RESUMO
The various applications of Ag(I) generated the necessity to obtain Ag(I)-accumulating organisms for the removal of surplus Ag(I) from contaminated sites or for the concentration of Ag(I) from Ag(I)-poor environments. In this study we obtained Ag(I)-accumulating cells by expressing plant metallothioneins (MTs) in the model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cDNAs of seven Arabidopsis thaliana MTs (AtMT1a, AtMT1c, AtMT2a, AtMT2b, AtMT3, AtMT4a and AtMT4b) and four Noccaea caerulescens MTs (NcMT1, NcMT2a, NcMT2b and NcMT3) fused to myrGFP displaying an N-terminal myristoylation sequence for plasma membrane targeting were expressed in S. cerevisiae and checked for Ag(I)-related phenotype. The transgenic yeast cells were grown in copper-deficient media to ensure the expression of the plasma membrane high-affinity Cu(I) transporter Ctr1, and also to elude the copper-related inhibition of Ag(I) transport into the cell. All plant MTs expressed in S. cerevisiae conferred Ag(I) tolerance to the yeast cells. Among them, myrGFP-NcMT3 afforded Ag(I) accumulation under high concentration (10â»50 µM), while myrGFP-AtMT1a conferred increased accumulation capacity under low (1 µM) or even trace Ag(I) (0.02â»0.05 µM). The ability to tolerate high concentrations of Ag(I) coupled with accumulative characteristics and robust growth showed by some of the transgenic yeasts highlighted the potential of these strains for biotechnology applications.
RESUMO
Lanthanides are a group of non-essential elements with important imaging and therapeutic applications. Although trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln³âº) are used as potent blockers of Ca²âº channels, the systematic studies correlating Ln³âº accumulation and toxicity to Ca²âº channel blocking activity are scarce. In this study, we made use of the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the correlation between Ln³âº accumulation, their toxicity and their capacity to block the exogenous stress-induced Ca²âº influx into the cytosol. It was found that the Ln³âº blocked the Ca²âº entry into the yeast cells only when present at concentration high enough to allow rapid binding to cell surface. At lower concentrations, Ln³âº were taken up by the cell, but Ca²âº blockage was no longer achieved. At 1 mM concentration, all ions from the Ln³âº series could block Ca²âº entry into cytosol with the exception of La³âº, and to a lesser extent, Pr³âº and Nd³âº. The plasma membrane Ca²âº-channel Cch1/Mid1 contributed to La³âº and Gd³âº entry into the cells, with a significant preference for La³âº. The results open the possibility to obtain cells loaded with controlled amounts and ratios of Ln³âº.
Assuntos
Cálcio/química , Elementos da Série dos Lantanídeos/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Íons/farmacologia , Elementos da Série dos Lantanídeos/toxicidade , Modelos Biológicos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/químicaRESUMO
The involvement of Ca(2+) in the response to high Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), and Hg(2+) was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast cells responded through a sharp increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) when exposed to Cd(2+), and to a lesser extent to Cu(2+), but not to Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), or Hg(2+). The response to high Cd(2+) depended mainly on external Ca(2+) (transported through the Cch1p/Mid1p channel) but also on vacuolar Ca(2+) (released into the cytosol through the Yvc1p channel). The adaptation to high Cd(2+) was influenced by perturbations in Ca(2+) homeostasis. Thus, the tolerance to Cd(2+) often correlated with sharp Cd(2+)-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) pulses, while the Cd(2+) sensitivity was accompanied by the incapacity to rapidly restore the low cytosolic Ca(2+).
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/citologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Cádmio/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cobre , Citosol/efeitos dos fármacos , Citosol/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação ao Ferro/metabolismo , Mutação , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are a rich source of antioxidants and their consumption is believed to contribute to food-related protection against oxidative stress. In the present study, the chemoprotective action of blueberry extracts against cadmium toxicity was investigated using a cadmium-hypersensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Four varieties of blueberries were used in the study, and it was found that the extracts with high content of total anthocyanidins exhibited significant protective effect against the toxicity of cadmium and H2O2. Both the blueberry extracts and pure cyanidin exhibited protective effects against cadmium in a dose-dependent manner, but without significantly interfering with the cadmium accumulation by the yeast cells. The results imply that the blueberry extracts might be a potentially valuable food supplement for individuals exposed to high cadmium.