Targeting EGFR Tyrosine Kinase: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives.

Impaired cell cycle regulation and disturbance in signal transduction pathway are two major causes of a condition defined as cancer, one of the significant reasons for mortality worldwide. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been commonly used as anticancer agents, and the majority of this medications possess quinazoline moiety as a heteroaromatic core. In this study, two novel series of EGFR-TKIs containing quinazolinone core were designed and synthesized. Most compounds showed reasonable inhibitory activity against EGFR-TK compared to that of erlotinib, a reversible inhibitor of this enzyme. Compound 8b, 2-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-6-phenoxyquinazolin-4(1H)-one, with an IC50 value of 1.37 nM exhibited the highest potency. Molecular docking study of compound 8b showed that it had the same direction of erlotinib and formed proper hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the important amino acid residues of the active site. Based on in-silico calculations of ADME properties, our novel compounds have the potential to be orally active agents.

Synthesis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and In-vitro Antitumor Activity of Quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine Derivatives as Novel EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

Background: Developing a potent and safe scaffold is challenging in anti-cancer drug discovery. Objectives: The study focused on developing novel series of compounds based on the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) as one of the most promising compounds in cancer therapy. Methods: In this study, a novel series of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives were designed and synthesized through intramolecular C-H activation reaction of para-nitro aniline, trichloroacetonitrile, and isocyanides employing a one-pot reaction. Results: The in-vitro antitumor activities of the compounds which showed acceptable inhibitory effects were investigated against breast (MCF-7), lung (A-549), and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines by employing MTT assay. All compounds had the most negligible cytotoxicity toward normal fibroblast human cell lines. Based on structural and thermodynamics analysis results, it was found that Met 769 is a key residue in interaction with all inhibitors through the formation of hydrogen bonds with high occupancies with the amine group on the quinazoline ring of inhibitors. Also, there was a good consistency between calculated ΔG binding and experimental IC50 values of compounds 10d, 10e, and erlotinib. Conclusions: Compound 10e had an extensive range of antitumor activity on three diverse cell lines comparable with erlotinib and doxorubicin reference drugs. Also, compound 10d showed selective cytotoxicity against cancerous lung cells (A-549). On the other side, computational studies confirmed that Met 769 is a crucial residue in interaction with all inhibitors.

Synthesis of 4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-ol derivatives as new benzodiazepine receptor ligands.

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) have been widely used in neurological disorders such as insomnia, anxiety, and epilepsy. The use of classical BZDs, e.g., diazepam, has been limited due to adverse effects such as interaction with alcohol, ataxia, amnesia, psychological and physical dependence, and tolerance. In the quest for new benzodiazepine agonists with more selectivity and low adverse effects, novel derivatives of 4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-ol were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. In this series, compound 2, 4-(2-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-2-ol, was the most potent analogue in radioligand binding assay with an IC50 value of 19 nM compared to zolpidem (IC50 = 48 nM), a nonbenzodiazepine central BZD receptor (CBR) agonist. Some compounds with a variety of affinities in radioligand receptor binding assay were selected for in vivo evaluations. Compound 3 (IC50 = 25 nM), which possessed chlorine instead of fluorine in position 4 of the phenyl ring, exhibited an excellent ED50 value in most in vivo tests. Proper sedative-hypnotic effects, potent anticonvulsant activity, appropriate antianxiety effect, and no memory impairment probably served compound 3, a desirable candidate as a benzodiazepine agonist. The pharmacological effects of compound 3 were antagonized by flumazenil, a selective BZD receptor antagonist, confirming the BZD receptors' involvement in the biological effects of the novel ligand.

Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-amine derivatives as potential agonists of GABAA subtype receptors with anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects.

In the current study, a series of novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-amine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated in vivo for their anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures, and pentobarbital-induced sleeping tests. Furthermore, the possible side effects of the most potent compounds on the memory, motor coordination, and muscle strength were evaluated in passive avoidance, rotarod, and grip strength tests, respectively. The designed compounds with the main benzodiazepine pharmacophores including aromatic ring and proton accepting group completely mimiced the structure of zolpidem as an α1-selective agonist of GABAA receptor. Compounds 5c (ED50 ≈ 52.5 mg/kg) and 5 g (ED50 ≈ 16.5 mg/kg) in the PTZ test were the most potent compounds among the designed compounds. In the MES test, the observed ED50s for compounds 5c and 5 g were reduced to around 11.8 mg/kg and 10.5 mg/kg, respectively. The considerable hypnotic effect in a dose-dependent manner was observed following the administration of newly synthesized compounds. In all experiments administration of flumazenil as an antagonist of benzodiazepines receptor fully antagonized observed effects which indicated the involvement of GABAA receptors. Since there was no negative effect on memory, motor coordination, and muscle strength following the administration of compounds 5c and 5g as the most potent compounds, it could be concluded that the novel compounds most likely act through α1-containing GABAA receptors and possess no affinity for α5-containing receptors. The newly designed compounds could be considered as leading compounds in synthesizing novel GABAA receptor agonists with minimum side effects.

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of highly functionalized benzo[1,3]thiazine via Cu-catalyzed intramolecular CH activation reaction from isocyanides, aniline-benzoyl(acetyl) isothiocyanate adduct.

A facile sonochemical route for the synthesis of benzo[1,3]thiazine derivatives via a one pot, multicomponent, intramolecular CH activation reaction from isocyanides, aniline and benzoyl (acetyl) isothiocyanate adduct catalyzed by copper (I) iodide in acetone at 30 °C have been reported. The advantages of the described method include using simple and readily available starting materials and performing under mild copper-catalytic reaction conditions and also obtaining pure product with high yield without applying column chromatography. Furthermore, using the sonochemical methodology as an efficient method led to reduce the reaction times.

A direct access to heptasubstituted biguanides.

An efficient and experimentally simple copper-catalyzed carbon-nitrogen bond formation for the synthesis of [Formula: see text]-arylated biguanides starting from aryl halides, carbodiimides, and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine is reported. The potential diversity of this type of reaction, easily available starting materials, and commercially available low-cost catalysts are the incremental features of this methodology.

A tandem synthesis of 5-sulfonylimino-2-imidazolones from sulfonoketenimides and dialkyl azodicarboxylates.

Functionalized 5-sulfonylimino-2-imidazolones are prepared by a copper-catalyzed reaction of dialkyl azodicarboxylates with sulfonoketenimides, generated from terminal alkynes and sulfonyl azides, in good to excellent yields.

Sulfonoketenimides as key intermediates for the synthesis of 2-thioxo-2H-1,3-thiazines and 2-arylimino-2H-1,3-thiazines.

The synthesis of a novel class of highly functionalized 1,3-thiazine derivatives via a copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, [Formula: see text], sulfonyl azides, and terminal alkynes is described. Using isothiocyanates as the heterocumulene component, affords 2-arylimino-1,3-thiazine derivatives in moderate to good yields.

A tandem synthesis of functionalized azet-2(1H)-ones and azet-2(1H)-thiones.

Highly functionalized azet-2(1H)-ones and azet-2(1H)-thiones are obtained via a copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of readily available terminal alkynes, sulfonyl azides, and heterocummulenes in moderate to good yields.

Tandem synthesis of highly functionalized pyrazole derivatives from terminal alkynes, sulfonyl azides, diethyl azadicarboxylate, and sodium arylsulfinates.

The reaction between ketenimine intermediates [generated from terminal alkynes and sulfonyl azides], diethyl azadicarboxylate, and sodium arylsulfinates in N, N-dimethylformamide at room temperature, affords ethyl 2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-4-phenyl-2-tosyl-5-(tosylamino)pyrazole-1-carboxylates in moderate-to-good yields. When diisopropyl azadicarboxylate was used as the ester component, diisopropyl 1-arylsulfonyl-2-{[aryl(alkyl)sulfonyl]-2-phenylethanimidoyl}-1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylates were obtained.

A synthesis of phosphorylated dioxohexahydropyrimidines from N,N'-dimethylurea, activated acetylenes, and trialkyl phosphites.

An efficient synthesis of alkyl 5-(dialkoxy- phosphoryl)-1,3-dimethyl-2, 6-dioxo-hexahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylates is described. This involves the reaction of N,N'-dimethylurea and dialkyl acetylendicarboxylates in the presence of trialkyl phosphites. Under similar conditions, triphenyl phosphite led to alkyl 5-(diphenoxyphosphoryl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-hexahydro-4-pyrimidinecarboxylates.