Riboflavin did not provide anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effects in an experimental model of sepsis.

We aimed to evaluate whether the administration of riboflavin to septic animals reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, and mortality. C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 weeks old, were allocated to the study group (polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) + antibiotic + iv riboflavin), control (CLP + antibiotic + iv saline), or naïve (non-operated controls). Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), urea, and creatinine, and markers of inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2)], and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured 12 h after the experiment. Animal survival rates were calculated after 7 days. Means between groups were compared using linear regression models adjusted under the Bayesian approach. No significant difference was observed between control and study groups in serum concentrations of IL-6 (95% credible interval) (-0.35 to 0.44), TNF-α (-15.7 to 99.1), KC (-0.13 to 0.05), MIP-2 (-0.84 to 0.06), MDA (-1.25 to 2.53), or ALT (-6.6 to 11.5). Serum concentrations of CK-MB (-145.1 to -30.1), urea (-114.7 to -15.1), and creatinine (-1.14 to -0.01) were higher in the study group. Survival was similar in both groups (P=0.8). Therefore, the use of riboflavin in mice undergoing sepsis induced by CLP did not reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, or mortality compared with placebo.

Riboflavin did not provide anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effects in an experimental model of sepsis

We aimed to evaluate whether the administration of riboflavin to septic animals reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, and mortality. C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 weeks old, were allocated to the study group (polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) + antibiotic + iv riboflavin), control (CLP + antibiotic + iv saline), or naïve (non-operated controls). Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), urea, and creatinine, and markers of inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2)], and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured 12 h after the experiment. Animal survival rates were calculated after 7 days. Means between groups were compared using linear regression models adjusted under the Bayesian approach. No significant difference was observed between control and study groups in serum concentrations of IL-6 (95% credible interval) (-0.35 to 0.44), TNF-α (-15.7 to 99.1), KC (-0.13 to 0.05), MIP-2 (-0.84 to 0.06), MDA (-1.25 to 2.53), or ALT (-6.6 to 11.5). Serum concentrations of CK-MB (-145.1 to -30.1), urea (-114.7 to -15.1), and creatinine (-1.14 to -0.01) were higher in the study group. Survival was similar in both groups (P=0.8). Therefore, the use of riboflavin in mice undergoing sepsis induced by CLP did not reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, or mortality compared with placebo.

Efficiency of lysine utilization by growing meat quail.

The objective of present study was to estimate the efficiency of lysine utilization by meat quail of 21 to 35 d of age. A total of 500 meat quails were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with 2 sexes (male and female) and 5 digestible lysine levels (0.714, 0.816, 0.918, 1.020, and 1.122%) and 5 replications of 10 birds each. The variables studied were feather-free body weight (FFBW), feed intake (FI), lysine intake (LysI), feather-free body protein deposition (FFBPD), feather-free body lysine deposition (FFBLysD), feather-free body fat deposition (FFBFatD), feather weight (FW), feather protein deposition, feather lysine deposition, and feather fat deposition. The FFBW, FFBPD, FFBLysD, and FFBFatD were regressed as a function of LysI for each sex to estimate the efficiency of lysine utilization in the feather-free body (ELysFFB), and the individual equations were compared. In addition, a multiple regression without intercept was also used to estimate the ELysFFB and in feathers (ELysF) individually. To compare the ELysFFB obtained by the different methods, the t-statistic was used. There was no effect on sex × lysine level interactions for any variable. The females showed higher FFBW (5.07%) and FFBFatD (26.23%) than males. All variables increased with the level of dietary lysine, with the exception of FI, FW, and the deposition of nutrients within them. The ELysFFB values obtained by simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were 48.0 and 44.6%, respectively. As there was no difference in the efficiencies estimated by the different methodologies, the best estimate of ELysFFB was 46.3%, that is, the average. The best estimate of ELysF was 18.1%, obtained by multiple linear regression.

Muscle Quality Is Associated with History of Falls in Octogenarians.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare muscle quality (MQ) between octogenarians classified as non-fallers, fallers and recurrent fallers and identify confounding intrinsic and extrensic factors that impact likelihood for falls. DESIGN: This observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study included older adults (N=220) aged 80 years or older. MEASUREMENTS: The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to evaluate physical function and MQ was calculated using the ratio of grip strength to arm muscle mass (in kilograms) quantified by DXA. Variables related to sociodemographic, clinical, cognitive function, and falls were evaluated using a questionnaire and symptoms of depression were evaluated by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). A Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to verify differences between groups. Binomial logistic regression was performed to determine the impact of age, depression, polypharmacy, balance, MQ, and sex on participants having more than four falls in their history. RESULTS: Increasing MQ was associated with reduced likelihood of more than four falls in their history. Non-fallers were statistically younger (p = 0.012) and took more medications (p = 0.023) than recurrent fallers. Recurrent fallers had lower MQ when compared with fallers (p = 0.007) and non-fallers (p = 0.001) and had a lower GDS score when compared with fallers (p = 0.022). Finally, fallers presented lower scores for balance when compared to non-fallers (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: A higher MQ is associated with a reduction in the likelihood falls in octogenarians. Therefore, it may be advantageous for clinicians to evaluate MQ when the screening of the risk of falls in older adults.

Antifungal sensitivity and species of yeasts in oral mucosa of street mixed-breed dogs.

The aim of this research is to verify the yeast species isolated from oral mucosa in street mixed-breed dogs and to determine the antifungal profiles. After capturing and sedating the animals, oral mucosa samples were collected from fifty dogs and the materials were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Forty-three yeast strains were isolated and identified trough the API-20C AUX method. Thirty-seven (86.1%) of the yeasts belonged to genus Candida, five (11.6%) to genus Trichosporon and only one strain (2.3%) to genus Malassezia. The sensitivity profiles to anifungals (amphotericin B, itraconanole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and variconazole) were determined through Etest® method. This study found resistance of some yeasts to amphotericin B and a good susceptibility to voriconazole and ketoconazole. Some of these antifungals are used in veterinary medical practice. This research is the first investigation on street mixed-breed dogs regarding yeast identifications and antifungals profiles.

Genetic variability of populations of the white-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris Lund 1840 (Didelphimorphia; Didelphidae) in Brazil / Variabilidade genética de populações de gambá de orelha branca, Didelphis albiventris Lund 1840 (Didelphimorphia; Didelphidae) no Brasil

Abstract Didelphis albiventris are found throughout Northeast and Central Brazil to central-southern Uruguay and it was subject of few studies in a population level. Given this, the present study investigated the genetic variability of the species using the mitochondrial molecular marker cytochrome oxidase c subunit I. We analyzed samples from the different biomes within three Brazilian regions: Northeast (Caatinga , Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest), Southeast (Cerrado , Atlantic Forest, Cerrado/Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado/Caatinga ecotones) and South (Pampa and Atlantic Forest). Software BAPs retrieved five distinct demes: dm 1, dm 2, and dm 5 that occurs in South, Northeast and Southeast regions respectively and the dm 3 and dm 4 are wide distributed in Northeast and Southeast. Population analysis performed with AMOVA, haplotype network and Mantel test estimated the veracity of the demes. The FST shows structuring for the five demes, with dm 1 (South region) isolated from the others, however the other analysis showed the Northeast/Southeast demes (dm 2-5) united, diagnosing gene flow between them, mainly at the transitional zones, in areas as far away as areas with similar latitude interval (Southeast vs South) that was not detected gene flow. In the haplotype network, the mutational steps was conclusive in split dm1 from dm 2-5 with 15 mutational steps and the Mantel test was moderated, which is explained by genetic similarity despite the great geographic distances (Northeast/Southeast). Thus, our analysis recognized two different lineages (South and Northeast/Southeast) and indicate that the biomes were not decisive in their isolation. The sharing of demes at the transitional zones and in areas with high latitudinal intervals reflects a recent ancestral polymorphism for D. albiventris. The plasticity in the occupation of the space by this species contributes in its wide dispersion capability, that is, geographical distribution. Our results revealed important implications for the management of D. albiventris in these transitional zones areas where demes were shared.

Resumo Didelphis albiventris é encontrada em todo o Nordeste e região central do Brasil até o centro-sul do Uruguai e foi alvo de poucos estudos em nível populacional. Dessa forma, o presente estudo, investiga a variabilidade genética da espécie usando o marcador molecular citocromo c oxidase subunidade I. Analisou-se amostras de diferentes biomas de três regiões brasileiras: Nordeste (Caatinga, Cerrado e Floresta Atlântica), Sudeste (Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, ecótonos Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica e Cerrado/Caatinga) e Sul (Pampa e Floresta Atlântica). O software BAPs recuperou cinco demes distintos: dm 1, dm 2 e dm 5, que ocorrem nas regiões Sul, Nordeste e Sudeste, respectivamente, e os dm 3 e dm 4, que são amplamente distribuído no Nordeste e Sudeste. Análises populacionais realizadas com AMOVA, rede de haplótipo e teste de Mantel estimaram a veracidade das demes. O FST mostrou estruturação para as cinco demes, com dm 1 (região Sul) isolada das demais, entretanto as outras análises mostraram as demes Nordeste/Sudeste (dm 2-5) unidos, diagnosticando fluxo gênico entre elas, principalmente em zonas de transição, em áreas tão distante quanto áreas com similar intervalo de latitude (Sudeste e Sul), onde não foram detectado fluxo gênico. Na rede de haplótipo, os passos mutacionais foram conclusivos em separar dm 1 do dm 2-5 com 15 passos mutacionais, e o teste de Mantel foi moderado, o que é explicado pela similaridade genética apesar da grande distância geográfica (Nordeste/Sudeste). Assim, duas linhagens diferentes (Sul e Sudeste/Nordeste) foram encontradas, indicando que os biomas não foram decisivos em seus isolamentos. Os compartilhamentos das demes, em zonas de transição e em áreas com elevados intervalos de latitude, refletem um polimorfismo ancestral recente para D. albiventris. A plasticidade na ocupação do espaço por esta espécie contribui em sua ampla capacidade de dispersão, ou seja, distribuição geográfica. Nossos resultados revelam importantes implicações para o manejo de D. albiventris nessas áreas de zonas de transição, onde as demes são compartilhadas.

Allometric coefficients of major chemical components of meat quail raised in different thermal environments.

The objective of the present study was to estimate and compare allometric coefficients of the major chemical components of meat quail raised in different thermal environments, based on protein weight of feather free body (FFB) and feathers. In total, 300 meat quail, males and females, were distributed in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments (climatized environment, 26°C, and non-climatized environment, 29°C) and 6 replicates of 25 birds each. On the first day, 36 birds were selected to form the reference group and from this day on, 2 quail were weekly sampled from each cage. All selected birds were fasted for 24 h, weighed, slaughtered, plucked, and reweighed. The FFB and feathers were ground separately to obtain homogeneous samples, which were freeze-dried to determine the water content, and thereafter, ground again in a micromill before analyzing for protein, lipid, and ash using AOAC procedures. The adjustment of the allometric equations was made using crude protein (CP) weight as the independent variable and water, lipid, and ash weight as the dependent variables. The data of each dependent variable were transformed into natural logarithm (ln), regressed according to lnCP, and subjected to a parallelism test. In the FFB, water showed early development and lipid and ash showed late development in relation to the CP weight. In feathers, water and ash weight showed early development in relation to the feathers protein weight, whereas lipids showed late development. The environments of 26°C and 29°C did not affect the allometric coefficients that described the growth between the chemical components in the body and in the feathers, except for lipids in male FFB, that showed higher allometric coefficient at 29°C than 26°C. Describing the allometric relationships between the major chemical components of meat quail body is an important step in supporting future research comprised modeling of body growth and nutrition for meat quail.

Genetic variability of populations of the white-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris Lund 1840 (Didelphimorphia; Didelphidae) in Brazil.

Didelphis albiventris are found throughout Northeast and Central Brazil to central-southern Uruguay and it was subject of few studies in a population level. Given this, the present study investigated the genetic variability of the species using the mitochondrial molecular marker cytochrome oxidase c subunit I. We analyzed samples from the different biomes within three Brazilian regions: Northeast (Caatinga , Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest), Southeast (Cerrado , Atlantic Forest, Cerrado/Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado/Caatinga ecotones) and South (Pampa and Atlantic Forest). Software BAPs retrieved five distinct demes: dm 1, dm 2, and dm 5 that occurs in South, Northeast and Southeast regions respectively and the dm 3 and dm 4 are wide distributed in Northeast and Southeast. Population analysis performed with AMOVA, haplotype network and Mantel test estimated the veracity of the demes. The FST shows structuring for the five demes, with dm 1 (South region) isolated from the others, however the other analysis showed the Northeast/Southeast demes (dm 2-5) united, diagnosing gene flow between them, mainly at the transitional zones, in areas as far away as areas with similar latitude interval (Southeast vs South) that was not detected gene flow. In the haplotype network, the mutational steps was conclusive in split dm1 from dm 2-5 with 15 mutational steps and the Mantel test was moderated, which is explained by genetic similarity despite the great geographic distances (Northeast/Southeast). Thus, our analysis recognized two different lineages (South and Northeast/Southeast) and indicate that the biomes were not decisive in their isolation. The sharing of demes at the transitional zones and in areas with high latitudinal intervals reflects a recent ancestral polymorphism for D. albiventris. The plasticity in the occupation of the space by this species contributes in its wide dispersion capability, that is, geographical distribution. Our results revealed important implications for the management of D. albiventris in these transitional zones areas where demes were shared.

Effect of cottonseed oil and ferrous sulfate in broiler diets on intestinal morphometry at 42 days of age / Efeito de óleo de semente de algodão e sulfato ferroso em dietas de aves na morfometria intestinal aos 42 dias de idade

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intestinal morphometry of broilers at 42 days of age fed diets containing different levels of cottonseed oil, with and without addition of ferrous sulfate. A total of 560 male Ross chickens were used in a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement and five replications with 14 birds. The cottonseed oil levels tested were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. At 42 days of age, one bird per replicate was collected for morphometric. Analyzed variables were villus height, crypt length and muscle wall thickness. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS, P=0.05. In the duodenum and ileum, there was no significant effect of interaction between the treatments. In the jejunum, only the length of the crypt, the treatment with cottonseed oil 2%, more ferrous sulfate resulted in lower values; however, the same oil content without ferrous sulfate led to a greater length, which was also observed in the treatment with 4% oil plus ferrous sulfate. Inclusion of cottonseed oil in broiler diets at 42 days of age does not impair their intestinal morphology. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate at these levels is unnecessary, since no improvement was observed in the intestinal morphometric.(AU)

O objetivo de estudo foi avaliar a morfometria intestinal de aves aos 42 dias de vida alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis variados de óleo de semente de algodão com e sem adição de sulfato ferroso. Um total de 560 machos de aves Ross foram usadas em estudo randomizado com amostras 4x2 e 5 replicações com 14 aves. Os níveis de óleo de semente de algodão testados foram 0%, 2%, 4%, e 6%. Aos 42 dias de idade, um pássaro por replica foi coletado para morfometria. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de villus, comprimento de cripta, e espessura de parede muscular. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS, P=0,05. Não houve efeito significativo de interação entre tratamentos no duodeno ou íleo. No jejuno, apenas o comprimento da cripta, no tratamento com óleo de semente de algodão a 2% com mais sulfato ferroso, apresentou valor mais baixo. No entanto, o mesmo valor de óleo sem sulfato ferroso resultou em maior comprimento, resultado percebido também com 4% de óleo. Inclusão de óleo de semente de algodão em dietas de aves aos 42 dias de idade não causa danos à morfologia intestinal. Suplementação com sulfato ferroso não é necessário, já que não houve melhora em morfometria intestinal.

Coeficientes alométricos das partes e dos órgãos de codornas de corte mantidas em diferentes ambientes térmicos / Allometric coefficients of the cuts and organs of meat quail kept in different thermal environments

Objetivou-se comparar os coeficientes alométricos (b) que descrevem o crescimento das partes e dos órgãos de codornas de corte mantidas em diferentes ambientes térmicos. Foram utilizadas 300 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com dois tratamentos (ambiente climatizado, AC) com temperatura de 26ºC e ambiente sem climatização (ASC, 32oC) e seis repetições de 25 aves. Ajustaram-se equações alométricas em função do peso em jejum (PJ) para as variáveis: peso do peito (PPEI), coxa (PCX), sobrecoxa (PSCX), asa (PASA), coração (PCOR), fígado (PFÍG), moela (PMOE) e intestino (PINT). Para comparar os "b" das partes e dos órgãos das aves mantidas nos diferentes ambientes, realizaram-se testes de paralelismo. Não houve diferença entre os "b" em nenhuma das partes e dos órgãos das codornas mantidos no ambiente AC ou no ASC. Observou-se que os PPEI e os PSCX apresentaram crescimento heterogônico positivo (b>1), os PCX crescimento isogônico (b=1), os PASA e os órgãos crescimento heterogônico negativo (b<1) em relação ao PJ. Os "b" que descrevem o crescimento das partes e dos órgãos de codornas de corte mantidas nos diferentes ambientes não são influenciados. O peso do peito e o da sobrecoxa apresentaram crescimento tardio, a asa e os órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino) crescimento precoce, e o peso da coxa apresentou crescimento proporcional em relação ao peso em jejum.(AU)

This study was carried out to compare the allometric coefficients (b) that describe the cuts and organs' growth of quails kept in different thermal environments. Three hundred meat quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments (climatized environment (CE) with 26°C of ambient temperature and environment without climatization (EWC, 32°C)) and six replicates of 25 birds. Allometric equations based on weekly fasting weight (WF) for the breast weight (BW), thigh (TW), drumstick (DW), wing (WW), heart (HW), liver (LW) gizzard (GW) and intestine (IW) were performed. To compare the "b" of the cuts and organs parallelism tests were carried out. There was no difference between the "b" in any cuts and organs of quails kept in CE or EWC environments. We observed that the BW and DW showed positive heterogonic growth (b>1), TW isogonic growth (b=1), and WW and organs negative heterogonic growth (b<1) in relation PJ. The "b" that describes the growth of cuts and organs of quails kept in CE or EWC environments are not affected. The breast and drumstick presented late growth, the wing and the organs early growth, and the thigh showed a proportional increase with the fasting weight.(AU)

Genetic variability of populations of the white-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris Lund 1840 (Didelphimorphia; Didelphidae) in Brazil

Abstract Didelphis albiventris are found throughout Northeast and Central Brazil to central-southern Uruguay and it was subject of few studies in a population level. Given this, the present study investigated the genetic variability of the species using the mitochondrial molecular marker cytochrome oxidase c subunit I. We analyzed samples from the different biomes within three Brazilian regions: Northeast (Caatinga , Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest), Southeast (Cerrado , Atlantic Forest, Cerrado/Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado/Caatinga ecotones) and South (Pampa and Atlantic Forest). Software BAPs retrieved five distinct demes: dm 1, dm 2, and dm 5 that occurs in South, Northeast and Southeast regions respectively and the dm 3 and dm 4 are wide distributed in Northeast and Southeast. Population analysis performed with AMOVA, haplotype network and Mantel test estimated the veracity of the demes. The FST shows structuring for the five demes, with dm 1 (South region) isolated from the others, however the other analysis showed the Northeast/Southeast demes (dm 2-5) united, diagnosing gene flow between them, mainly at the transitional zones, in areas as far away as areas with similar latitude interval (Southeast vs South) that was not detected gene flow. In the haplotype network, the mutational steps was conclusive in split dm1 from dm 2-5 with 15 mutational steps and the Mantel test was moderated, which is explained by genetic similarity despite the great geographic distances (Northeast/Southeast). Thus, our analysis recognized two different lineages (South and Northeast/Southeast) and indicate that the biomes were not decisive in their isolation. The sharing of demes at the transitional zones and in areas with high latitudinal intervals reflects a recent ancestral polymorphism for D. albiventris. The plasticity in the occupation of the space by this species contributes in its wide dispersion capability, that is, geographical distribution. Our results revealed important implications for the management of D. albiventris in these transitional zones areas where demes were shared.

Resumo Didelphis albiventris é encontrada em todo o Nordeste e região central do Brasil até o centro-sul do Uruguai e foi alvo de poucos estudos em nível populacional. Dessa forma, o presente estudo, investiga a variabilidade genética da espécie usando o marcador molecular citocromo c oxidase subunidade I. Analisou-se amostras de diferentes biomas de três regiões brasileiras: Nordeste (Caatinga, Cerrado e Floresta Atlântica), Sudeste (Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, ecótonos Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica e Cerrado/Caatinga) e Sul (Pampa e Floresta Atlântica). O software BAPs recuperou cinco demes distintos: dm 1, dm 2 e dm 5, que ocorrem nas regiões Sul, Nordeste e Sudeste, respectivamente, e os dm 3 e dm 4, que são amplamente distribuído no Nordeste e Sudeste. Análises populacionais realizadas com AMOVA, rede de haplótipo e teste de Mantel estimaram a veracidade das demes. O FST mostrou estruturação para as cinco demes, com dm 1 (região Sul) isolada das demais, entretanto as outras análises mostraram as demes Nordeste/Sudeste (dm 2-5) unidos, diagnosticando fluxo gênico entre elas, principalmente em zonas de transição, em áreas tão distante quanto áreas com similar intervalo de latitude (Sudeste e Sul), onde não foram detectado fluxo gênico. Na rede de haplótipo, os passos mutacionais foram conclusivos em separar dm 1 do dm 2-5 com 15 passos mutacionais, e o teste de Mantel foi moderado, o que é explicado pela similaridade genética apesar da grande distância geográfica (Nordeste/Sudeste). Assim, duas linhagens diferentes (Sul e Sudeste/Nordeste) foram encontradas, indicando que os biomas não foram decisivos em seus isolamentos. Os compartilhamentos das demes, em zonas de transição e em áreas com elevados intervalos de latitude, refletem um polimorfismo ancestral recente para D. albiventris. A plasticidade na ocupação do espaço por esta espécie contribui em sua ampla capacidade de dispersão, ou seja, distribuição geográfica. Nossos resultados revelam importantes implicações para o manejo de D. albiventris nessas áreas de zonas de transição, onde as demes são compartilhadas.

Similar hypotensive responses to resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction.

Low intensity resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) has gained attention in the literature due to the beneficial effects on functional and morphological variables, similar to those observed during traditional RE without BFR, while the effects of BFR on post-exercise hypotension remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the blood pressure (BP) response of trained normotensive individuals to RE with and without BFR. In this cross-over randomized trial, eight male subjects (23.8 ± 4 years, 74 ± 3 kg, 174 ± 4 cm) completed two exercise protocols: traditional RE (3 x 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum [1-RM]) and low intensity RE (3 x 15 repetitions at 20% 1-RM) with BFR. Blood pressure measurements were performed after 15 min of seated rest (0), immediately after and 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min after the experimental sessions. Similar hypotensive effects for systolic BP (SBP) were observed for both protocols (P < 0.05) after exercise, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05) and no statistically significant difference for diastolic BP (P > 0.05). These results suggest that in normotensive trained individuals, both traditional RE and RE with BFR induce hypotension for SBP, which is important to prevent cardiovascular disturbances.

Phylogeny of Marmosops and the occurrence of Marmosops pinheiroi (Pine, 1981) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in the Cerrado savanna of Maranhão, Brazil.

The present study reviews the phylogeny of the genus Marmosops and expands the geographic range of Marmosops pinheiroi to the Brazilian State of Maranhão. Five specimens of M. pinheiroi were collected from the Inhamum Municipal Environmental Protection Area in Caxias, Maranhão. Total DNA was extracted and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced in an ABI PRISM 3500. Additional sequences of Marmosops were obtained from GenBank for specimens from southeastern and northeast Brazil and the northern Amazon Forest. The results of the analysis indicated that M. incanus and M. paulensis form a well-supported clade, and that M. pinheiroi, M. pakaraimae, and M. parvidens are sister groups, with 71% support. The M. pinheiroi specimens from different regions grouped with high bootstrap values (99 and 100%). Interspecific genetic divergence varied from 8.3 to 21.5%, while intraspecific divergence ranged from 0.2 to 6.3% in M. pinheiroi, 0.3 to 2.9% in M. parvidens, and 0.4 to 6.9% in M. incanus. Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus, the results of the present study offer important insights into the taxonomic status of M. pinheiroi, as well as extend its known distribution 670 km south and east to the Brazilian State of Maranhão.

Recovery and screening for antibiotic susceptibility of potential bacterial pathogens from the oral cavity of shark species involved in attacks on humans in Recife, Brazil.

The number of incidents involving sharks and humans at beaches in Recife, on the north-eastern Brazilian coast, is among the highest worldwide. In addition, wound infections in survivors are common; but the nature and risk of the aetiological agents is unknown. In the present study, 81 potential bacterial pathogens were identified in the oral cavity of sharks involved in attacks in Recife, and were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using the standardized disc-diffusion method. The majority were enterobacteria such as Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp., Providencia alcalifaciens, Escherichia coli, Moellerella wisconcensis and Leclercia adecarboxylata. Other Gram-negative bacteria included Vibrio spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. In addition, coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. were identified, besides Streptococcus spp. from the viridans group. Resistance was especially found in the Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter freundii, and ranged from 4 to 6 antibiotics out of the 13 tested. Gentamicin and vancomycin were the most effective against Gram-positive cocci strains, whereas levofloxacin was fully inhibitory against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These data are discussed in light of a retrospective evaluation of the medical records of three shark victims treated at Restauração Hospital in Recife.

Exigências de lisina digestível para aves de corte da linhagem ISA Label criadas em semiconfinamento / Digestible lysine requirements for ISA Label broilers reared in free-range system

Foram realizados três experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para aves da linhagem ISA Label, de ambos os sexos, criadas em semiconfinamento durante as fases: inicial (1 a 28 dias), de crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias). Em cada experimento, foram utilizadas 480 aves, alojadas em 24 piquetes, cada um contendo abrigo coberto de 3,13m² e área de pastejo de 72,87m². O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de lisina e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090 e 1,210 por cento na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990 e 1,110 por cento na fase de crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880 e 1,000 por cento na fase final. Foram mensuradas as variáveis de desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. Com base nos resultados de desempenho, recomendam-se 1, 041; 1,006 e 0,760 por cento de lisina digestível em rações para aves ISA Label nas fases inicial, de crescimento e final, respectivamente.

Three assays were carried out to determine digestible lysine requirement for ISA Label, both genders, in free-range system on starter (1 to 28 days), growing (28 to 56 days) e finishing phases (56 to 84 days). A total of 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13m²) and pasture (72.87m²). The experimental design was a completely randomized in factorial arrangement (four levels of lysine and two genders) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.85, 0.97, 1.09, and 1.21 percent for starter; 0.75, 0.87, 0.99, and 1.11 percent for growing; and 0.64, 0.76, 0.88, and 1.00 percent for finishing phases. The analyzed parameters were performance, carcass yield, protein and fat deposition, weight, and protein in the feathers. Based on bird performance the estimated digestible lysine level, was 1.041, 1.006, and 0.760 percent for the starter, growing and finishing phases, respectively.

Noninvasive assessment of endothelial function and ST segment changes during exercise testing in coronary artery disease

Endothelial function (EF) plays an important role in the onset and clinical course of atherosclerosis, although its relationship with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been well defined. We evaluated EF and the ST segment response to an exercise test in patients with a broad spectrum of CAD defined by coronary angiography. Sixty-two patients submitted to diagnostic catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain or ischemia in a provocative test were divided into three groups according to the presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions (AL): group 1: normal coronaries (N = 19); group 2: CAD with AL <70 percent (N = 17); group 3: CAD with AL ¡Ý70 percent (N = 26). EF was evaluated by the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation ( percentFMD) in the brachial artery during reactive hyperemia induced by occlusion of the forearm with a pneumatic cuff for 5 min. Fifty-four patients were subjected to an exercise test. Gender and age were not significantly correlated with percentFMD. EF was markedly reduced in both groups with CAD (76.5 and 73.1 percent vs 31.6 percent in group 1) and a higher frequency of ischemic alterations in the ST segment (70.8 percent) was observed in the group with obstructive CAD with AL ¡Ý70 percent during the exercise test. Endothelial dysfunction was observed in patients with CAD, irrespective of the severity of injury. A significantly higher frequency of ischemic alterations in the ST segment was observed in the group with obstructive CAD. EF and exercise ECG differed among the three groups and may provide complementary information for the assessment of CAD.

Noninvasive assessment of endothelial function and ST segment changes during exercise testing in coronary artery disease.

Endothelial function (EF) plays an important role in the onset and clinical course of atherosclerosis, although its relationship with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been well defined. We evaluated EF and the ST segment response to an exercise test in patients with a broad spectrum of CAD defined by coronary angiography. Sixty-two patients submitted to diagnostic catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain or ischemia in a provocative test were divided into three groups according to the presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions (AL): group 1: normal coronaries (N = 19); group 2: CAD with AL <70% (N = 17); group 3: CAD with AL > or = 70% (N = 26). EF was evaluated by the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD) in the brachial artery during reactive hyperemia induced by occlusion of the forearm with a pneumatic cuff for 5 min. Fifty-four patients were subjected to an exercise test. Gender and age were not significantly correlated with %FMD. EF was markedly reduced in both groups with CAD (76.5 and 73.1% vs 31.6% in group 1) and a higher frequency of ischemic alterations in the ST segment (70.8%) was observed in the group with obstructive CAD with AL > or = 70% during the exercise test. Endothelial dysfunction was observed in patients with CAD, irrespective of the severity of injury. A significantly higher frequency of ischemic alterations in the ST segment was observed in the group with obstructive CAD. EF and exercise ECG differed among the three groups and may provide complementary information for the assessment of CAD.

Differential effects of neuromuscular blockers on twitches and tetani in the isolated rat muscle: a multiple comparison study using simultaneous confidence intervals.

In the present work a comparative quantitative evaluation of the differential effects of neuromuscular blockers on twitches and tetani was performed, encompassing: atracurium, cisatracurium, mivacurium, pancuronium, rocuronium and vecuronium. The sciatic nerve-extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat was used, in vitro. Twitches were evoked at 0.1 Hz and tetani at 50 Hz. The differential effects of the studied compounds on twitches and tetani were statistically compared using simultaneous confidence intervals for the ratios between mean IC(50) for the block of twitches and mean IC(50) for the block of tetani. The results of ratios of mean IC(50) together with their corresponding 95% simultaneous confidence intervals were: vecuronium: 2.5 (1.8-3.5); mivacurium: 3.8 (3.0-4.9); pancuronium: 3.9 (2.0-7.6); rocuronium: 6.1 (3.8-9.9); atracurium: 9.0 (6.4-12.6); cisatracurium: 13.1 (6.0-28.4). Using the criteria that neuromuscular blockers displaying disjunct confidence intervals for the ratios of mean IC(50) differ statistically with regard to differential effects on twitches and tetani, significant differences in ratios of IC(50) were detected in the following cases: vecuronium vs. rocuronium, vs. atracurium and vs. cisatracurium and mivacurium vs: cisatracurium and vs. atracurium. The results show that the magnitude of the differential effects of neuromuscular blockers on twitches and tetani, as evaluated in the present work in the form of ratios of mean IC(50), does not depend on the chemical structure (comparing steroidal and isoquinolinic compounds), but seems to depend on differential pre- and post-synaptic effects of the compounds. It is also suggested that the greater the ability of a compound to block twitches and tetani in a differential manner, the safer is the compound from the clinical anesthesiology viewpoint.

Antagonism produced by hypertonic nutrient solutions on the depressive effect of carbofuran on isolated guinea pig atria.

The action of hyperosmotic nutrient solutions on the depressive effects of carbofuran was studied on spontaneously contracting guinea pig atria. The force and frequency of contraction were recorded using an isotonic lever. Carbofuran 33.0 micrograms ml-1 produced a gradual depressive effect. The time for stabilization of the depressive effect was 6.0 +/- 2.3 min. After the depressive effect of carbofuran was established, NaCl, mannitol, or urea were introduced into the organ bath to increase the osmolarity of the nutrient solution to about 100 mosmol kg-1 of water. This resulted in a reversal of the contraction force and frequency to the initial levels. The addition of the osmotic agents at the same concentrations before the addition of 33.0 micrograms ml-1 carbofuran avoided its depressive effect on guinea pig atria.