Lack of knowledge regarding the microscopic diagnosis of malaria by technicians of the laboratory network in Luanda, Angola.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria is still one of the most important public health problems worldwide. The diagnosis of this disease is still mainly based on thick blood films.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge about malaria diagnosis of the technicians of the public health network in Luanda, Angola, by means of a survey.  MATERIALS AND METHODS: This survey was carried out in three phases. In the first one, open interviews were done to technicians related with the different procedures for malaria diagnosis. In the second one, a preliminary questionnaire was prepared and evaluated. In the third phase, a definitive questionnaire was applied to 120 technicians from Luanda between April and July, 2013. The proportions of correct and incorrect answers were compared for every question of the survey.  RESULTS: Significantly higher proportions of incorrect answers (p<0.05) were found in the questions related to clinical manifestations, 68/52 (p<0.05), species of Plasmodium according to geographical areas, 76/44 (p<0.05), the type of granulations according to species, 96/24 (p<0.01), the class of microscope magnifying glasses used to observe the thick smear, 105/15 (p<0.01), the thick smear report, 76/44 (p<0.01), the time and preparation of different stain solutions, 81/39 (p<0.01), and the number of parasites counted per 200 leukocytes, 96/24 (p<0.01).  CONCLUSIONS: Various failures for the microscopic diagnosis of malaria were observed amongst the evaluated technicians. These results will be useful as a baseline study before applying an educational intervention aimed to improve the quality of malaria diagnosis in Luanda's laboratory network.

La insuficiencia de conocimientos para el diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria en técnicos de la red de laboratorios de Luanda, Angola / Lack of knowledge regarding the microscopic diagnosis of malaria by technicians of the laboratory network in Luanda, Angola

Introducción. La malaria, o paludismo, continúa siendo uno de los más importantes problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial. La gota gruesa sigue siendo la técnica de referencia para su diagnóstico. Objetivo. Evaluar los conocimientos para el diagnóstico de la malaria de técnicos del sector de la salud en Luanda, Angola, mediante una encuesta. Materiales y métodos. La preparación de la encuesta transcurrió en tres etapas: primero, se hicieron entrevistas abiertas a los técnicos en torno a los diferentes procedimientos para el diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria; en una segunda etapa, se preparó el cuestionario preliminar, y en la tercera, se elaboró el cuestionario definitivo. La encuesta se hizo en un grupo de 120 técnicos de la red nacional de salud entre los meses de abril y julio de 2013. Se comparó la proporción de respuestas correctas e incorrectas considerando como significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados. Las respuestas incorrectas predominaron sobre las correctas, de forma estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05), en las preguntas sobre: las manifestaciones clínicas (68 Vs . 52); las especies de Plasmodium según zonas geográficas (76 Vs . 44); el tipo de granulaciones según la especie parasitaria (96 Vs . 24); el tipo de lente para visualizar la gota gruesa (105 Vs . 15); la forma de hacer un informe del resultado de la microscopía (76 Vs . 44); el tiempo y la concentración de las diferentes soluciones que se utilizan (81 Vs . 39), y el número de parásitos por 200 leucocitos (96 Vs . 24). Conclusiones. Se demostró la insuficiencia de conocimientos para el diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria. Estos resultados servirán de base para el desarrollo de las herramientas de una intervención educativa orientada a mejorar la calidad del diagnóstico de la malaria en la red de laboratorios de Luanda.

Introduction: Malaria is still one of the most important public health problems worldwide. The diagnosis of this disease is still mainly based on thick blood films. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge about malaria diagnosis of the technicians of the public health network in Luanda, Angola, by means of a survey. Methods: This survey was carried out in three phases. In the first one, open interviews were done to technicians related with the different procedures for malaria diagnosis. In the second one, a preliminary questionnaire was prepared and evaluated. In the third phase, a definitive questionnaire was applied to 120 technicians from Luanda between April and July, 2013. The proportions of correct and incorrect answers were compared for every question of the survey. Results: Significantly higher proportions of incorrect answers (p<0.05) were found in the questions related to clinical manifestations, 68/52 (p<0.05), species of Plasmodium according to geographical areas, 76/44 (p<0.05), the type of granulations according to species, 96/24 (p<0.01), the class of microscope magnifying glasses used to observe the thick smear, 105/15 (p<0.01), the thick smear report, 76/44 (p<0.01), the time and preparation of different stain solutions, 81/39 (p<0.01), and the number of parasites counted per 200 leukocytes, 96/24 (p<0.01). Conclusions: Various failures for the microscopic diagnosis of malaria were observed amongst the evaluated technicians. These results will be useful as a baseline study before applying an educational intervention aimed to improve the quality of malaria diagnosis in Luanda´s laboratory network.

Height, zinc and soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren: a study in Cuba and Cambodia.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and zinc deficiency are often found in low- and middle-income countries and are both known to affect child growth. However, studies combining data on zinc and STH are lacking. In two studies in schoolchildren in Cuba and Cambodia, we collected data on height, STH infection and zinc concentration in either plasma (Cambodia) or hair (Cuba). We analyzed whether STH and/or zinc were associated with height for age z-scores and whether STH and zinc were associated. In Cuba, STH prevalence was 8.4%; these were mainly Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections. In Cambodia, STH prevalence was 16.8%, mostly caused by hookworm. In Cuban children, STH infection had a strong association with height for age (aB-0.438, p = 0.001), while hair zinc was significantly associated with height for age only in STH uninfected children. In Cambodian children, plasma zinc was associated with height for age (aB-0.033, p = 0.029), but STH infection was not. Only in Cambodia, STH infection showed an association with zinc concentration (aB-0.233, p = 0.051). Factors influencing child growth differ between populations and may depend on prevalences of STH species and zinc deficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate these relationships and their underlying mechanisms.

Aspectos epidemiológicos de las parasitosis intestinales en niños de Vegón de Nutrias, Venezuela / Aspects on children epidemiology of intestinal parasites in Vegón Nutrias, Venezuela

Introducción: las infecciones por parásitos intestinales presentan altas tasas de prevalencia y amplia distribución mundial, principalmente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales. En Latinoamérica las enfermedades parasitarias tienen una alta prevalencia y Venezuela no escapa a esta tendencia, al reportarse la aparición frecuente de infecciones con helmintos y protozoarios, sobre todo en niños. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales, así como factores de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal en la población menor de 15 años de la comunidad Vegón de Nutrias, del Municipio Sosa, en el Estado Barinas, en Venezuela. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario y se recolectaron tres muestras de heces en días alternos a las que se les realizaron técnicas de diagnóstico coproparasitológico tales como el examen directo con solución salina y Lugol, el método de Ritchie (formol-éter), y el de Kato Katz. Resultados: El 89,7 porciento de los niños estudiados estuvieron infectados por alguna especie de parásito o comensal. Endolimax nana fue el más prevalente con un 38,9 porciento, seguido en orden de frecuencia por Blastocystis spp. (36,6 porciento). Los principales factores asociados a las infecciones por parásitos intestinales fueron pertenecer al grupo de edad entre 5 y 9 años, tener hábitos higiénicos inadecuados, habitar bajo condiciones higiénicas sanitarias inadecuadas e ingerir agua de mala calidad. Estos resultados avalan el diseño e implementación de acciones integrales de control y vigilancia epidemiológica que permitan mejorar la calidad de vida en estas comunidades

Introduction: intestinal parasitic infections have a high prevalence rate and a worldwide distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. In Latin America parasitic diseases have a high prevalence. Venezuela shares this tendency as well, and a high frequency of protozoa and helminthic infections is reported, mainly in children. Objectives: to estimate the rates of the intestinal parasitic infections and to identify the main risk factors associated with these infections in children younger than 15 years in Vegón de Nutrias community, Barinas State, Venezuela. Methods: a questionnaire was applied; stool samples were collected, which were studied by parasitological techniques such as direct wet mount, Ritchie (formalin-ether) method, and Kato Katz thick smear. Results: 89.7 percent of children studied were found infected by parasites or commensals; Endolimax nana had the highest prevalence (38.9 percent) and Blastocystis spp was the second highest (36.6 percent). The main factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections were the age group (5-9 years old) inadequate hygienic habits, inadequate sanitary conditions, and the ingestion of bad quality water. These results suggest the necessity of implementing comprehensive strategies for the control and surveillance of these infections in order to improve the quality of life in these communities

Species typing of Cuban Trichomonas vaginalis virus by RT-PCR, and association of TVV-2 with high parasite adhesion levels and high pathogenicity in patients.

The viral infection of the parasite with T. vaginalis virus (TVV) may have important implications for trichomonal virulence. In this study we identified the TVV species isolated from Cuban T. vaginalis, using specie specific Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Of the 37 clinical isolates studied, 21 were infected with TVV, 6 contained TVV-1, 12, TVV- 2 and 3 were co-infected with TVV-1 and -2. The strains infected with TVV showing highest adhesion level in comparison to not infected strains, with high statistical significance. The strains infected only with TVV-2 showing highest adhesion level in comparison to strains infected with TVV-1, with high statistical significance. The parasites classified as mild symptomatic are infected only with TVV-1, however the severe only with TVV-2. According to our results, it seems that only two TVV species are infecting the Cuban isolates. Further studies using higher number of strains should be conducted in order to corroborate these results.

Segunda encuesta nacional de infecciones parasitarias intestinales en Cuba, 2009 / Second national survey of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba, 2009

Introducción: en Cuba las parasitosis intestinales continúan siendo endémicas, con una mayor frecuencia en zonas rurales y montañosas. Después de haber transcurrido casi 25 años desde la última encuesta nacional, se hizo necesario hacer una nueva encuesta para conocer los índices de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales y comparar los resultados obtenidos entre ambos estudios. Tal conocimiento resultaría de gran valor para elaborar estrategias de salud y el diseño de programas de control de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales. Objetivo: determinar los índices actuales de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales, y comparar los resultados con los de la encuesta anterior luego de haber transcurrido 25 años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal durante los meses de mayo a agosto de 2009 en una muestra de la población cubana. A cada uno se le recogió una muestra de heces que fue analizada por el método de examen directo, la técnica de concentración de Willis y el examen de Kato-Katz; también se le llenó un cuestionario. Resultados: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las infecciones por parásitos, tanto los helmintos como los protozoos patógenos, aunque los infectados con comensales aumentaron su frecuencia en la de 2009. También se produjo una disminución de las frecuencias de infecciones por todas las especies de geohelmintos, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, ancylostomídeos, y Strongyloides stercoralis, así como por los protozoos patógenos Giardia lamblia y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, y los comensales: Endolimax nana y Entamoeba coli en 2009. La única especie de parásito intestinal que aumentó su frecuencia con respecto a la encuesta de 1984 fue Enterobius vermicularis. En ambos estudios la frecuencia de infección con parásitos o comensales fue mayor en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar). Conclusiones: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las frecuencias de infecciones con parásitos intestinales. El hallazgo en ambos estudios de una frecuencia mayor de infección con parásitos o comensales en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar), respalda la recomendación de poner énfasis en los programas de control para las parasitosis intestinales en este grupo de edad.

Introduction: the intestinal parasitic infections are still endemic in Cuba, with a higher frequency in rural and mountain regions. Twenty five years after the last national survey, it deemed necessary to carry out a new national survey in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to compare the obtained results between both studies. That knowledge would be valuable to work out strategies of health and to design a control program for intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba. Objective: to determine the current prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba and to compare these results with those obtained from the previous survey after a 25 year-period. Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted from May to August of 2009 in a sample of Cuban population. A stool sample was collected from each individual, which was analyzed by direct examination, Willis' brine flotation method and the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered. Results: the comparison between 1984 and 2009 surveys showed a general decrease of frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections caused by both helminths and pathogenic protozoa; however, the percentage of infections with commensal protozoa increased in 2009. In this last survey, there was observed decline of frequencies of infections with soil transmitted species, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis and the pathogenic protozoa: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and the commensals: Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. The intestinal parasite Enterobius vermicularis was the only parasitic species that increased the frequency of infections with respect to the 1984 survey. The frequencies of parasitic and commensal infections in both studies were higher in the 5-14 y age group (school age). Conclusions: the comparison between the intestinal parasitic infections surveys of 1984 and 2009 showed a reduction in the frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections in the last survey. The finding in both studies of a higher frequency of pathogenic parasitic infections and commensal infections in the 5-14 y age group (school age) supports the recommendation of making emphasis on the control programs for intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.

Associations between atopic markers in asthma and intestinal helminth infections in Cuban schoolchildren.

Total serum IgE (tIgE), allergen-specific IgE (sIgE), and skin prick test (SPT) are commonly used markers for atopy and atopic disease. The association between these measures and their relationship to clinical symptoms differs in affluent and non-affluent countries. We investigated the role of intestinal helminth infections in observed variations in atopic markers and asthma, and possible diagnostic and epidemiological consequences. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuban schoolchildren (n = 1285; 4-14 yrs). Atopy was determined by SPT, sIgE, and tIgE; asthma by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire; and intestinal helminth infections by stool examination. Percentages of tIgE, sIgE, and SPT positives were 88.9%, 25.5%, and 16.5%, respectively. Asthma was found in 20.8%, and helminth infections in 20.9% of the children. All three atopic markers were significantly associated with each other and with asthma. Median tIgE levels were higher in helminth-infected than in uninfected children, irrespective of their status of atopy/asthma. Discordant results between SPT and sIgE were observed in 22.6% of the children. Among SPT positives, 41% were sIgE negative. The proportion of SPT negatives among sIgE positives was 74% in helminth-infected and 58.4% in uninfected children (p < 0.05). Helminth infections affected tIgE levels, reconfirming the limited value of tIgE for diagnosis of atopy and asthma in tropical areas. Higher frequencies of sIgE than positive SPTs were observed, especially in helminth-infected children. This corresponds with current hypothesis on the role of helminths in atopy. However, the observed proportion of sIgE negatives among children with positive SPT suggests that other mechanisms may also be involved.

Primer hallazgo de infección humana por Paracapillaria (Crossicapillaria) philippinensis (Chitwood, Velázquez y Salazar, 1968) en Cuba / First finding of human infection with Paracapillaria (Crosscapillaria) philippinensis (Chitwood, Velázquez y Salazar, 1968) in Cuba

INTRODUCCIÓN: la infección por Paracapillaria philippinensis (Capillaria philippinensis), se caracteriza clínicamente como una enteropatía progresiva, con pérdida masiva de proteínas y un síndrome de malabsorción que puede llegar a ser mortal. OBJETIVO: reportar por primera vez en Cuba el hallazgo de infección humana por P. philippinensis. MÉTODOS: se describió el caso de un paciente de 21 años de edad, del sexo masculino, procedente de Ciudad de La Habana, y que nunca había viajado fuera del país. Ingresa porque después de la ingestión de un pescado empanado comenzó a presentar un cuadro diarreico que se fue intensificando con el transcurrir de los días, llegando a tener más de 15 deposiciones líquidas diarias, abundantes en cantidad, sin flemas ni sangre, acompañado de un cuadro de desnutrición severa, y síntomas generales de astenia y anorexia intensas. RESULTADOS: el diagnóstico de laboratorio confirmó la presencia en heces de huevos de P. philippinensis. CONCLUSIONES: las características clínicas del paciente y el hallazgo de una eosinofilia moderada, coinciden con lo descrito en la literatura. En nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer hallazgo de infección autóctona por P. philippinensis en humanos que se realiza en Cuba, y en el continente americano. Es importante la alerta epidemiológica sobre la posible emergencia de esta parasitosis en nuestra zona geográfica, sobre todo en aquellos lugares donde la costumbre de comer pescado crudo o mal cocido sea parte del contexto cultural.

INTRODUCTION: the infection caused by Paracapillaria philippinensis (Capillaria philippinensis) is clinically characterized as a progressive enteric illness with massive loss of proteins and a malabsorption syndrome that may become fatal. OBJECTIVE: the first report in Cuba of human infection with P. philippinensis. METHODS: the case of a Cuban male patient aged 21 years from the City of Havana, who had never been abroad, was described. This young man was admitted to the hospital because after having eaten one breadcrumb-covered fish, he started having diarrheic episodes that progressively increased up to more than 15 abundant diarrheas per day, without phlegm or blood, and a clinical picture of severe malnutrition and general symptoms of intensive asthenia and anorexia RESULTS: the lab diagnosis confirmed the presence of P. philippinensis eggs in feces. CONCLUSIONS: the clinical features of the patient and the finding of moderate eosinophilia in the hematological study agreed with published information. As far as we know, this is the first finding of a human infection caused by P. philippinensis in Cuba, and in the American continent as well. The epidemiological alert on the possible emergence of new cases of this parasitic infection in our geographic zone is important, mainly in those places where the habit of eating raw or undercooked fish is part of the local culture.

[First finding of human infection with Paracapillaria (Crosscapillaria) philippinensis (Chitwood, Velázquez y Salazar, 1968) in Cuba]. / Primer hallazgo de infección humana por Paracapillaria (Crossicapillaria) philippinensis (Chitwood, Velázquez y Salazar, 1968) en Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: the infection caused by Paracapillaria philippinensis (Capillaria philippinensis) is clinically characterized as a progressive enteric illness with massive loss of proteins and a malabsorption syndrome that may become fatal. OBJECTlVE: the first report in Cuba of human infection with P. philippinensis. METHODS: the case of a Cuban male patient aged 21 years from the City of Havana, who had never been abroad, was described. This young man was admitted to the hospital because after having eaten one breadcrumb-covered fish, he started having diarrheic episodes that progressively increased up to more than 15 abundant diarrheas per day, without phlegm or blood, and a clinical picture of severe malnutrition and general symptoms of intensive asthenia and anorexia. RESULTS: the lab diagnosis confirmed the presence of P. philippinensis eggs in feces. CONCLUSIONS: the clinical features of the patient and the finding of moderate eosinophilia in the hematological study agreed with published information. As far as we know, this is the first finding of a human infection caused by P. philippinensis in Cuba, and in the American continent as well. The epidemiological alert on the possible emergence of new cases of this parasitic infection in our geographic zone is important, mainly in those places where the habit of eating raw or undercooked fish is part of the local culture.

Potencial zoonótico de las infecciones por helmintos intestinales en perros callejeros de Ciudad de La Habana / Zoonotic potential of intestinal helminth infections in stray dogs from City of Havana

Se determinó la prevalencia de infección intestinal con helmintos en 461 perros en 2 períodos de tiempo, con la finalidad de evaluar el potencial zoonótico de los perros callejeros en Ciudad de La Habana. Los helmintos identificados fueron: Ancylostoma spp. en 97 animales (21,04 por ciento); Dipylidium caninum en 75 (16,26 por ciento) y Toxocara canis en 91 (19,73 por ciento). Las infecciones con Ancylostoma spp. tuvieron una frecuencia mayor en la estación de lluvia, mayo-octubre de 2005 (p< 0,01); mientras que D. caninum fue más común en la estación seca, noviembre-abril de 2006 (p< 0,01). T. canis fue más prevalente en animales jóvenes (< 1 año), mientras que en adultos (> 1 año) fueron Ancylostoma spp. y D. caninum. En cuanto al sexo, las perras hembras estaban más parasitadas por T. canis, mientras que D. caninum fue más frecuente en los machos. La asociación parasitaria que más se observó fue A. caninum y T. canis. Estos resultados permitieron un conocimiento actualizado sobre las principales especies de helmintos que afectan a los perros callejeros y algunas características de estas infecciones, que sirve de alerta sobre este potencial zoonótico.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the 461 stray dogs from the City of Havana, as well as, the prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in two periods. The identified helminths were Ancylostoma spp. in 97 dogs (21.04 percent), Dipylidium caninum in 75 (16.26 percent). and Toxocara canis in 91 dos (19.73 percent). Ancylostoma spp. infections were the most frequent in the rainy season,that is, May to October, 2005 (p< 0.01) whereas D. caninum was more common in the dry season, that is, November to April, 2006. (p< 0.01). T. canis was more prevalent in young animals (< 1 year), but in older dogs(> 1 year) were Ancylostoma spp. and D. caninum. Female dogs were more infected by T. canis, and D. caninum was more frequent in males. The most observed association was A. caninum -T. canis. These results allowed updating knowledge about helminth species affecting stray dogs and some characteristics of these infections, all of which can serve as a warning about this zoonotic potential.

[First case report of Mammomonogamus (Syngamus) laryngeus human infection in Colombia]. / Reporte del primer caso humano de infección parasitaria por Mammomonogamus laryngeus en Colombia.

First case report of Mammomonogamus (Syngamus) laryngeus human infection in Colombia Parasitic nematodes of the genus Mammomonogamus affect the respiratory tract of domestic mammals. The male and female of M. laryngeus remain in permanent copula so that the pair appears as a "Y'. To date, a few more than 100 cases of human infections by this parasite have been reported in the biomedical literature. This report describes the first infected patient in Colombia. He had a persistent and productive cough and after an episode of coughing a pair of worms were expelled in sputum with total clinical recovery. Since there is scant clinical information about this parasite, this report includes a description of the adult worms, a summary of the epidemiology and the clinical manifestations in humans. Photographs are presented to facilitate future identification by morphological characteristics.

Estrongiloidiosis diseminada en pacientes con SIDA: a propósito de 2 casos / Disseminated strongyloidosis in AIDS patients: apropos of two cases

Se presentó el reporte de 2 casos que desarrollaron un síndrome de hiperinfección por Strongyloides stercoralis en el desarrollo del VIH/SIDA. Estos pacientes tenían una inmunodepresión severa con conteos de linfocitos de la subpoblación T CD4+ por debajo de 200 células/mm3. En el primer caso predominaron las manifestaciones respiratorias, donde se encontraron incontables larvas rabditoides de Strongyloides tanto en los esputos como en las heces. En el segundo caso fueron más comunes las manifestaciones neurológicas, pero solo se pudo detectar una larva de Strongyloides stercoralis por campo microscópico (100X de aumento) en heces. Ambos individuos, a pesar de la terapéutica aplicada, tuvieron un desenlace fatal. La importancia de este trabajo radica en tomar conciencia de la posibilidad de una infección diseminada por este helminto en algunos pacientes y estar alertas para un oportuno diagnóstico, y adecuado tratamiento o prevención de las fatales consecuencias de la infección por este nematodo

Two cases with hyperinfection syndrome caused by Strongyloides stercoralis in the development of HIV/AIDS were reported. These patients had a severe immunodepression with lymphocyte counts of the subpopulation of CD4+ T cells under 200 cells/mm3. In the first case, a predominance of respiratory manifestations was observed and numerous Strongyloides rhabditiform larvae were found in sputum and faeces. In the second case, the neurological manifestations were more common, but only a larva of Strongyloides stercoralis could be detected per microscopic field (100X of magnification) in faeces. Both individuals in spite of the applied therapeutics had a fatal end. The importance of this paper is to be aware of the possibility of an infection disseminated by this helminth in some patients, and to be ready for a suitable diagnosis and an adequate treatment or prevention of the fatal consequences of the infection caused by this nematode.

Utilidad de 2 métodos coproparasitológicos y su empleo en un ensayo terapéutico antigiardiásico

Se realizó un estudio a 456 niños con edades de 1 a 5 años, pertenecientes a 4 guarderías infantiles del municipio San Miguel del Padrón, en el mes de noviembre de 1998; para evaluar el diagnóstico de Giardia lamblia y otros protozoos intestinales, utilizando comparativamente los métodos de diagnóstico coproparasitológicos de examen directo y la técnica de concentración de Ritchie o formol-éter. Además, se desarrolló un ensayo terapéutico, utilizando tinidazol y albendazol, para el tratamiento de la infección por G. lamblia. La técnica de concentración de Ritchie fue más efectiva que el examen microscópico directo para el diagnóstico de Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar y Cyclospora cayetanensis y se demostró la mayor sensibilidad del examen seriado sobre el análisis de una sola muestra (p< 0,01). Por otra parte, el tinidazol demostró mayor eficacia que el albendazol para el tratamiento de la infección por G. lamblia, con un mayor porcentaje de curación (72 % vs. 34,6 %) (p< 0,01).

A study of 456 children aged 1-5 from 4 day care centers of San Miguel del Padrón municipality was conducted in November, 1998, to evaluate the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia and other intestinal protozoa by using comparatively the coproparasitological diagnostic methods of direct examination and Ritchie's concentration technique or formol-ether. Besides, a therapeutical trial was developed with tinidazole and albendazole for treating the infection caused by G. lamblia. Ritchie's concentration technique was more effective than the microscopic direct examination for diagnosing Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytical/Entamoeba dispar and Cyclospora cayetanensis. It was demonstratyed that the serial examination was more sensitive than the analysis of just one sample (p< 0.01). On the other hand, tinidazole proved to be more efficient than albendazole to treat the infection produced by G. lamblia, with a greater cure percentage (72 % vs. 334.6 %), (p < 0.01).

[Risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection in children in daycare centers in Havana, Cuba]. / Factores de riesgo de la infección por Giardia lamblia en niños de guarderías infantiles de Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba.

We conducted a longitudinal study on giardiasis in three daycare centers in Havana City for a period of 18 months and described a group of children with a "predisposition" or tendency towards re-infection with Giardia lamblia. This group was found to be more frequently associated with clinical symptoms such as diarrhea. A case-control study was designed to determine whether socioeconomic factors and hygiene were associated with this phenomenon. We found no differences between the groups with regard to overcrowding rates, number of persons per bed, absence of certain electric appliances, mother's schooling, or mean family income. However, there were proportionally more fathers with less than complete secondary education among cases as compared to controls. In addition, we found no differences in lack of hand-washing before eating and after defecation; however, we found a higher percentage of families who washed vegetables insufficiently among predisposed children. Finally, a lower percentage of families with predisposed children boiled their water. Our results demonstrate the important role of water as a vehicle for transmission of giardiasis and the importance of various epidemiologic factors.

Factores de riesgo de la infección por Giardia lamblia en niños de guarderías infantiles de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba / Risk factors for Giardia lamblia in children in daycare centers in Havana, Cuba

En un estudio longitudinal sobre giardiasis desarrollado durante 18 meses en tres guarderías infantiles de Ciudad de La Habana, describimos un grupo de niños con tendencia o "predisposición" a la infección por Giardia lamblia; a los que se les encontró con síntomas clínicos más asociados a las diarreas. Este estudio de casos y controles se desarrolló para conocer si algunos factores socioeconómicos y hábitos higiénicos estaban asociados con este fenómeno. No se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos en las tasas de hacinamiento, el índice de personas por cama, en la carencia de determinados equipos eléctricos, en el nivel escolar de las madres, y en el promedio del ingreso familiar; sin embargo, predominó una frecuencia mayor de padres con nivel escolar menor de 12 grado en los casos que en los controles. No se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos en cuanto a la ausencia de lavado de manos antes de comer y después de defecar, pero se encontró un mayor porcentaje de lavado incorrecto de vegetales, y una menor frecuencia del hábito de hervir el agua de consumo en las familias de los casos. Estos resultados demuestran el papel del agua como vehículo de transmisión en la giardiasis y la importancia de algunos factores epidemiológicos

[Usefulness of 2 coproparasitological methods and their utilization in an antigiardiasis therapeutic trial]. / Utilidad de 2 métodos coproparasitológicos y su empleo en un ensayo terapéutico antigiardiásico.

A study of 456 children aged 1-5 from 4 day care centers of San Miguel del Padron municipality was conducted in 1998, to evaluate the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia and other intestinal protozoa by using comparatively the coproparasitological diagnostic methods of direct examination and Ritchie's concentration technique or formol-ether. Besides, a therapeutical trial was developed with tinidazole and albendazole for treating the infection caused by G lamblia. Ritchie's concentration technique was more effective than the microscopic direct examination for diagnosing Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytical/Entamoeba dispar and Cyclospora cayetanensis. It was demonstratyed that the serial examination was more sensitive than the analysis of just one sample (p< 0.01). On the other hand, tinidazole proved to be more efficient than albendazole to treat the infection produced by G. lamblia, with a greater cure percentage (72 % vs. 334.6%), (p < 0.01).

Parasitosis intestinales en 4 círculos infantiles de San Miguel del Padrón, Ciudad de La Habana, 1998 / Intestinal parasitic infections in child day-care centers located in San Miguel del Padrón municipality, Havana City, 1998

Se realizó un estudio coproparasitológico a 456 niños, de 1 a 5 años de edad pertenecientes a 4 círculos infantiles del municipio San Miguel del Padrón, durante el mes de noviembre de 1998, con la finalidad de conocer el comportamiento de las principales especies parásitas intestinales y en especial cómo se encontraba Giardia lamblia afectando a esta población infantil. Fueron recolectadas por cada niño, 3 muestras fecales frescas en días alternos, las que se procesaron con los métodos coproparasitológicos de examen directo y técnica de concentración de Ritchie. El parásito identificado con mayor frecuencia en este estudio fue G. lamblia, se encontraron 249 casos positivos, para una prevalencia de 54,6 porciento. El segundo lugar lo ocupó Blastocystis hominis (29,6 porciento), seguido por Endolimax nana (23,9 porciento). Las coccidias, Cryptosporidium parvum y Cyclospora cayetanensis, fueron detectadas con una baja frecuencia, 0,6 y 1,5 porciento respectivamente; la mayoría de los casos en un solo círculo. Estos resultados confirman que G. lamblia es el parásito más prevalente en los círculos infantiles, con un pico entre las edades de 2 a 4 años y sin diferencia entre los dos sexos

Infección por Echinococcus granulosus (quiste hidatídico) Reporte de un caso / Echinococcus granulosus infection (hydatid cyst)

Se reportó la infección larvaria por Echinococcus granulosus (quiste hidatídico) en una niña de 10 años procedente de Ucrania. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron ligeras pues solo se quejaban de dolor abdominal frecuentemente. El diagnóstico se realizó por ultrasonido y la detección inmunoenzimática de anticuerpos contra Echinococcus (ELISA) con títulos de 1/800. Se le puso tratamiento con varios ciclos de albendazol y tuvo una evolución favorable con reducción del tamaño del quiste