GC-MS analysis and nutra-pharmaceutical potential of Mentha piperita essential oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and hydro-distillation.

This study reports the comparative evaluation of yield, physico-chemical composition and biological attributes (antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) and supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction (SCFE) methods. The yield (%) of EO obtained by HD (0.20 %) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of SCFE (0.13 %) while the variation in the physical parameters like solubility, color, density (at 25 °C) and refractive index (at 25 °C) was not significant between the tested oils. The data of chemical compositional analysis revealed that menthol was the key component in the EO obtained by HD (52.85 %) and SCFE (45.51 %), followed by menthone [HD (25.93 %) and SCFE (27.3 %)] and eucalyptol [HD (8.59 %); SCFE (8.92 %)]. The EO extracted with supercritical fluid (SCFE-EO) exhibited superior (p < 0.05) DPPH free radical inhibition potential (52 %) with an IC50 value of 15.65 µg/mL and reducing power compared to that of HD-EO. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by SCFE-EO against Pasturella multocida with an inhibition zone of 18.00 mm (MIC value of 86 µg/mL). The results of biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity revealed that the SCFE method was superior to recover high quality EO in comparison to the HD method. The peppermint EO obtained by SCFE, owing to potent bioactive components, can be a potential candidate to develop nutra-pharmaceuticals.

Kinetics and thermodynamics studies of nickel manganite nanoparticle as photocatalyst and fuel additive.

In this study, nickel manganite (NiMn2O4) nanoparticles were prepared using a hydrothermal method and examined its potential as a photocatalyst for the Acid Green 25 (AG-25) dye degradation. The nanoparticles were subjected to structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study examined the kinetics and thermodynamics of degradation processes that are catalyzed by photocatalysis. To ascertain their effect on dye degradation, several parameters, such as catalyst dose, H2O2 concentration, and temperature, were investigated. With a temperature of 315 K in a pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction, a 0.3 M H2O2 concentration, 0.05 mg/mL catalyst dose, and a promising removal efficiency of 96 % was achieved by the NiMn2O4 NPs in 40 min. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the spontaneous and entropy-driven nature of catalytic degradation, progressing favorably at elevated temperatures. Additionally, the NiMn2O4 NPs were applied as a fuel additive to analyze its influence on combustion and the physical characteristics of the modified fuel. The modified fuel demonstrated exceptional catalytic efficiency, emphasizing the potential of the NiMn2O4 NPs as an effective additive.

Fabrication of CMC/PVA/Dextrin-Based Polymeric Membrane for Controlled Release of Cefixime With Enhanced Antibacterial Activity.

This study focuses on the investigation of the significance of polymers in drug delivery approaches. The carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dextrin-based hydrogel membrane were prepared and employed for the sustained release of third-generation oral antibiotic (cefixime). Different proportions of CMC, PVA and dextrin were blended and hydrogel membranes were fabricated via solvent casting method. The prepared membrane was characterized by FTIR, SEM, UV-visible, TGA and swelling analysis. Cefixime drug was incorporated in the CMC/PVA/dextrin matrix and drug release was investigated. The sustained release of the tested drug (cefixime) was investigated and the drug was released in 120 min in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. The antibacterial activity of the prepared membrane was promising against Proteus vulgaris, salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis strains. The swelling capabilities, thermal stability and non-toxic nature of the prepared CMC/PVA/dextrin membrane could have potential applications for cefixime drug in delivery in a controlled way for the treatment of infectious diseases.

The interaction between formylphenoxyacetic acid derivatives (chalcone and flavones) and ionic surfactants: Insights into binding constants, solubilisation and physiochemical properties.

In this study, UV-vis spectroscopy was employed to investigate the interaction between formylphenoxyacetic acid (FPAA) and its derivatives (chalcone and flavones) with ionic surfactants (SDS, CTAB, and DTAB) in different physiological environments. Changes in the physiochemical properties of FPAA chalcone and flavones including binding constants, partitioning constants, and Gibbs free energy were observed which were influenced by the presence of ionic surfactants computed using mathematical models. The solubilization of the targeted compounds in the ionic surfactants was determined through the binding constant (Kb). The results of the present study indicated that electrostatic interactions played a significant role in the solubilization of the targeted compounds in SDS, CTAB, and DTAB. At pH 4.1, FPAA chalcone exhibited stronger binding affinity with SDS compared to CTAB and DTAB. However, at pH 7.4, chalcone showed stronger binding with DTAB compared to SDS, while negligible interaction with CTAB was observed at pH 7.4. The flavones demonstrated stronger binding with DTAB at pH 7.4 compared to SDS and CTAB and it exhibited strong bonding with CTAB at pH 4.1. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy for binding (ΔGb˚) and partitioning (ΔGp˚) constants displayed the spontaneity of the process. However, FPAA chalcone with SDS and FPAA flavones with DTAB furnished positive ΔGb˚, indicating a non-spontaneous process.

Efficient drug delivery potential and antimicrobial activity of biocompatible hydrogels of dextrin/Na-alginate/PVA.

Ceftriaxone sodium belongs to the third-generation cephalosporin group and is used intramuscular and intravenous route as a broad-spectrum antibiotic. This research aims to prepare biocompatible hydrogels for targeted delivery of ceftriaxone sodium by parental route. Different proportions of polymers (natural and synthetic) in the presence of cross-linker were synthesized by solvent casting method. Ceftriaxone sodium was loaded in hydrogels in different concentrations and its drug release behavior was evaluated along with swelling and biodegradation analysis. The characterization of hydrogel was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to analyze surface morphology and functional groups involved in the formation of dextrin/Na-alginate/PVA hydrogels loaded with the drug. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was confirmed by thermal stability and degradation pattern of loaded and unloaded hydrogels. The drug-loaded samples presented promising antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. multocida and their cytotoxic nature was also studied. Drug release analysis using simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and phosphate buffer saline(PBS) for the circulatory system shows the consistent release of the drug. The findings unveiled the development of a biocompatible and innovative hydrogel, which has potential advantages for biomedical application, particularly in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ceftriaxone sodium drug.

NiO/MnFe2O4 Nanocomposite Photoluminescence, Structural, Morphological, Magnetic, and Optical Properties: Photocatalytic Removal of Cresol Red under Visible Light Irradiation.

In this study, pure nickel oxide (NiO), manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4 or MFO), and binary nickel oxide/manganese ferrite (NiO/MFO1-4) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using the Sol-Gel method. A comprehensive investigation into their photoluminescence, structural, morphological, magnetic, optical, and photocatalytic properties was conducted. Raman analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the materials. The synthesized samples exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, as revealed by our analysis of their magnetic properties. A lower recombination rate was shown by the photoluminescence analysis, which is helpful for raising photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated for the degradation of Cresol Red (CR) dye. 91.6% of CR dye was degraded by NiO/MFO-4 nanocomposite, and the NC dosage as well as solution pH affected the photocatalytic performance significantly. In four sequential photocatalytic cycles, the magnetically separable NCs were stable and recyclable. The enhanced photocatalytic activity and magnetic separability revealed the potential application of NiO/MFO-4 as an efficient photocatalyst for the removal of dyes from industrial wastewater under solar light irradiation.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanocubes from Ceropegia omissa H. Huber extract for photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol An under visible light to mitigate water pollution.

Plastic pollution has become a major environmental problem because it does not break down and poses risks to ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanocubes using an extract from Ceropegia omissa H. Huber plant leaves. The primary goal is to investigate the viability of these nanocubes as visible-light photocatalysts for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The synthesized ZnO nanocubes have a highly crystalline structure and a bandgap of 3.1 eV, making them suitable for effective visible-light photocatalysis. FTIR analysis, which demonstrates that the pertinent functional groups are present, demonstrates the chemical bonding and reducing processes that take place in the plant extract. The XPS method also studies zinc metals, oxygen valencies, and binding energies. Under visible light irradiation, ZnO nanocubes degrade BPA by 86% in 30 min. This plant-extract-based green synthesis method provides a long-term replacement for traditional procedures, and visible light photocatalysis has advantages over ultraviolet light. The study's results show that ZnO nanocubes may be good for the environment and can work well as visible light photocatalysts to break down organic pollutants. This adds to what is known about using nanoparticles to clean up the environment. As a result, this study highlights the potential of using environmentally friendly ZnO nanocubes as a long-lasting and efficient method of reducing organic pollutant contamination in aquatic environments.

Cobalt Ferrite Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotube Fibers as an Efficient and Flexible Electrode for Overall Electrochemical Water Splitting Reactions.

One of the most practical and environmentally friendly ways to deal with the energy crises and global warming is to produce hydrogen as clean fuel by splitting water. The central obstacle for electrochemical water splitting is the use of expensive metal-based catalysts. For electrocatalytic hydrogen production, it is essential to fabricate an efficient catalyst for the counterpart oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is a four-electron-transfer sluggish process. Here in this study, we have successfully fabricated cobalt-based ferrite nanoparticles over the surface of carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) that was utilized as flexible anode materials for the OER and overall electrochemical water splitting reactions. Scanning electron microscopy images with elemental mapping showed the growth of nanoparticles over CNTF, while electrochemical characterization exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance. Linear sweep voltammetry revealed the reduced overpotential value (260 mV@η10mAcm-2) with a small Tafel slope of 149 mV dec-1. Boosted electrochemical double layer capacitance (0.87 mF cm-2) for the modified electrode also reflects the higher surface area as compared to pristine CNTF (Cdl = 0.022 mF cm-2). Charge transfer resistance for the surface-modified CNTF showed the lower diameter in the Nyquist plot and was consequently associated with the better Faradaic process at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Overall, the as-fabricated electrode could be a promising alternative for the efficient electrochemical water splitting reaction as compared to expensive metal-based electrocatalysts.

Fabrication, Properties, and Stability of Oregano Essential Oil and Sodium Alginate-Based Wound-Healing Hydrogels.

The wound dressings fabricated by polymers and oregano essential oil (OEO) can be very effective as a hydrogel. The current study has been focused on fabricating the hydrogel membranes of oregano oil encapsulated as an antibacterial agent into sodium alginate (SA) solution by solvent casting method and then evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and physicochemical performance of SA/OEO-based polymeric membranes. The polymeric interactions, surface morphology, water absorption capability, thermal stability, and encapsulation efficiency were investigated by FT-IR, SEM, swelling ratio, DSC, and encapsulation efficiency. The percentage encapsulation efficiency of essential oil was 40.5%. FTIR validated the presence of molecular interaction between individual components. SEM images showed a rough and porous appearance for hydrogel membranes. Moreover, DSC showed that the fabricated membranes were thermally stable. The inclusion of more content OEO decreased swelling ratios. The antioxidant test was carried out by DPPH assay and antibacterial test through disc diffusion method against microbes. The results revealed that membranes containing the highest content of OEO had more excellent antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, the polymeric membranes of sodium alginate loaded with oregano essential oil can be employed as an effective wound-healing candidate.

A novel formulation of triethyl orthoformate mediated durable, smart and antibacterial chitosan cross-linked cellulose fabrics.

Antibacterial, durable and smart cotton fabrics was developed using chitosan-based formulation. The cellulose was covalently cross-linked with chitosan using TEOF. The antibacterial activity of prepared smart fabrics and CS was studied against S. aureus and E. coli strains. The FTIR, SEM and XRD were employed to confirm the linkage of CS molecules with cellulose in cotton fabrics. The CS of 160 KDa extracted from shrimp shell showed the optimum antibacterial activity. The prominent asymmetric, symmetric alkyl CH peaks of CS were shifted to 2930 and 2845 (cm-1), respectively. Moreover, the shifted peaks at 1590 and 1400 (cm-1) indicate the CO stretching and NH2 bending bands of CS, respectively. This confirm the existence of new imine functional group that was generated after cross-linking of NH2 groups of CS. The SEM results showed more uniform morphology of TEOF cross-linked fabrics versus CS coated fabrics, which revealed a promising microbial growth inhibition activity. The TEOF as a cross-linker has been unveiled, showcasing the effectiveness of this innovative crosslinking approach. The fabric treated with cross-linked CS exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties that endured even after undergoing 30 washing cycles. These antibacterial textiles possess substantial commercial potential across a diverse range of industries.

Synthesis of Oval-Shaped Bi2Al4O9 Nanoparticles and Their Applications for the Degradation of Acid Green 25 and as Fuel Additives.

The present study was designed to synthesize an oval-shaped bimetallic bismuth aluminate (Bi2Al4O9) nanoparticles through a solvothermal approach. The resulting structure and morphology of synthesized materials were characterized through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The catalytic performance of Bi2Al4O9 was investigated using acid green 25 (AG-25) as the model dye. The effect of various parameters like catalyst dose, H2O2 concentration, and temperature on dye degradation was studied. The Bi2Al4O9 nanocomposite exhibited the maximum removal of 95% within 50 min at 0.3 M H2O2 concentration, 0.05 mg/mL catalyst dose, and 315 K temperature. The photocatalytic removal of AG-25 followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The thermodynamics study exposed that thermal catalytic degradation is a spontaneous, endothermic, as well as entropy-driven reaction that moves in the forward direction at the higher temperatures. The Bi2Al4O9 composite was further applied as fuel additives in order to study combustion and physical characteristics of the modified fuel. The efficacy of modified fuel was studied by investigating the fuel parameters at different Bi2Al4O9 dosages. Results revealed that synthesized NPs are excellent photocatalysts and could possibly be used for the removal of toxic pollutants.

Spectroscopic investigation of phase transformation of calcium oxalate dehydrates (renal calculi) using acidic Bryophyllum pinnatom powder.

Urolithiasis is one of most common renal disorders, characterized by the formation of kidney stones (renal calculi) through the crystallization process within the urinary system. The frequently observed renal calculi are calcium oxalate renal calculi and treatment is done by shock wave method or lithotripsy which is harmful for other cells of the internal system. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro diagnosis of calcium oxalate kidney stones in the aqueous solution of Bryophyllum pinnatum. The B. pinnatum powder was mixed in apple cider vinegar and lemon juice separately to make solution 1 and 2 respectively. Apple cider vinegar and lemon juice were used as solvents due to their acidic and body compatible nature. Two surgically removed stones was dipped in solution 1 and 2. After two weeks, kidney stone of weight 2.7 g is completely dissolved in solution 2 while a considerable weight reduction of other kidney stone has been observed in solution 1. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results show the presence of two strong absorption peaks at 610 and 912 (cm-1) in both solutions after dissolution of urinary stones are related to calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD). Raman spectra further confirm the dissolution of COD in solution having Raman shifts at 504 and 910 (cm-1). Cluster formation and aggregation of particles has been observed in scanning electron microscopy images. This in vitro study proves that a mixture of Bryophyllum pinnatum powder and lemon juice is a best remedy to remove kidney stones.

Improved nursing home end-stage renal disease patient participation in physical therapy with onsite, more frequent dialysis.

INTRODUCTION: For end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients residing in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), the logistics and physical exhaustion of life-saving hemodialysis therapy often conflict with rehabilitation goals. Integration of dialysis care with rehabilitation programs in a scalable and cost-efficient manner has been a significant challenge. SNF-resident ESRD patients receiving onsite, more frequent hemodialysis (MFD) have reported rapid post-dialysis recovery. We examined whether such patients have improved Physical Therapy (PT) participation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective electronic medical records review of SNF-resident PT participation rates within a multistate provider of SNF rehabilitation care from January 1, 2022 to June 1, 2022. We compared three groups: ESRD patients receiving onsite MFD (Onsite-MFD), ESRD patients receiving offsite, conventional 3×/week dialysis (Offsite-Conventional-HD), and the general non-ESRD SNF rehabilitation population (Non-ESRD). We evaluated physical therapy participation rates based on a predefined metric of missed or shortened (<15 min) therapy days. Baseline demographics and functional status were assessed. FINDINGS: Ninety-two Onsite-MFD had 2084 PT sessions scheduled, 12,916 Non-ESRD had 225,496 PT sessions scheduled, and 562 Offsite-Conventional-HD had 9082 PT sessions scheduled. In mixed model logistic regression, Onsite-MFD achieved higher PT participation rates than Offsite-Conventional-HD (odds ratio: 1.8, CI: 1.1-3.0; p < 0.03), and Onsite-MFD achieved equivalent PT participation rates to Non-ESRD (odds ratio: 1.2, CI: 0.3-1.9; p < 0.46). Baseline mean ± SD Charlson Comorbidity score was significantly higher in Onsite-MFD (4.9 ± 2.0) and Offsite-Conventional-HD (4.9 ± 1.8) versus Non-ESRD (2.6 ± 2.0; p < 0.001). Baseline mean self-care and mobility scores were significantly lower in Onsite-MFD versus Non-ESRD or Offsite-Conventional-HD. DISCUSSION: SNF-resident ESRD patients receiving MFD colocated with rehabilitation had higher PT participation rates than those conventionally dialyzed offsite and equivalent PT participation rates to the non-ESRD SNF-rehabilitation general population, despite being sicker, less independent, and less mobile. We report a scalable program integrating dialysis and rehabilitation care as a potential solution for ESRD patients recovering from acute hospitalization.

Optical, Photocatalytic, Electrochemical, Magnetic, Dielectric, and Ferroelectric Properties of Cd- and Er-Doped BiFeO3 Prepared via a Facile Microemulsion Route.

A series of Cd- and Er-doped bismuth ferrites were synthesized using a simple microemulsion technique. The influence of Cd and Er doping on the structural, ferroelectric, photocatalytic, and dielectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO) was examined in this research. The prepared materials were examined by X-ray diffraction, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-vis techniques. The XRD patterns reflected the formation of a monophasic rhombohedral structure with the space group R3-c and an average crystallite size calculated to be in the range of 29 to 32 nm. The saturation polarization (Ps), coercivity (Hc), and retentivity (Pr) of the materials were investigated by a hysteresis loop (P-E), and it was perceived that increasing the dopant contents improved the Ps and Pr values, which may be due to the variation of metal cation valence states. In accordance with the photoluminescence (PL) spectra, a highly substituted material displayed lower recombination and increased charge separation rate (e--h+), which eventually contributed to a higher photocatalytic degradation performance of the prepared NMs. Furthermore, as the frequency and dopant concentration increased, the dielectric loss decreased, which could be due to different types of polarization. Bi1 - xCdxFe1 - yEryO3 showed well-saturated hysteresis loops (P-E) with enhanced saturation polarization near 9.7 × 10-4 µC·cm-2. The remnant polarization of the BFO and BFOCE NPs was 2.26 × 10-4 and 8.11 × 10-4 µC·cm-2, respectively, under a maximum electric field, which may be due to the variation of the metal cation valence states. The improved ferroelectric and dielectric properties of Bi1 - xCdxFe1 - yEryO3 NPs are attributed to the reduced concentration of defects, the different domain behavior, and the valence state of Cd and Er ions. The electrochemical (crystal violet (CV) and I-V) properties of Bi1 - xCdxFe1 - yEryO3 were all influenced by the dopant concentrations (Cd and Er). The synergistic effects of Cd and Er on the substituted material enhanced the specific capacitance in comparison to undoped BiFeO3. The photocatalytic activity to degrade CV under visible irradiation increased in BFOCE as the dopant (x,y) concentration increased from 0 to 0.25 by showing 84% dye degradation in comparison to pristine BiFeO3 (53% only) within 120 min under visible light. Moreover, the stability of these prepared nanoparticles was confirmed using recycling experiments, with the results indicating that the synthesized nanomaterials demonstrated promising stability and reusability.

Sustainable, economical and rapid treatment of multiple lung diseases using therapeutic potential of curcumin nanoparticles.

The study was designed to prepare pure curcumin nanoparticles in rapid and simple way for target specific drug delivery to kill bacteria lying deep down within the alveoli of lungs via inhaler. Three different methods including evaporation precipitation of nanosuspension (ENP), solid dispersion (SD) and anti-solvent precipitation (ASP) were selected to prepare nanocurcumin in pure form in very simple way. This was done to compare their efficiency in terms of particle size obtained and water solubility and bacterial toxicity of as prepared curcumin nanoparticles. In this comparative study, curcumin NPs obtained from three different methods having particles size 65.3 nm, 98.7 nm and 47.4 nm respectively. The NPs were characterized using various techniques like SEM, XRD, UV-Visible and FTIR for their particle size determination and solubility evaluation. These particles were screened off against five bacterial strains causing lung diseases. AB3 prepared by ASP method, being smallest sized nanostructures, showed maximum solubility in water. These nanoparticles can be used as drug directly via inhaler to the target area without using any support or nano-carrier. In this way minimum dose formulation is required to target bacteria.

Polymeric Membranes of Chitosan/Aloe Vera Gel Fabrication With Enhanced Swelling and Antimicrobial Properties for Biomedical Applications.

Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Aloe vera (AV) gel's therapeutic potential is one of the most effective approach in the fabrication of functional materials. The current study aimed to prepare the AV and chitosan (CS) membranes using various cross-linkers that were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) techniques, as well as swelling ratio and antimicrobial studies. SEM analysis revealed that the membrane is porous, with interconnected pores. The inclusion of AV contents in the membrane improved thermal stability and crystallinity. The swelling ratio of the ACPG-3 membrane with a 2:1 CS to AV ratio was 366%. The membranes showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pasteurella multocida strains. The findings revealed that polymeric CS/AV membranes have effective potential for use in the biomedical field.

Fabrication of Efficient Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Water Oxidation Using Bimetallic Oxides System.

The study focused on the fabrication of nickel, cobalt, and their bimetallic oxide via a facile electrodeposition approach over the surface of conducting glass has been reported here. Fabricated electrodes have been employed as binder-free and effective anode materials toward oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in electrochemical water splitting at high pH. Nickel and cobalt oxides showed overpotential values of 520 mV and 536 mV at the current density of 10 mAcm-2 with charge transfer resistances of 170 and 195 Ω. For bimetallic oxides (NiCoO@FTO), the overpotential depressed up to 460 mV and lower charge transfer value of 80 Ω. Additionally, double-layer capacitance also boosted for the bimetallic oxide with a value of 199 µF as compared to monometallic nickel oxide (106 µF) and cobalt oxide (120 µF). Multimetal oxides of Ni-Co showed the best performance, which was further supported with larger electrochemical surface area. This facile approach toward the electrode fabrication could be a charming alternate to replace the Ru- and Ir-based expensive materials for OER in electrochemical water splitting.

Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Nano-Carriers for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Hydrophobic Drug to Enhance the Bioavailability and Antimicrobial Properties.

This study focusses on the fabrication of nano-carriers for delivery of ciprofloxacin through the nanoprecipitation process. This was done to examine the release of drug at the pH of stomach to find out the antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin loaded nanoparticles (NPs). Prepared NPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and particle size analyzer (PSA) techniques. Drug yield, loading, and sustained release was studied as function of time (up to 8 h). Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin loaded NPs were also determined against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed that nanoprecipitation is a suitable method for encapsulation of ciprofloxacin in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA NPs. The drug yield and drug loading were found to be 60%. The size range of NPs observed by PSA was in the range of 5.03-6.60 nm. It can be concluded that nanoformulation of ciprofloxacin loaded PLGA NPs can be used in stomach for longer period of time to enhance the bioavailability of the drug.