A contribuição da nomeação automatizada rápida para a velocidade e compreensão de leitura textual em crianças brasileiras do ensino fundamental / The contribution of rapid automatized naming with reading rate and text comprehension in Brazilian elementary school children

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi examinar a contribuição da nomeação automatizada rápida (NAR) para velocidade e compreensão de leitura. Analisou-se, também, se o desempenho da tarefa de nomeação automatizada rápida em ano inicial da escolaridade poderia ser preditora da habilidade ulterior em velocidade e compreensão de leitura textual. Métodos Foram analisados 40 protocolos das avaliações das habilidades do processamento fonológico, sendo elas: nomeação automatizada rápida, consciência fonológica e memória de trabalho fonológica, assim como avaliação da velocidade e compreensão de leitura, realizadas em 2008 e 2011, quando as crianças cursavam, respectivamente, o 2º e o 5º ano do ensino fundamental I. Resultados No 2º ano, a NAR de objetos foi capaz de prever o desempenho em velocidade de leitura. Já no 5º ano, a NAR de letras assumiu tal papel. No 2º ano, a NAR contribuiu de forma indireta, por meio da velocidade de leitura, para o desempenho das crianças em compreensão leitora. Já no 5º ano, dentre as habilidades do processamento fonológico, a memória de trabalho se destacou por se correlacionar significativamente com a compreensão da leitura. A velocidade de leitura do 2º ano previu o desempenho da velocidade de leitura no 5º ano. Conclusão Os achados deste estudo se mostram importantes para a prática clínica e educacional, reforçando que a NAR apresenta importante contribuição para a velocidade de leitura e esta, por sua vez, é importante para a compreensão de leitura.

ABSTRACT Purpose The main objective of the present study was to examine the contribution of rapid automatized naming (RAN) to reading rate and text comprehension. We also analyzed whether the performance on a rapid automatized naming task in the first year of schooling could be a predictor of the future skill in reading speed and text comprehension. Methods Forty protocols with phonological processing skills assessments were analyzed, namely: rapid automatized naming, phonological awareness and phonological working memory, as well as assessment of reading rate and comprehension, carried out in 2008 and 2011, when children were respectively, in the 2nd and 5th grades of Elementary School I. Results For children in 2nd grade, the RAN of objects was able to predict their performance in reading speed, whereas for children in 5th grade, the performance of RAN of letters plays such a role. In the 2nd grade, RAN contributes indirectly, through reading speed, to the performance of children in reading comprehension. In the 5th grade, among the phonological processing skills, working memory stands out for correlating significantly with reading comprehension. The reading speed of the 2nd grade was able to predict the performance of the reading speed in the 5th. grade. Conclusion Such findings are important for clinical and educational practice, reinforcing that RAN is an important skill which contributes to reading rate which in turn, is important for reading comprehension

The impact of alphabetic literacy on the perception of speech sounds.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of literacy on phoneme perception. It built on previous research by using more controlled stimuli than in former studies and by independently examining the impacts of literacy and age on phoneme perception. Participants were adult and children beginning readers, and skilled adult readers. They were presented with identification and discrimination tasks, using a voicing continuum. In addition to examining their categorical perception of speech sounds and the precision of phonemic categories, participants' literacy level was carefully evaluated. The results confirmed that neither age nor literacy modulated categorical perception. However, level of literacy did have a significant impact on the precision of phonemic categories, which was independent from the influence of age.

Adults with dyslexia: how can they achieve academic success despite impairments in basic reading and writing abilities? The role of text structure sensitivity as a compensatory skill.

The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether a sample of highly educated individuals with dyslexia living under optimal personal, educational, cultural, and socioeconomic conditions continues to display core deficits in reading and writing skills during adulthood (extending prior results in Dutch, English, Hebrew, and Spanish to the Portuguese writing system); (2) whether these individuals can compensate for the effects of persistent core deficits when reading complex academic texts; (3) which cognitive resources, such as reading strategies, are used as compensatory mechanisms; and (4) whether quality of life is affected in these individuals. These questions were examined in a sample of 28 adults with dyslexia (DG) and 28 control participants (CG) paired by sex, age, education, and occupation, with a mean of 15 years of formal education. Participants completed measures of phonological awareness; decoding of syllables, words, and pseudowords; writing; reading comprehension (inferential and literal questions, recall, and sensitivity to the rhetorical structure of the target text); and quality of life. Results showed that (1) core deficits associated with dyslexia persisted into adulthood: participants with dyslexia performed worse than control subjects at all levels of phonological awareness, reading (except word reading accuracy), and spelling; (2) the groups did not differ on any measures of reading comprehension, suggesting a compensation of core deficits; (3) three compensatory mechanisms were identified: slower reading, use of text structure, and verbal ability; (4) participants with dyslexia required more family support and professional help throughout their educational careers, and had more depressive symptoms than control subjects.

Profile of reading difficulties in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review / Caracterização das alterações de leitura em crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Purpose: to characterize the reading alterations in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: PubMed and SciELO platforms from 2006 to 2016 with the keywords "reading" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", with their equivalents in Portuguese, were searched. Results: seven hundred ninety articles were found in the two databases, of which 119 were relevant. After a full reading, twenty five articles were selected for the analysis, according to relevance and other exclusion/inclusion criteria. In 21 of the studies, individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presented worse performance in reading, as compared with their peers. Of these, 14 studies identified a delay in some skills that are important for reading: processing speed, reading accuracy, phonological awareness, comprehension and/or orthographic processing. Conclusion: these results corroborate other studies that have verified the presence of a deficit in academic performance, especially in reading skills, in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, that may persist in their adulthood.

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar as alterações de leitura presentes em indivíduos com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade. Métodos: foram realizadas buscas de publicações nas plataformas PubMed e SciELO de 2006 a 2016 com as palavras-chaves "leitura" e "transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade", com seus equivalentes em inglês. Resultados: foi encontrado 790 artigos nas duas bases de dados, nas quais 119 eram mais relevantes. Vinte e cinco artigos foram selecionados para a análise, de acordo com a relevância e outros critérios de exclusão/inclusão. Em 21 publicações os indivíduos com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade apresentaram pior desempenho em leitura, comparando com seus pares. Desses, 14 estudos identificaram atraso em algumas habilidades relevantes para a leitura: velocidade de processamento, precisão de leitura, consciência fonológica, compreensão e/ou processamento ortográfico. Conclusão: estes resultados corroboram outros estudos que verificaram a presença de déficits nas habilidades de leitura em indivíduos com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade que podem permanecer até a fase adulta.

Neuropsicologia como especialidade na Fonoaudiologia: Consenso de Fonoaudiólogos Brasileiros / Neuropsychology as a specialty in Speech Language and Hearing Sciences: Consensus of Brazilian Speech Language Pathologists and Audiologists / Neuropsicología como especialidad en Fonoaudiología: Consenso de Fonoaudiólogos Brasileños

Em janeiro de 2015, o Conselho Federal de Fonoaudiologia publicou a resolução que dispõe sobre as atribuições e competências relativas ao Fonoaudiólogo Especialista em Neuropsicologia. Dada a importância do reconhecimento dessa especialidade, faz-se necessário divulgar o histórico da atuação do fonoaudiólogo na área e refletir sobre seu papel na Neuropsicologia. Estima-se que o reconhecimento da atuação fonoaudiológica na área da Neuropsicologia produzirá maior investimento no desenvolvimento de práticas profissionais compatíveis com o alto desempenho em avaliação e intervenção neuropsicológicas para a saúde da comunicação em nosso país.

In January, 2015, the Federal Council of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences in Brazil published a resolution which describes the competences and roles of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists with Specialty in Neuropsychology. This article aims to present the history of professional's participation in the area and to reflect on the importance of this specialty. It is estimated that the recognition of speech pathologists in the field of neuropsychology will produce greater investment in the development of professional practices compatible with the high performance of neuropsychological assessment and intervention of cognitive communicative disorders in our country.

En enero de 2015 el Consejo Federal de Fonoaudiología en Brasil publicó la resolución que prevé las competencias y misiones del Fonoaudiólogo Especialista en Neuropsicología. Dada la importancia del reconocimiento de esta especialidad, se hace necesario revelar el historial de la actuación del fonoaudiólogo en el área y reflexionar sobre sus roles en la Neuropsicología. Se estima que el reconocimiento de los fonoaudiólogos en el campo de la Neuropsicología producirá mayor investimento en el desarrollo de prácticas profesionales compatibles con la alta performance de la evaluación y intervención neuropsicológicas para la salud en comunicación en nuestro país.

Profile of language and cognitive functions in children with dyslexia in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the language and cognitive profile of children with dyslexia, contributing to the diagnosis of this condition in readers of a regular orthography, such as Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: In this study, 47 children with dyslexia (GD) and two controlled groups, one composed of 41 age controls (GCI) and the other with 31 reading controls (GCL), participated. All children were submitted to a battery involving the above-mentioned abilities. RESULTS: GD demonstrated predominant deficits in phonological processing, which were not compatible with a delay in the development of such abilities, indicating an atypical development. The GD also obtained lower scores in both basic and more complex reading and writing skills (i.e., letters, words, pseudowords, and texts, respectively), as well as in other domains, such as language (syntactic processing and oral sentence comprehension), which may be a result of a deficit in phonological skills, that interfered with higher complexity linguistic skills. CONCLUSION: Phonological abilities demonstrated to be the main difficulty observed in children with dyslexia investigated in this study, corroborating previous studies in other languages. This demonstrates that, independently of the language regularity, phonological skills are fundamental to the diagnosis of developmental dyslexia.

Perfil de linguagem e funções cognitivas em crianças com dislexia falantes do Português Brasileiro / Profile of language and cognitive functions in children with dyslexia in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o perfil de linguagem e de habilidades cognitivas de crianças com dislexia, contribuindo para o diagnóstico desse quadro em leitores de uma ortografia regular, como o português brasileiro. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 47 crianças com dislexia (GD), 41 crianças pareadas por idade (GCI) e 31 crianças pareadas por nível de leitura (GCL), e foram submetidas a uma bateria envolvendo tarefas que avaliaram as habilidades citadas acima. Resultados: Verificamos predomínio de alterações das habilidades de processamento fonológico no GD, não compatíveis com um desenvolvimento atrasado, mas sim com um desenvolvimento atípico. Nas tarefas de leitura e escrita, o GD apresentou pior desempenho desde as unidades mais básicas até as mais complexas em relação à leitura e escrita (letras, palavras e pseudopalavras, textos, respectivamente). Por fim, observamos prejuízo de outras habilidades de linguagem (processamento sintático e compreensão oral de sentenças), o que pode ser resultado de alterações nas habilidades fonológicas que influenciam o desempenho de habilidades linguísticas de maior complexidade. Conclusão: O perfil de alteração de habilidades fonológicas foi a principal dificuldade encontrada nas crianças com dislexia nesse estudo, sendo esse resultado compatível com investigações realizadas em outras línguas. Isso sugere que, independente da regularidade da língua, a avaliação das habilidades fonológicas é fundamental para o diagnóstico da dislexia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the language and cognitive profile of children with dyslexia, contributing to the diagnosis of this condition in readers of a regular orthography, such as Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: In this study, 47 children with dyslexia (GD) and two controlled groups, one composed of 41 age controls (GCI) and the other with 31 reading controls (GCL), participated. All children were submitted to a battery involving the above-mentioned abilities. Results: GD demonstrated predominant deficits in phonological processing, which were not compatible with a delay in the development of such abilities, indicating an atypical development. The GD also obtained lower scores in both basic and more complex reading and writing skills (i.e., letters, words, pseudowords, and texts, respectively), as well as in other domains, such as language (syntactic processing and oral sentence comprehension), which may be a result of a deficit in phonological skills, that interfered with higher complexity linguistic skills. Conclusion: Phonological abilities demonstrated to be the main difficulty observed in children with dyslexia investigated in this study, corroborating previous studies in other languages. This demonstrates that, independently of the language regularity, phonological skills are fundamental to the diagnosis of developmental dyslexia.

Avaliação das habilidades preditoras do sucesso de leitura em crianças de 1º e 2º anos do ensino fundamental / Assessment of skills that predict reading success in 1st- and 2nd-grade children of elementary school

OBJETIVO: estudar o desempenho de escolares de 1º e 2º anos do Ensino Fundamental (EF), em tarefas que avaliam habilidades e competências consideradas preditoras do sucesso do aprendizado da leitura e escrita. MÉTODOS: 73 crianças, entre seis e oito anos de idade, estudantes do 1º e 2º anos do EF de escola da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo, foram avaliadas por meio da aplicação do Instrumento de Avaliação da Leitura Inicial, composto por 20 tarefas envolvendo as habilidades e competências de linguagem oral, conhecimento sobre escrita, processamento fonológico, compreensão e leitura e escrita. RESULTADO: foi possível constatar que alguns escolares, tanto de 1º como de 2º ano, obtiveram desempenho inferior à média de seus grupos nas habilidades consideradas preditoras para o sucesso da leitura. Esse desempenho foi identificado a partir da porcentagem total de acertos obtida no Instrumento e a consequente classificação dos escolares em intervalos de percentis. Os grupos escolares diferenciaram-se apenas nas tarefas relacionadas às habilidades do processamento fonológico e nas competências de leitura e escrita, com melhor desempenho para os escolares do 2º ano, nas seguintes provas: (a) leitura de palavras; (b) leitura de pseudopalavras; (c) ditado de palavras; (d) ditado de pseudopalavras; (e) produção de rimas; (f) compreensão de leitura. CONCLUSÃO: a escolarização influenciou o desempenho em habilidades de processamento fonológico e competências de leitura e escrita. Habilidades de processamento fonológico e de conhecimento de escrita mostraram-se correlacionadas ao desempenho em codificação e decodificação, envolvidas na escrita e leitura de itens isolados. .

PURPOSES: to study the performance of 1st- and 2nd-grade students of elementary school on tasks that assess abilities and skills considered as predictors of reading success. METHODS: we analyzed early reading skills in 73 children aged between six and eight years, from a public school in São Paulo. The instrument used for assessing the children's early reading skills comprised of 20 subtests involving the following skills: "Oral language"; "Phonological processing"; "Comprehension"; "Reading and writing"; and "Print awareness". Data were collected and analyzed by school year (1st and 2nd grades) in order to identify differences in development at the early stages of Reading acquisition. RESULTS: it was found that the performance of some 1st- and 2nd-graders was less than average when compared to the remainder of their group on the skills considered as predictors of literacy. This low performance was identified from the percentage of total correct responses in the assessment Instrument and the classification into percentiles. There were no differences between the two grades in terms of "Oral Language" and "Print awareness". What differentiated one group from the other was their outcome at "Reading and writing" and "Phonological processing" tasks, with 2nd-grade students performing better on the following tasks: (a) word reading; (b) pseudoword reading; (c) word spelling; (d) pseudoword spelling; (e) rhyme production; and (f) reading comprehension. CONCLUSION: schooling influenced the performance on phonological processing abilities, and on reading and writing skills. Phonological processing abilities and print awareness correlated with the decoding involved in the writing and reading of isolated items. .