fatores mal avaliado em pesquisas de satisfação do usuário aplicadas a populações atendidas em centros de cuidados primários na América Latina. A metodologia consistiu em uma revisão da literatura. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Scielo, RedALyC, CUIDEN, REDIB, DialNet, Publindex e EBSCO. Inicialmente, 21 estudos foram obtidos, dos quais foram selecionados oito de acordo com critérios de inclusão. O principal resultado é que o acesso aos cuidados, a oportunidade de tratamentos, tempos de espera, atraso nos procedimentos de pré-atendimento, adequação do pessoal, fornecimento de medicamentos gratuitos, a entrega dos direitos e deveres de informação, a resolução do problema de saúde, o ajuste da programação para o necessidades dos usuários, infra-estrutura, ambientes e conforto e, finalmente, as indicações claras da prescrição. Conclui-se que a importância de medir a satisfação do usuário, mais em cuidados de saúde primários, é indiscutível Porque o gateway é o contexto da saúde. Que os fatores de Identificação são mal avaliado através de inquéritos, para ser guiado intervenções Permite sobre o que é desejado para ser melhorada, bem como para satisfazer as expectativas do paciente e melhorar a qualidade do atendimento.

[Detection of the mecA gene in coagulase positive Staphylococcus isolated from cats]. / Detección del gen mecA en cepas de Staphylococcus coagulasa positiva aisladas desde gatos.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance is a global concern for public health. Reports of antimicrobial resistance, including that against methicillin, have increased in strains of coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) isolated from pets, however in Chile this information is limited. OBJECTIVES: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and to detect the mecA gene in CPS strains isolated from cats in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 134 samples were obtained from healthy cats and cats with skin lesions. These strains were characterized in their coagulase production and identified by BBL Crystal kit. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer method against 12 antimicrobials, including oxacillin. All strains were subjected to PCR to detect the mecA gene. RESULTS: 72 CPS strains were isolated, including S. aureus and S. intermedius. Antimicrobial resistance against at least one drug was detected in strains from both healthy cats (75%) and from cats with skin lesions (87.5%). The mecA gene was detected in eight methicillin-resistant strains and also in three sensitive strains, being in general multi-resistant. DISCUSSION: These results highlight the role of pets as reservoirs of bacterial resistance, and their potential impact on national public health.

Detección del gen mecA en cepas de Staphylococcus coagulasa positiva aisladas desde gatos / Detection of the mecA gene in coagulase positive Staphylococcus isolated from cats

Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a global concern for public health. Reports of antimicrobial resistance, including that against methicillin, have increased in strains of coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) isolated from pets, however in Chile this information is limited. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and to detect the mecA gene in CPS strains isolated from cats in Chile. Materials and Methods : 134 samples were obtained from healthy cats and cats with skin lesions. These strains were characterized in their coagulase production and identified by BBL Crystal kit. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer method against 12 antimicrobials, including oxacillin. All strains were subjected to PCR to detect the mecA gene. Results: 72 CPS strains were isolated, including S. aureus and S. intermedius. Antimicrobial resistance against at least one drug was detected in strains from both healthy cats (75%) and from cats with skin lesions (87.5%). The mecA gene was detected in eight methicillin-resistant strains and also in three sensitive strains, being in general multi-resistant. Discussion: These results highlight the role of pets as reservoirs of bacterial resistance, and their potential impact on national public health.

Introducción: La resistencia bacteriana constituye un tema de preocupación para la salud pública mundial. Últimamente han aumentado los reportes de resistencia a antimicrobianos, incluida meticilina, en cepas de Staphylococcus coagulasa positiva (SCP) aisladas desde mascotas. Sin embargo, en Chile esta información es escasa. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y detectar el gen mecA en cepas de SCP aisladas desde gatos en Chile. Materiales y Métodos: Se obtuvieron 134 muestras desde gatos sanos y con lesiones dermatológicas. Las cepas fueron caracterizadas en su producción de coagulasa e identificadas mediante kit BBL Crystal. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó mediante el método de Kirby Bauer ante 12 antimicrobianos, incluida oxacilina. Todas las cepas fueron sometidas a RPC para la detección del gen mecA. Resultados: 72 cepas de SCP fueron aisladas, incluyendo S. aureus y S. intermedius. Se detectó resistencia antimicrobiana a al menos un antimicrobiano en cepas de gatos sanos (75%) y de gatos con lesiones cutáneas (87,5%). El gen mecA fue detectado en ocho cepas resistentes a meticilina y en tres cepas sensibles, siendo en general multi-resistentes. Discusión: Estos resultados destacan el rol de las mascotas como reservorios de resistencia bacteriana y su potencial impacto en la salud pública.

Determination of polyphenolic profile, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz] a Chilean blackberry.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine (1) the polyphenolic profile (phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins), (2) the antioxidant using four different methodologies (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and FIC) and (3) the antibacterial properties of maqui berry [Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz] (MB) grown in Chile. RESULTS: The HPLC analysis of MB showed a total of 19 polyphenolic compounds identified as anthocyanins (eight compounds), flavonols (10 compounds) and ellagic acid. Delphinidin derivatives were the predominant anthocyanins while quercetin derivatives were the predominant flavonols. MB showed an antioxidant activity measured with DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and FIC methods of 28.18, 18.66, 25.22 g Trolox equivalent kg(-1) and 0.12 g ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent kg(-1) , respectively. With regard to the antibacterial activity, all strains tested were affected by MB. Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria innocua showed the highest sensitivity to maqui berry extracts with MIC values of 40 and a 50 mg mL(-1) , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that maqui berry has a great potential to be employed in the food industry as potential food ingredient to functional food development or as bio-preservative. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Total liver fat quantification using three-dimensional respiratory self-navigated MRI sequence.

PURPOSE: MRI can produce quantitative liver fat fraction (FF) maps noninvasively, which can help to improve diagnoses of fatty liver diseases. However, most sequences acquire several two-dimensional (2D) slices during one or more breath-holds, which may be difficult for patients with limited breath-holding capacity. A whole-liver 3D FF map could also be obtained in a single acquisition by applying a reliable breathing-motion correction method. Several correction techniques are available for 3D imaging, but they use external devices, interrupt acquisition, or jeopardize the spatial resolution. To overcome these issues, a proof-of-concept study introducing a self-navigated 3D three-point Dixon sequence is presented here. METHODS: A respiratory self-gating strategy acquiring a center k-space profile was integrated into a three-point Dixon sequence. We obtained 3D FF maps from a water-fat emulsions phantom and fifteen volunteers. This sequence was compared with multi-2D breath-hold and 3D free-breathing approaches. RESULTS: Our 3D three-point Dixon self-navigated sequence could correct for respiratory-motion artifacts and provided more precise FF measurements than breath-hold multi-2D and 3D free-breathing techniques. CONCLUSION: Our 3D respiratory self-gating fat quantification sequence could correct for respiratory motion artifacts and yield more-precise FF measurements. Magn Reson Med 76:1400-1409, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

A prospective, randomized comparison between single- and double-injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block.

BACKGROUND: This prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study compared single- and double-injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper extremity surgery. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients were randomly allocated to receive a single-injection (n = 44) or double-injection (n = 44) ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block. The main outcome variable was the onset time. A blinded observer recorded the onset time, block-related pain scores, success rate (surgical anesthesia), and the incidence of complications. Performance time (defined as the sum of imaging and needling times) and the number of needle passes were also recorded during the performance of the block. The total anesthesia-related time was defined as the sum of the performance and onset times. RESULTS: No differences in imaging, needling, performance, and onset and total anesthesia-related times were found between the 2 groups. There were no differences in the rate of surgical anesthesia (93.1%-97.7%). The number of needle passes was also similar; however, the double-injection technique resulted in slightly less procedural discomfort (1.1 [SD, 1.6] vs 2.1 [SD, 2.1]; P = 0.021). There were no differences in the incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSION: The double-injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block provides no significant advantages compared with its single-injection counterpart.

A prospective, randomized comparison between single- and double-injection, ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study compared single- and double-injection, ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper extremity surgery. METHODS: Ninety-two patients were randomly allocated to receive a single-injection (n = 46) or double-injection (n = 46), ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block. Performance time (defined as the sum of imaging and needling times) and the number of needle passes were recorded during the performance of the block. Subsequently, a blinded observer recorded the onset time, block-related pain scores, success rate (surgical anesthesia), and the incidence of complications. The total anesthesia-related time was defined as the sum of the performance and onset times. The main outcome variable was the onset time. RESULTS: The onset time was shorter with the 2-injection technique (17.5 mins [SD, 8.4 mins] vs 21.7 mins [SD, 7.2 mins]; P = 0.021); however, performance time was also longer (7.2 mins [SD, 2.7 mins] vs 6.0 mins [SD, 2.4 mins]; P = 0.037). Thus, no differences were observed in terms of total anesthesia-related time (23.4-24.3 mins). Success rates (95.7%), block-related pain scores, and complication rates were also similar between the 2 groups. As expected, the 2-injection technique required a greater number of needle passes (3.5 [SD, 1.2] vs 1.9 [SD, 1.1]; P < 0.001). In return, it provided a faster onset for sensory and motor block of the musculocutaneous nerve and a faster sensory block of the radial nerve. However, at 30 mins, no differences were observed. CONCLUSION: The double-injection, ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block provides no significant advantages compared with its single-injection counterpart.

A prospective, randomized comparison between ultrasound-guided supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary brachial plexus blocks.

BACKGROUND: This prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study compared ultrasound-guided supraclavicular (SCB), infraclavicular (ICB), and axillary (AXB) brachial plexus blocks for upper extremity surgery of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients were randomly allocated to receive an ultrasound-guided SCB (n = 40), ICB (n = 40), or AXB (n = 40). Performance time (defined as the sum of imaging and needling times) and the number of needle passes were recorded during the performance of the block. Subsequently, a blinded observer recorded the onset time, block-related pain scores, success rate (surgical anesthesia), and the incidence of complications. The main outcome variable was the total anesthesia-related time, defined as the sum of performance and onset times. RESULTS: No differences were observed between the 3 groups in terms of total anesthesia-related time (23.1-25.5 mins), success rate (95%-97.5%), block-related pain scores, vascular puncture, and paresthesia. Compared with the supraclavicular and infraclavicular approaches, ultrasound-guided AXBs required a higher number of needle passes (6.1 [SD, 2.0] vs 2.0-2.6 [SD, 1.1-1.8]; both P < or = 0.001), a longer needling time (7.4 mins [SD, 2.2 mins] vs 4.9-5.5 mins [SD, 1.9-4.2 mins]; both P < or = 0.016), and a longer performance time (8.5 mins [SD, 2.3 mins] vs 6.0-6.2 mins [SD, 2.1-4.5 mins]; both P < or = 0.008). Supraclavicular blocks resulted in a higher rate of Horner syndrome (37.5% vs 0%-5%; both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive ultrasonography results in similar success rates, total anesthesia-related times, and block-related pain scores for the SCB, ICB, and AXB.

Ultrasonography and stimulating perineural catheters for nerve blocks: a review of the evidence.

PURPOSE: This narrative review summarizes the evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) offering blinded assessment and sample size justification, in order to determine the benefits associated with adjunctive ultrasonography (US) and stimulating perineural catheters for nerve blocks. SOURCE: The literature search for this review was conducted during the second week of December 2007 using the MEDLINE (January 1950 to November 2007) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2007) databases. For US-guided peripheral and neuraxial blocks, the following medical subject heading (MeSH) terms were searched: "nerve block", "epidural anesthesia", "epidural analgesia", "epidural injection", "epidural space", "spinal anesthesia", and "spinal injection", the results were combined with "ultrasonography" (MeSH term) and "ultrasound" (key word). For stimulating perineural catheters, the following MeSH terms were cross referenced with the MeSH term, "nerve block": "peripheral catheterization", "indwelling catheterization", "catheterization", and keywords, "nerve catheter" and "continuous". Subsequently, the result of this search was combined to "stimulating" (key word). Fifteen RCTs, offering blinded assessment and sample size justification, were retained for analysis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For axillary blocks, US guidance yields a higher success rate than a double-injection, transarterial and a triple-injection, neurostimulation-guided technique. Compared to a quadruple-stimulation technique, no major differences can be found. The addition of nerve stimulation to US guidance offers no clear benefits for axillary blocks. For femoral blocks, compared to neurostimulation, echoguidance is associated with a local anesthetic (LA) sparing effect (up to 42%). In children, US guidance yields a LA sparing effect and a longer duration of action for lower extremity nerve blocks.Compared to their blind counterparts, stimulating catheters seem to offer limited clinical benefits. Despite providing a sparing effect on LA and opioid consumption, stimulating catheters are not associated with a decrease in side effects or analgesia-related expenditures. CONCLUSIONS: Published reports of RCTs provide evidence to formulate limited recommendations regarding the use of adjunctive US and stimulating perineural catheters. Further well-designed and meticulously executed RCTs are warranted.