RESUMO
Using a quarterly (3-mo) monitoring and bait-replenishment interval, 122 subterranean termite colonies throughout the United States were baited with a refined cellulose bait matrix containing 0.5% noviflumuron. All colonies were eliminated in less than 1 yr after initiation of baiting as determined by long-term monitoring and genetic markers. Sixty-three percent of the colonies were eliminated during the first quarter after the initiation of baiting and 77% of colonies were eliminated after consuming two bait tubes or less. This suggests that a single baiting cycle and bait installed in response to a single active monitoring device were sufficient to eliminate the majority of colonies. Although termites temporarily abandoned stations after depleting bait, workers resumed feeding when baits were replenished. Colonies that consumed large amounts of bait before elimination foraged into multiple stations, thus allowing adequate amounts of bait to sustain feeding. The time to eliminate termite colonies with bait replenished quarterly was similar to that previously reported for laminated cellulose bait replenished monthly. Our data support the conclusion that extending the bait replenishment interval from monthly to quarterly for bait tubes with refined cellulose containing 0.5% noviflumuron did not adversely impact colony elimination.
Assuntos
Benzamidas , Hidrocarbonetos Fluorados , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Inseticidas , Isópteros , Animais , Celulose , Controle de Insetos/instrumentação , Estações do Ano , Especificidade da Espécie , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A melanoma vaccine composed of HLA-A2-restricted peptide YLEPGPVTA (gp100(280)), with or without a modified T-helper epitope from tetanus toxoid AQYIKANSKFIGITEL, has been evaluated in a Phase I trial to assess safety and immunological response. The vaccines were administered s.c. in either of two adjuvants, Montanide ISA-51 or QS-21, to 22 patients with high-risk resected melanoma (stage IIB-IV). Local and systemic toxicities were mild and transient. We detected CTL responses to the gp100(280) peptide in peripheral blood in 14% of patients. Helper T-cell responses to the tetanus helper peptide were detected in 79% of patients and had a Th1 cytokine profile. One patient with a CTL response to gp100 had a recurrence in a lymph node 2 years later; her nodes contained CD8+ cells reactive to gp100(280) (0.24%), which proliferated in response to peptide. The overall survival of patients is 75% (95% confidence interval, 57-94%) at 4.7 years follow-up, which compares favorably with expected survival. Four of 14 patients who completed at least six vaccines subsequently developed metastases, all of which were solitary and surgically resectable. They remain alive and clinically free of disease at last follow-up. Data from this trial demonstrate immunogenicity of the gp100(280) peptide and suggest that immune responses may persist long-term in some patients. The frequency and magnitude of the CTL response may be improved with more aggressive vaccination regimens. Although this Phase I study was not intended to evaluate clinical benefit, the excellent survival of patients on this protocol suggests the possibility of a benefit that should be assessed in future studies.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Anticâncer/administração & dosagem , Epitopos de Linfócito T/administração & dosagem , Melanoma/prevenção & controle , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Neoplasias/administração & dosagem , Toxoide Tetânico/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Vacinas Anticâncer/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Epitopos de Linfócito T/efeitos adversos , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Antígeno HLA-A2/imunologia , Cefaleia/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Interferon gama/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Linfonodos/patologia , Masculino , Melanoma/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/efeitos adversos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Peptídeos , Saponinas/administração & dosagem , Saponinas/efeitos adversos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/imunologia , Dermatopatias/induzido quimicamente , Testes Cutâneos , Análise de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/citologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Células Th1/citologia , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Many peptide epitopes for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been identified from melanocytic differentiation proteins. Vaccine trials with these peptides have been limited mostly to those associated with HLA-A2, and immune responses have been detected inconsistently. Cases of clinical regression have been observed after peptide vaccination in some trials, but melanoma regressions have not correlated well with T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). We vaccinated stage IV melanoma patients with a mixture of gp100 and tyrosinase peptides restricted by HLA-A1 (DAEKSDICTDEY), HLA-A2 (YLEPGPVTA and YMDGTMSQV) and HLA-A3 (ALLAVGATK) in an emulsion with GM-CSF and Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant. CTL responses were assessed in PBLs and in a lymph node draining a vaccine site (sentinel immunized node, SIN). We found CTL responses to vaccinating peptides in the SIN in 5/5 patients (100%). Equivalent assays detected peptide-reactive CTLs in PBLs of 2 of these 5 patients (40%). CTLs expanded from the SIN lysed melanoma cells naturally expressing tyrosinase or gp100. We demonstrated immunogenicity for peptides restricted by HLA-A1 and -A3 and for 1 HLA-A2 restricted peptide, YMDGTMSQV. Immune monitoring of clinical trials by evaluation of PBLs alone may under-estimate immunogenicity; evaluation of SIN provides a new and sensitive approach for defining responses to tumor vaccines and correlating these responses with clinical outcomes. This combination of an immunogenic vaccine strategy with a sensitive analysis of CTL responses demonstrates the potential for inducing and detecting anti-tumor immune responses in the majority of melanoma patients.
Assuntos
Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-A/imunologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Melanoma/terapia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/imunologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Humanos , Melanoma/imunologia , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Antígeno gp100 de MelanomaRESUMO
A novel lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (CP) in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) has been purified and characterized. CP was purified by native-PAGE from partially fed virgin females. CP has a density of 1.25 g/ml with a molecular weight of 200 K by native-PAGE and 340 K by gel filtration chromatography. CP is comprised of two majour subunits, 98 K and 92 K in molecular weight by SDS-PAGE. Separate amino acid composition of the two subunits indicated high contents of As(x), Gl(x) and leucine. However, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the two subunits was only 13% identical. The lower molecular weight subunit showed 61% identity to artemocyanin (biliprotein) in fairy shrimps, 46% identity to minor vitellogenin in chickens and 13% identity to vitellin of the black-legged tick. No similarity match was found for the other subunit. CP is a lipoglycoheme-protein as indicated by selective staining of native-PAGE gel for lipids, carbohydrates and heme. Lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of cholesterol, phospholipids, monoacylglycerides, triacylglycerides and free fatty acids. Heme associated with purified CP demonstrated a lambda(max) of 397.5 nm while the lambda(max) of crude hemolymph plasma was 402.5 nm. The presence of CP in whole body homogenates of eggs, unfed and fed larvae and fed nymphs as well as in the plasma of unfed and fed adults including vitellogenic females was demonstrated by native-PAGE. Although a protein of analogous size was not found in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, a high molecular weight protein (500 K) is the predominant plasma protein in both unfed and fed male and female adults of that species as determined by native-PAGE. Also, CP appears to function as a biliprotein which sequesters heme.
Assuntos
Ácaros e Carrapatos/química , Dermacentor/química , Hemolinfa/química , Ácaros e Carrapatos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Carboidratos/análise , Dermacentor/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cães , Feminino , Glicoproteínas , Heme/análise , Hemeproteínas , Lipídeos/análise , Masculino , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a hydrodynamic thrombectomy system in a prospective, multicenter randomized comparison with pulse-spray thrombolysis in hemodialysis grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine centers enrolled 120 adult patients with recently (=14 days) thrombosed hemodialysis grafts. Graft venography was used to confirm occlusion in 62 patients randomly assigned to thrombectomy and 58 to thrombolysis. For thrombolysis, a mixture of 5,000 U of heparin and 250,000 U of urokinase was distributed throughout the thrombus, first to the venous then to the arterial graft end. For thrombectomy, the catheter was passed in the same sequence. Technical success was removal of 80% or more of thrombus. Clinical success was technical success plus the ability to dialyze. Also assessed were total procedure time, thrombus treatment time, procedure-related blood loss, other complications, and 30- and 90-day outcomes. RESULTS: Patient demographics were comparable. Technical success rates were 95% (59 of 62) for thrombectomy and 90% (52 of 58) for thrombolysis (P: =.31). Clinical success rates were 89% (55 of 62) and 81% (47 of 58), respectively (P: =.24). At 30 days, 69% (43 of 62) and 66% (38 of 58), respectively, could be dialyzed through the graft (P: =.70); at 90 days, the rates were 40% (25 of 62) and 41% (24 of 58), respectively (P: =.91). None of these differences or those for procedure-related blood loss and early and late complications were statistically significant. Thrombus treatment times of 16.8 minutes for thrombectomy and 23.4 minutes for thrombolysis were significantly different (P: <.01). CONCLUSION: The hydrodynamic thrombectomy system is at least as efficacious and safe as pulse-spray thrombolysis but shortens thrombus treatment time.
Assuntos
Derivação Arteriovenosa Cirúrgica , Oclusão de Enxerto Vascular/terapia , Trombectomia/métodos , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Trombose/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cateterismo/métodos , Constrição Patológica/terapia , Feminino , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Diálise Renal , Trombectomia/instrumentação , Fatores de Tempo , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/administração & dosagemRESUMO
A man with four endocardial pacemaker leads and two vegetations (1.5 cm and 1 cm) underwent successful percutaneous laser-assisted lead extraction. Although this procedure was complicated by embolization to a left pulmonary arterial branch, the patient recovered without sequelae. This article reviews the literature on lead extraction associated with large vegetations.
Assuntos
Remoção de Dispositivo/métodos , Eletrodos Implantados/efeitos adversos , Endocardite/etiologia , Terapia a Laser/métodos , Marca-Passo Artificial/efeitos adversos , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Endocardite/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Embolia Pulmonar/etiologia , Embolia Pulmonar/terapiaRESUMO
Most providers of health care to persons with a history of cancer will encounter lymphedema requiring an intervention. A basic understanding of the lymphatic system as well as clinical and diagnostic tests will aid the primary care practitioner in determining the correct diagnosis. Knowledge of treatment options and available resources will increase success in limb reduction. Ongoing monitoring, review of lymphedema precautions, and advocacy are the supportive elements needed to help patients cope with this cancer survival issue.
Assuntos
Linfedema/etiologia , Linfedema/terapia , Neoplasias/complicações , Celulite (Flegmão)/etiologia , Celulite (Flegmão)/terapia , Contraindicações , Drenagem/métodos , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Linfedema/complicações , Linfedema/diagnóstico , Linfedema/epidemiologia , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/métodos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodosRESUMO
Synganglia, salivary gland, midgut, ovary, fat body and muscle alone and in combination from the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), or the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, were incubated in vitro in separate experiments with L-[methyl-(3)H]methionine and farnesoic acid or with [1-(14)C]acetate. Life stages examined in D. variabilis were 3 and 72 h old (after ecdysis) unfed nymphs, partially fed nymphs (18 and 72 h after attachment to the host), fully engorged nymphs (2 d after detachment from host), 3 and 72 h old (after eclosion) unfed females, partially fed unmated females (12-168 h after attachment to host) and mated replete females (2 d after detachment from the host). Those from O. parkeri were third and fourth stadium nymphs and female O. parkeri, 1-2 d after detachment. Corpora allata from Diploptera punctata, Periplaneta americana and Gromphadorina portentosa were used as positive controls in these experiments. No farnesol, methyl farnesoate, JH I, JH II, JH III, or JHIII bisepoxide was detected by radio HPLC from any tick analysis while JH III, methyl farnesoate, and farnesol were detected in the positive controls. To examine further for the presence of a tick, insect-juvenilizing agent, Galleria pupal-cuticle bioassays were conducted on lipid extracts from 10 and 15 d old eggs, unfed larvae (1-5 d after ecdysis), unfed nymphs (1-7 d after ecdysis), and partially fed, unmated female adults (completed slow feeding phase) of D. variabilis. Whole body extracts of fourth stadium D. punctata and JH III standard were used as positive controls. No juvenilizing activity in any of the tick extracts could be detected. Electron impact, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of hemolymph extracts from fed, virgin (forcibly detached 7 d after attachment) and mated, replete (allowed to drop naturally) D. variabilis and fully engorged (1-2 d after detachment) O. parkeri females also failed to identify the common insect juvenile hormones. The same procedures were successful in the identification of JH III in hemolymph of fourth stadium D. punctata. Last stadium nymphal (female) O. parkeri implanted with synganglia from second nymphal instars underwent normal eclosion to the adult. The above studies in toto suggest that D. variabilis and O. parkeri do not have the ability to make the common insect juvenile hormones, and these juvenile hormones do not regulate tick metamorphosis or reproduction as hypothesized in the literature.
RESUMO
The contribution of synthesis and dietary sequestration to the high arachidonate content of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, salivary glands was investigated by assessing the salivary metabolites of various radiolabeled fatty acid substrates administered to partially fed females. A portion of each of the fatty acids studied was incorporated into the fatty acid moiety of the phospholipid fraction. [14C]acetate was metabolized only into myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, steric, and oleic acids. [3H]oleic acid, [14C]linoleic acid, [14C]gamma-linolenic acid and [14C]eicosatrienoic acids were incorporated into salivary gland phospholipids but underwent little change including elongation and/or desaturation to arachidonate. Ingested [3H]arachidonic acid was readily taken up by the salivary gland and distributed among the lipid classes in a pattern markedly different from that of the other fatty acids tested. We conclude that ticks are unable to synthesize arachidonic acid for incorporation into the salivary glands, but rather sequester it from the host bloodmeal.