Global distribution and definitive host range of Echinococcus species and genotypes: A systematic review.

Echinococcus species (spp.) are regarded as neglected cestodes causing several potential zoonoses of global public health. This systematic review critically appraises the worldwide distribution of Echinococcus spp. and genotypes (Echinococcus spp.: recognized species in the genus; genotypes: variants identified within E. granulosus sensu lato.) in definitive hosts. We analyzed 82 studies from major databases, comprising 24 individual host species, including canids, felids, and a hyenid species. Canids, particularly dogs, were the most studied group among the host species, with E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) being the most frequently reported. E. granulosus s.s. was distributed across five major continents, while other Echinococcus spp. and genotypes exhibited an uneven continental distribution. The highest overlap of species existed among Asia, Europe, and Africa. Among the reported host species, 4.2 % were endangered (e.g. Lycaon pictus), 12.5 % species were vulnerable (e.g. Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, and Acinonyx jubatus), and 4.2 % were near threatened (e.g. Speothos venaticus). Overall, our review highlights the significance of canids, particularly dogs, as the core focus of scientific investigations, with E. granulosus s.s. being the most widely distributed species across five major continents, emphasizing the urgent need for continued research and public health efforts.

Facile synthesis of anthranilic acid based dual functionalized novel hyper cross-linked polymer for promising CO2 capture and efficient Cr3+ adsorption.

A novel hyper cross-linked polymer of 2-Aminobenzoic acid (HCP-AA) is synthesized for the adsorption of Cr3+ and CO2. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of HCP-AA is 615 m2 g-1. HCP-AA of particle size 0.5 nm showed maximum adsorption of Cr3+ for lab prepared wastewater (93%) while it was 88% for real industrial wastewater. It is might be due to electrostatic interactions, cation-π interactions, lone pair interactions and cation exchange at pH 7; contact time of 8 min; adsorbent dose 0.8 g. The adsorption capacity was calculated 52.63 mg g-1 for chromium metal ions at optimum conditions. Freundlich isotherm studies R2 = 0.9273 value is the best fit and follows pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.979). The adsorption is found non-spontaneous and exothermic through thermodynamic calculations like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were 6.58 kJ mol-1, - 60.91 kJ mol-1 and - 45.79 kJ mol-1 K-1, respectively. The CO2 adsorption capacity of HCP-AA is 1.39 mmol/g with quantity of 31.1 cm3/g (6.1 wt%) at 273Kwhile at 298 K adsorption capacity is 1.12 mmol/g with quantity 25.2 cm3/g (5 wt%). Overall, study suggests that carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) groups may be actively enhancing the adsorption capacity of HCP-AA for Cr3+ and CO2.

Multiple Skip Incisions Versus Single Long Incision for Single-stage Basilic Transposition Arteriovenous Fistula: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Basilic vein transposition via single long incision is a renowned technique despite its known wound-related complications. Contrary to that, multiple skip incisions technique is thought to have relatively lower wound-related complications. But to the best of our knowledge, these 2 techniques have never been formally compared. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare both. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent basilic vein transposition arteriovenous fistula (AVF) from January 2011 till May 2016 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan were eligible for inclusion in the study. Study population was divided into 2 groups; one group comprising of patients who underwent fistula formation through single long incision and the other group had the procedure carried out via multiple skip incisions. Wound-related complications including wound infection and dehiscence, fistula maturation time, duration of surgery, and primary patency at a follow-up of 12 months were recorded. RESULTS: Both the groups were comparable regarding baseline variables. Incidence proportion of wound infection, hematoma, and dehiscence was higher in long incision group; however, it was statistically insignificant. Primary patency at 12 months in skip versus long incision group was 73.0% vs. 69.7% (P-value: 0.62). The mean maturation time for fistula was 42.8 ± 9.5 days and 44.3 ± 10.4 days in skip and long incision group, respectively (P-value:0.31). Duration of surgery was comparable in both. CONCLUSIONS: Although skip technique does not have significant benefit over long incision technique based on these results, but it is a valid alternative. Randomized control trial is required to better differentiate between these two.