Efeitos da ocratoxina no desempenho do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaeus vannamei, Bonne) / The effects of ochratoxina in performance pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Bonne)

A ocratoxina é um dos maiores grupos de micotoxinas; são metabólitos secundários produzidos principalmente por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. Possui propriedades tóxicas e nefrotóxicas, está relacionada à nefropatia endêmica dos Bálcãs, a tumores do trato urinário e foi classificada pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa do Câncer (IARC) como pertencente ao grupo 2B, por ser possivelmente carcinogênica para humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ocratoxina A (OTA) no desempenho do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaues vannamei). O experimento foi feito simulando o manejo produtivo de uma fazenda de camarão marinho do litoral localizada em Luís Correia, Piauí. Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de micotoxinas: T1- 100µg/kg de OTA; T2- 500µg/kg de OTA; T3- 1000µg/kg de OTA; T4- 100µg/kg de OTA e 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 e T5 - 0,0µg/kg de OTA. A produção de OTA foi realizada por meio da fermentação do milho, utilizando-se a cepa de Aspergillus ochraceus. Rações comerciais foram contaminadas com os núcleos de milho. A detecção e a quantificação de OTA dos núcleos, das rações comerciais e dos tecidos do camarão (cefalotórax e abdome) foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para simular o sistema de criação da fazenda, os animais foram cultivados por um período de oito semanas, sendo 20 animais por caixa, recebendo alimentação duas vezes por dia. O menor ganho de peso observado foi no T2 e no T4 e os maiores ganhos de peso foram obtidos no T1 e no T5, que também apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar. Após 56 dias de experimento, foi detectada OTA residual nas amostras de abdome apenas nos camarões do T1. Logo, camarões alimentados com rações contaminadas com OTA têm seu desempenho produtivo comprometido, o que gera impactos econômicos negativos para a indústria carcinicultora, além de ser um risco à saúde do consumidor, devido aos resíduos em sua musculatura.(AU)

Ochratoxin A is the second largest group of mycotoxins. It is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and has toxic and nephrotoxic properties that are associated with the Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaues vannamei). The experiment simulated the productive management of a shrimp farm located on the marine coast of Luis Correia, Piauí State. Five treatments with different levels of mycotoxins were used: T1- 100µg/kg of OTA; T2- 500µg/kg of OTA; T3 - 1000µg/kg of OTA; T4- 100µg/kg of OTA and 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 and T5 - 0.0µg/kg of OTA. OTA was produced by fermenting corn, using the Aspergillus ochraceus strain. Commercial feeds were contaminated with the corn kernels. OTA in the kernels, commercial feeds and shrimp tissues (cephalothorax and abdomen) were detected and quantified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To simulate the farming system, totaling 20 animals per box. The animals were fed twice a day and raised under these conditions for eight weeks. The shrimp gained weight during the weeks of the test, when subjected to different OTA treatments. The lowest weight gain was observed in T2 and T4 and the highest weight gains were in T1 and T5, which also presented the best feed conversion ratio. After 56 days, residual OTA was detected in samples of shrimp abdomen only in T1. Therefore, the productive performance of shrimp that are fed with OTA-contaminated feed is compromised, which has a negative economic impact on the shrimp industry, and is a health risk to consumers due to residues in the muscles.(AU)

Pap test accuracy and severity of squamous intraepithelial lesion.

BACKGROUND: Cytology smears and guided biopsies are the most widely used diagnostic standards for cervical cancer (CC) screening in the developing countries. AIM: To evaluate the performance of conventional cytology in estimating the presence and grade of cervical disease against the reference standard of histopathology. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: After primary screening for CC, directed biopsies were performed and compared with histopathology results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and biopsies from 3194 women in the age group of 14-98 years were included. Cytology results were provided by doctors who performed the cervical biopsies. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The accuracy of Pap smear was measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) calculated using the statistical analysis program PSPP 0.7.8. RESULTS: The sensitivity of conventional cytology (Pap smear) for women with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or less serious lesions (CIN1-) was 93% and specificity was 73%. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology for women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer (CIN2+) was 64% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cytology is a sufficiently sensitive test for detection of cervical lesions and can be used as a primary testing tool to triage.

Mixture design applied for the study of the tartaric acid effect on starch/polyester films.

Tartaric acid (TA), a dicarboxylic acid, can act as a compatibiliser in starch/polyester blends. A mixture design was proposed to evaluate the effect of TA on the properties of starch/poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blown films plasticised with glycerol. The interaction between the starch/PBAT and the TA has a positive effect on the tensile strength and puncture force. Additionally, greater proportions of TA increased Young's modulus. The starch+PBAT/TA and Gly/TA interactions contributed to a reduction in the water vapour permeability of the films. The inclusion of TA did not change the crystallinity of the samples. Formulations with intermediate proportions of TA (0.8 g/100 g) were shown to produce the best compatibilising effect. This was observed by DMA analysis as a consequence of the perfect equilibrium between the contributions of TA as a compatibiliser and in the acidolysis of starch, resulting in films with a tensile strength of 5.93 MPa, a possible alternative to non-biodegradable packaging.

[Analysis of the practical use of terms attributed to nursing phenomena in the ICNP (International Classification for Nursing Practice)--alpha version]. / Análise da utilização na prática dos termos atribuídos aos fenômenos de enfermagem da cipe--versão alfa.

This study had the purpose of analysing the utilization of terms attributed to nursing phenomena in the practice of nurses from the state of Paraiba, Brazil. The results showed that all terms are used by nurses in some frequency. In respect to the utilization of the terms, according to a stratified sample, the results showed that nurses from other municipal districts use a higher number of terms, statistically significant, when compared with data from the cities of João Pessoa and Campina Grande. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that terms attributed to phenomena contained in the CIPE--Alpha Version represent problems or situations in the nursing practice of nurses from Paraiba, corroborating the affirmation of the International Council of Nurses that these terms are common to nurses all over the world.

[Health care models for nursing practice]. / Modelos assistencias para a prática de enfermagem.

The focus of this study is the development and the choice of nursing models. It doesn't intend to discuss all the aspects involved in the development of models, but to emphasize the importance of choosing one to use in nursing clinical practice.

Semantic equivalence of the Nursing Phenomena Classification of ICNP: Alpha Version in Brazilian Portuguese.

This study presents the results obtained in the first phase of research carried out to adapt the Nursing Phenomena Classification of ICNP Alpha to the Brazilian context. This phase intended to attain semantic equivalence of the terms of this classification through the use of the back-translation technique, with some modifications. From the results obtained, it may be stated that the semantic adaptation of the classification attained a rate of agreement of 98% for the titles and the definitions of nursing phenomena. The 2% of terms that did not reach an acceptable rate of agreement are related to coping, in the following phenomena: coping; defensive coping; coping: disabling; ineffective coping specific: rapetrauma, death, divorce; compromised health coping; and inadequate family coping. From this result, it may be concluded that the Nursing Phenomena Classification was translated in a semantically correct form.

[Nursing diagnoses in a high risk pregnant woman based on Orem's self-care theory: a case study]. / Diagnósticos de enfermagem numa gestante de alto risco baseados na teoria do autocuidado de Orem: estudo de caso.

This work concerns a descriptive research with a qualitative approach which aimed to identify nursing diagnoses in high-risk pregnant women based on Orem's self-care theory. The following nursing diagnoses were identified: deficit of liquid volume, anxiety, altered family process, handicapped communication, handicapped physical mobility, among others. The results showed the importance of the nursing process execution supported on an assistance pattern, for the identification of nursing diagnoses as well as the feasibility of the patient's engagement in self-care.

[Application of the nursing process based on Orem's theory: a case study with a pregnant adolescent]. / Aplicação do processo de enfermagem baseado na teoria de Orem: estudo de caso com uma adolescente grávida.

This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach that aimed at applying the nursing process based in Orem Self-Care Theory, through a case study with a pregnant adolescent in order to identify the nursing diagnosis in the above mentioned clients, based on NANDA'S nursing diagnoses. Results obtained identified three nursing diagnoses: prejudiced adaptation, sleep disturb and familiar change process. The application of the nursing process based in Orem and the importance of the diagnosis identified for clients nursing care were evidenced.

[Holism in theoretical models of nursing]. / Holismo nos modelos teóricos de enfermagem.

In this bibliographical analysis, we present the classification of nine theoretical nursing models which frame holistic thinking according to the school of thought of Human Needs, Interaction and Outcome. It further describes the definition of holism, health, client and nursing in the holistic conception, with the objective of portraying holism in the theoretical references of nursing: The Ambiental Theory of Nightingale, the Interpersonal Theory of Peplau, the Philosophical Theory of Hall, The Theory of Basics Principals of Henderson, the Theory of Self Care of Orem, the Prescriptive Theory of Wiedenbach, the Theory of Basic Needs of Horta, the Theory of Adaptation of Roy and the Theory of Holism of Levine.

Primary anal melanoma associated with melanosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

A 49-year old severely ill man, with no digestive complaints, was admitted to our hospital. Abdominal ultrasound was suggestive of hepatic metastases. Endoscopy revealed multiple, flat and polypoid, pigmented lesions in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Biopsy showed only melanotic pigment, without malignant cells. A bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. A flexible rectosigmoidoscopy revealed a dark polypoid lesion. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of anal melanoma. These findings demonstrate that melanosis can occur concomitantly with anal melanoma and in different segments of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

[Use of a brainstorming technique for decision making by a public health nursing team]. / Uso da técnica de Brainstorming para tomada de decisões na equipe de enfermagem de saúde pública.

The study focuses on the use of brainstorming tool for consensual decision making in nursing services. A qualitative research has been developed with focus group technique use involving 6 workers from a basic health unit in Joao Pessoa city which belongs to the state network of Paraíba State Health Secretary. The results showed the method application plausibility as a strategy to nursing services quality improvement.

[The Peplau theory of interpersonal relations in nursing: analysis and development]. / Teoria das relações interpessoais em enfermagem de Peplau: análise e evolução.

This is a bibliographic study where the authors tried to analyse the interpersonal relationships of nursing from Hildegard E. Peplau following the conceptual pattern of analysis and evolution proposed by Thibodeau. It describes the concepts of person, environment, health and nursing; the source and procedures used to this theory formation; and its generalization, use, acceptance and significance for nursing. It shows the importance of its application in nursing practice because the interpersonal process is a primary stage in nursing assistance.