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1.
Iran J Vet Res ; 23(1): 12-17, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35782355

RESUMO

Background: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a disease with high economic relevance. Aims: This study aimed to determine a fast alert surveillance system for bTB before the outbreak in the epidemic region of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model for monthly bTB detections (reactors). These reactor cases result from the positive Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test on cattle farms for the period between April 2007 and March 2019 in Razavi Khorasan province. Autocorrelation functions (ACF) and partial autocorrelation functions (PACF) plots were used to determine model parameters. The Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) were employed to select the best-fitted model. The root mean square error (RMSE) was applied for the evaluation of the models. Then, the best-fitted model was hired to predict the cases for 12 oncoming months. The data were analysed by STATA (ver. 14) software with a significant level at P≤0.05. Results: ARIMA (3, 0, 3) 12 was introduced as a recommended fitted model according to white noise residual test (Q=22.87 and P=0.98), lower AIC (541.85), and more precise model RMSE (1.50). However, the forecast values were more than the observed values. Conclusion: The application and interpretation of ARIMA models are straightforward, and may be used as immediate tools for monitoring systems. However, we proposed an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Input (ARIMAX) model with some measurable exotic factors such as economic fluctuations, climate changes, and pulmonary tuberculosis to introduce a more precise and accurate model for the fast alert surveillance system.

2.
New Microbes New Infect ; 45: 100958, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35242336

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Systematic evaluation of household contacts of persons with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in low- and middle-income countries is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study recruited adult household contacts of diagnosed TB patients in two high burden provinces of Iran to estimate the prevalence and incidence of active disease and latent TB infection (LTBI) among individuals exposed to TB cases. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study among adults in household contact with a pulmonary TB index case. All subjects were assessed for active disease through evaluation of symptoms. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) were used to define LTBI. These tests were performed at the time of the index TB case diagnosis and repeated if the previous result was negative, at three-, 12-, and 18-months post recruitment. In addition, interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) concentrations were measured in QFT-Plus supernatants for all participants three months after diagnosing the index case. RESULTS: A total of 451 individuals who had close contact with 95 active TB patients were enrolled in this study. Five (1.1%) contacts were diagnosed with active TB and 285 (63.2%) were identified with LTBI during our study. The incidence rate of LTBI among adult household contacts of TB index cases was 0.44 per person per year. CONCLUSION: The overall rate of LTBI was high. Systematic screening of all household contacts of pulmonary TB should be expanded in Iran to make the timely achievement of the global end TB strategy feasible.

3.
Neuroscience ; 312: 1-9, 2016 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26556066

RESUMO

In this study, we examined the effect of bilateral intra-basolateral amygdala (intra-BLA) microinjections of dopamine receptor agents on amnesia induced by a ß-carboline alkaloid, harmaline in mice. We used a step-down method to assess memory and then, hole-board method to assess exploratory behaviors. The results showed that pre-training intra-BLA injections of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist and agonist (SCH23390 (0.5µg/mouse) and SKF38393 (0.5µg/mouse), respectively) impaired memory acquisition. In contrast, pre-training intra-BLA injections of dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and agonist (sulpiride and quinpirole, respectively) have no significant effect on memory acquisition. Pre-training intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of harmaline (1mg/kg) decreased memory acquisition. However, co-administration of SCH 23390 (0.01µg/mouse) with different doses of harmaline did not alter amnesia. Conversely, pre-training intra-BLA injection of SKF38393 (0.1µg/mouse), sulpiride (0.25µg/mouse) or quinpirole (0.1µg/mouse) reversed harmaline (1mg/kg, i.p.)-induced amnesia. Furthermore, all above doses of drugs had no effect on locomotor activity. In conclusion, the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors of the BLA may be involved in the impairment of memory acquisition induced by harmaline.


Assuntos
Amnésia/induzido quimicamente , Complexo Nuclear Basolateral da Amígdala/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Harmalina/farmacologia , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/farmacologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Agonistas de Dopamina/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Dopamina/administração & dosagem , Harmalina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/administração & dosagem
4.
Neuroscience ; 317: 173-83, 2016 Mar 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26701293

RESUMO

The serotonergic system has often been defined as a neuromodulator system, and is specifically involved in learning and memory via its various receptors. Serotonin is involved in many of the same processes affected by cannabinoids. The present study investigated the influence of bilateral post-training intra-prelimbic (PL) administrations of serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 (5-HT3) receptor agents on arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) (cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist)-induced amnesia, using the step-through inhibitory avoidance (IA) task to assess memory in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results indicated that sole intra-PL microinjection of ACPA (0.1 and 0.5 µg/rat) and 5-HT3 serotonin receptor agonist (m-Chlorophenylbiguanide hydrochloride, m-CPBG; 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat) impaired, whereas Y-25130 (a selective 5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist; 0.001 and 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat) did not alter IA memory consolidation, by itself. Moreover, intra-PL administration of subthreshold dose of m-CPBG (0.0005 µg/rat) potentiated, while Y-25130 (0. 1 µg/rat) restored ACPA-induced memory consolidation deficit. The isobologram analysis showed that there is a synergistic effect between ACPA and m-CPBG on memory consolidation deficit. These findings suggest that 5-HT3 receptor mechanism(s), at least partly, play(s) a role in modulating the effect of ACPA on memory consolidation in the PL area.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos Araquidônicos/toxicidade , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Biguanidas/toxicidade , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/toxicidade , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxazinas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tempo de Reação/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas da Serotonina/toxicidade , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/toxicidade
5.
Neuroscience ; 305: 157-68, 2015 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26254239

RESUMO

Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are among the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Ketamine and other noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are known to induce deficits in learning and the performance of cognitive tasks. The present study was designed to assess the effects of dorsal hippocampal (CA1) GABAb receptors on ketamine-induced spatial and non-spatial memory deficits with regard to the role of Ca(2+) as a defining factor. Spatial and non-spatial novelty detection of male NMRI mice were investigated in a circular open-field apparatus. According to our results, the intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at its higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) impaired both spatial and non-spatial novelty detection. Moreover, the intra-CA1 injection of baclofen (a GABAb receptor agonist) at higher doses (0.02 and 0.2 µg/mouse) impaired the spatial but not non-spatial novelty detection. In addition, phaclofen (a GABAb receptor antagonist at 0.2 µg/mouse) impaired both spatial and non-spatial novelty detection. Baclofen restored and induced a modulatory effect on ketamine-induced responses in the spatial and non-spatial novelty detection task, respectively. On the contrary, phaclofen restored and induced a modulatory effect on ketamine-induced responses in the non-spatial and spatial novelty detection task, respectively. Finally, the subthreshold dose of SKF96365 (a Ca(2+) channel blocker) impaired only the spatial but not non-spatial restoration effects of baclofen or phaclofen following a higher dose of ketamine. Such findings suggest that the ketamine-induced impairment of memory consolidation may occur through GABAb receptors of the CA1 neurons. Moreover, baclofen and phaclofen were shown to possibly exert their effects on the ketamine-induced spatial novelty detection deficits through Ca(2+) channels.


Assuntos
Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/toxicidade , Ketamina/toxicidade , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Processamento Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Baclofeno/análogos & derivados , Baclofeno/farmacologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas GABAérgicos/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Camundongos , Detecção de Sinal Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos
6.
Neuroscience ; 285: 47-59, 2015 Jan 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25446354

RESUMO

In the present study, the effects of bilateral injections of dopaminergic drugs into the hippocampal CA1 regions (intra-CA1) on harmaline-induced amnesia were examined in male mice. A one-trial step-down passive avoidance task was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male mice. Pre-training intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of harmaline (1 mg/kg) induced impairment of memory retention. Moreover, intra-CA1 administration of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (0.02 µg/mouse), dopamine D1 receptor agonist, SKF38393 (0.5 µg/mouse), dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (1 µg/mouse) and dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole (0.25 and 0.5 µg/mouse) suppressed the learning of a single-trial passive avoidance task. Also, pre-training intra-CA1 injection of subthreshold doses of SCH23390 (0.001 µg/mouse) or sulpiride (0.25 µg/mouse) with the administration of harmaline (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed impairment of memory formation. However, pre-training intra-CA1 injection of SKF38393 (0.1 µg/mouse) or quinpirole (0.1 µg/mouse) increased pre-training harmaline (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced retrieval impairment. Moreover, SKF Ca blocker (SKF) (0.01 µg/mouse) decrease the amnesia induced by harmaline (1 mg/kg), while co-administration of SKF (0.01 µg/mouse)/sulpiride (0.25 µg/mouse) or SCH23390 (0.001 µg/mouse)/sulpiride (0.25 µg/mouse) potentiate amnesia caused by harmaline. These findings implicate the involvement of CA1 dopaminergic mechanism in harmaline-induced impairment of memory acquisition.


Assuntos
Amnésia/induzido quimicamente , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Harmalina/toxicidade , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/toxicidade , 2,3,4,5-Tetra-Hidro-7,8-Di-Hidroxi-1-Fenil-1H-3-Benzazepina/farmacologia , Amnésia/tratamento farmacológico , Amnésia/metabolismo , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/fisiologia , Benzazepinas/farmacologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Masculino , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/fisiologia , Camundongos , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Sulpirida/farmacologia
7.
Neuroscience ; 252: 460-7, 2013 Nov 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23933216

RESUMO

In the present study, we investigated the possible role of the dorsal hippocampal (CA1) dopamine D1 receptors on scopolamine-induced amnesia as well as scopolamine state-dependent memory in adult male Wistar rats. Animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24h after training for their step-through latency. Results indicated that pre-training or pre-test intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 µg/rat) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, showing an amnestic response. The pre-training scopolamine-induced amnesia (3 µg/rat) was reversed by the pre-test administration of scopolamine, indicating a state-dependent effect. Similarly, the pre-test administration of dopamine D1 receptor agonist, 1-phenyl-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SKF38393; 1, 2 and 4 µg/rat, intra-CA1), could significantly reverse the scopolamine-induced amnesia. Interestingly, administration of an ineffective dose of scopolamine (0.25 µg/rat, intra-CA1) before different doses of SKF38393, blocked the reversal effect of SKF38393 on the pre-training scopolamine-induced amnesia. Moreover, while the pre-test intra-CA1 injection of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH23390; 0.1 and 0.5 µg/rat, intra-CA1), resulted in apparent memory impairment, microinjection of the same doses of this agent inhibited the scopolamine-induced state-dependent memory. These results indicate that the CA1 dopamine D1 receptors may potentially play an important role in scopolamine-induced amnesia as well as the scopolamine state-dependent memory. Furthermore, our results propose that dopamine D1 receptor agonist, SKF38393 reverses the scopolamine-induced amnesia via acetylcholine release and possibly through the activation of muscarinic receptors.


Assuntos
Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Amnésia/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/administração & dosagem , Agonistas de Dopamina/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Dopamina/administração & dosagem , Injeções Intraventriculares , Aprendizagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Microinjeções , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Escopolamina/administração & dosagem
8.
Behav Pharmacol ; 16(2): 85-92, 2005 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15767843

RESUMO

The aim of the present experiments was to investigate whether repeated intra-hippocampal CA1 (intra-CA1) administration of dopaminergic agents can affect morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Effects of repeated intra-CA1 injections of dopamine (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists on morphine-induced CPP in rats were investigated using an unbiased 3-day schedule of place conditioning. Animals receiving once-daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine (1-9 mg/kg) or saline (1.0 ml/kg, s.c.) showed a significant place preference in a dose-dependent manner: the maximum response was observed with 3 mg/kg morphine. Three days' intra-CA1 injections of apomorphine (0.25-1 microg/rat) followed by 5 days free of the drug, significantly decreased morphine CPP (1 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.). Moreover, pre-treatment with the highest dose of apomorphine (1 microg/rat) altered the effect of morphine to an aversive response. The morphine (1 and 3 mg/kg) CPP was also significantly decreased in animals that previously received three intra-CA1 injections of SKF 38393 (2-9 microg/rat), quinpirole (1-3 microg/rat) or sulpiride (1-3 microg/rat), and significantly increased in animals that had previously received three intra-CA1 injections of SCH 23390 (0.02 microg/rat). The 3-day pre-treatment with apomorphine, SKF 38393 or quinpirole reduced locomotor activity in the test session, while SCH 23390 and sulpiride did not have any influence on locomotor activity. It is concluded that repeated injections of DA receptor agents in the dorsal hippocampus, followed by 5 days free of the drugs, can affect morphine reward.


Assuntos
2,3,4,5-Tetra-Hidro-7,8-Di-Hidroxi-1-Fenil-1H-3-Benzazepina/farmacologia , Apomorfina/farmacologia , Condicionamento Clássico , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Morfina/farmacologia , Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Quimpirol/farmacologia , Animais , Apomorfina/administração & dosagem , Agonistas de Dopamina/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reforço Psicológico , Percepção Espacial
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