Intervenciones en obesidad infantil. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Interventions in child obesity. A systematic review of the literatura / Intervenções em obesidade infantil. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen Antecedentes: se observa un aumento creciente en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil y se multiplican iniciativas para su prevención y control. Objetivo: caracterizar las intervenciones en obesidad infantil publicadas en literatura científica reciente. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de investigaciones empíricas cuantitativas sobre intervenciones en obesidad infantil, en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y Scielo entre los años 2013 y 2019. Se seleccionaron 30 artículos que describían 30 intervenciones distintas. Resultados: las intervenciones se centraron en promover una alimentación saludable y ejercicio físico, con énfasis en la reducción del peso corporal y medidas antropométricas como principales variables de resultado. La duración se concentró entre los 4 y 6 meses y se desarrollaron mayoritariamente en contextos escolares. Conclusiones: los estudios coinciden en la importancia de abordar la problemática a un nivel individual, grupal y comunitario, y cautelar la pertinencia de las intervenciones en función de la especificidad social y cultural del grupo objetivo. Persisten desafíos en relación con el diseño de intervenciones fundamentadas teóricamente, promover la adherencia a los programas y extender periodos de seguimiento para conocer su efectividad en el largo plazo.

Abstract Background: There is a growing increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child population and initiatives for their prevention and control are multiplying. Objective: To characterize the interventions in child obesity published in recent scientific literature. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of quantitative empirical research on interventions in child obesity was carried out in the Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo databases between the years 2013 and 2019. A total of 30 articles describing 30 different interventions were selected. Results: The interventions were mainly focused on promoting a healthy diet and physical exercise, with an emphasis on reducing body weight and anthropometric measures as the main outcome variables. The duration was concentrated between 4 and 6 months and they were developed mainly in school contexts. Conclusions: The studies agree on the importance of addressing the problem at an individual, group and community level and ensuring the relevance of the interventions based on the social and cultural specificity of the target group. Challenges persist in relation to the design of theoretically-based interventions, promoting adherence to programs, and extending follow-up periods to determine their long-term effectiveness.

Resumo Antecedentes: observa-se um aumento crescente na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população infantil e se multiplicam iniciativas para sua prevenção e controle. Objetivo: caracterizar as intervenções em obesidade infantil publicadas em literatura científica recente. Materiais e Métodos: realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de pesquisas empíricas quantitativas sobre intervenções em obesidade infantil, nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e Scielo entre os anos 2013 e 2019. Selecionaram-se 30 artigos que descreviam 30 intervenções distintas. Resultados: as intervenções se centraram em promover uma alimentação saudável e exercício físico, com ênfase na redução do peso corporal e medidas antropométricas como principais variáveis de resultado. A duração se concentrou entre os 4 e 6 meses e se desenvolveram maioritariamente em contextos escolares. Conclusões: os estudos coincidem na importância de abordar a problemática a um nível individual, grupal e comunitário, e cautelar a pertinência das intervenções em função da especificidade social e cultural do grupo objetivo. Persistem desafios em relação com o desenho de intervenções fundamentadas teoricamente, promover a aderência aos programas e estender períodos de seguimento para conhecer sua efetividade no longo prazo.

Validation of the Organizational Dehumanization Scale in Spanish-Speaking Contexts.

The objective of this study is to validate Caesens, Stinglhamber, and Demoulin's (2017) organizational dehumanization scale (ODS) in a Spanish-speaking sample. A sample of 422 employees (49.3% women and 50.7% men) from Chile answered an online questionnaire comprised of measures of organizational dehumanization and job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviors, and authentic leadership. To analyze the structure of the ODS, the sample was divided into two random subsamples and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out. In addition, reliability and criterion validity were tested. As a result, the scale was composed of one factor. One item was eliminated due to its factor loading. The internal consistency was good (α = 0.92; ω = 0.92). The correlations between ODS, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviors, and authentic leadership were statistically significant, from medium to high magnitude, indicating a reasonable degree of criterion validity. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the ODS shows adequate psychometric properties and can be useful for making progress on the understanding of organizational dehumanization and evaluating the organizational dehumanization in Spanish-speaking context.

Authentic Leadership and Its Relationship With Job Satisfaction: The Mediator Role of Organizational Dehumanization.

The objective of this research was to examine the mediating role that organizational dehumanization plays between authentic leadership and job satisfaction. The study was carried out with a sample of 422 participants, 50.7% were men and 49.3% women, with an average age of 38.96 years. The workers belong to different public and private organizations in Chile, and they responded to instruments of sociodemographic characterization, employment history and the scales of organizational dehumanization, authentic leadership, and job satisfaction. Data analysis included descriptive, correlational, and mediation analyses. The results allow us to maintain the hypothesis that organizational dehumanization plays a mediator role in the relationship between authentic leadership and job satisfaction. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Prácticas de alimentación infantil de cuidadores principales, conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional de preescolares en Chile / Child feeding practices of primary caregivers, eating behavior and nutritional status of preschoolers in Chile

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la relación entre estado nutricional, prácticas de alimentación del cuidador y conducta alimentaria en preescolares de una comuna del centro sur de Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 249 preescolares y sus cuidadores principales. Se encontró una relación positiva entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) del niño y preocupación por el peso del niño (r = .51, p < .01), así como entre IMC del niño y alimentación restrictiva del cuidador (r = .20, p < .01). Se encontraron relaciones débiles aunque significativas entre estado nutricional (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal) y conducta alimentaria en niños. Análisis de correlaciones canónicas indicaron que las variables agrupadas de prácticas de alimentación infantil se relacionaron positivamente con el estado nutricional del niño (ρ3 = .54, < .001). Adicionalmente, se encontró que la preocupación por el peso del niño mediaba parcialmente la relación entre restricción alimentaria e IMC (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.02; .13]) y entre restricción y porcentaje de grasa corporal (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.06; .50]). Las actitudes y prácticas de alimentación infantil de los cuidadores principales, particularmente la preocupación por el peso del niño y la restricción en la alimentación juegan un rol crítico en la mantención y manejo de la obesidad en preescolares. Se exploran las implicancias prácticas de estos hallazgos.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between child nutritional status, feeding practices of the primary caregiver and the child eating behavior of preschoolers in a community in south-central Chile. The sample comprised 249 preschool children from three public and semi-public schools and their primary caregivers. A positive relationship was found between body mass index (BMI) and weight concern (r = .51, p < .01) and restrictive feeding practice (r = .20, p < .01). Significant but weak relationship existed between BMI, body fat percentage and child eating behavior. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that child feeding practices as a group were related to nutritional status of children. Additionally, weight concerns partially mediate the relationship between restrictive feeding and BMI (CI 95% indirect effect "ab" [.02; .13]) and body fat percentage (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.06; .50]). Child feeding practices of the primary caregivers, particularly weight concern and restrictive feeding play an important role in the management of the preschool children obesity.

Revisión de estrategias para promover el envejecimiento activo en Iberoamérica / Review of strategies to promote active aging in Ibero-America

RESUMEN En Iberoamérica se reconocen variadas experiencias que favorecen un envejecimiento activo, y que pueden ser replicadas en diversas comunidades, como estrategias orientadas a una mejor calidad de vida. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo identificar intervenciones o recomendaciones orientadas al fomento de un envejecimiento activo en países de Iberoamérica. La búsqueda de evidencias se efectuó en publicaciones de artículos disponibles entre los años 2010 y 2019, utilizando las bases de datos Medline, Scopus, Scielo, Science-Direct, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, MEDES y Dialnet. Las recomendaciones y experiencias realizadas para este grupo etario incluyen actividades clásicas como la realización de actividad física o talleres de educación en salud, pero también acciones culturales, turísticas, intergeneracionales, de fortaleciendo cognitivo, actividades intersectoriales, historias de vida, lugar de residencia o el uso de tecnologías de información. Futuras experiencias de promoción destinadas a este grupo etario deben planificarse con una mirada integradora de actividades que favorezcan la vida sana a través de la creación, la cultura y la vida saludable.

ABSTRACT In Latin America, various experiences that promote active aging are recognized, and can be replicated in various communities, as strategies aimed at a better quality of life. The objective of this review is to identify interventions or recommendations aimed at promoting active aging in Ibero-American countries. The search for evidence was carried out in publications of articles available between 2010 and 2019, using the Medline, Scopus, Scielo, Science-Direct, Virtual Health Library, MEDES and Dialnet databases. Recommendations and experiences carried out for this age group include classic activities such as physical activity or health education workshops, but also cultural, tourist, intergenerational, cognitive strengthening actions, intersectoral activities, life stories, place of residence or use of information technologies. Future promotional experiences for this age group should be planned with an integrating perspective of activities that promote healthy living through creation, culture and healthy living.