As repercussões da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 sobre a saúde mental de alunos de ensino médio de uma escola de Goiânia / The repercussions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the mental health of high school students at a school in Goiânia / Las repercusiones de la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 en la salud mental de los estudiantes de secundaria en Goiânia

INTRODUÇÃO: No mês de dezembro de 2019, pacientes de uma cidade da China, Wuhan, começaram a contrair uma pneumonia viral, um novo coronavírus oficializado pela OMS no dia 30 de janeiro de 2020. A pandemia provocada pelo SARS-CoV-2 impactou na vida das pessoas de uma maneira jamais vista, incluindo a população adolescente. Nesse contexto, uma das consequências imediatas foi o encerramento das escolas. Diante disso, urge a necessidade de se abordar as repercussões na saúde mental da população adolescente que frequenta o Ensino Médio. METODOLOGIA: Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo que envolveu uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura e a pesquisa de campo. Foi realizada um levantamento de artigos, coletâneas e obras completas que estavam de acordo com a temática do estudo e a pesquisa de campo foi realizada em uma escola de Ensino Médio da Região Leste de Goiânia onde foram aplicados os questionários junto aos adolescentes para identificar os aspectos relacionados aos impactos na saúde mental no período da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado um perfil relacionado ao adolescente que concentrou alunos de 16 anos (53,8%) do sexo feminino (65,4%) com renda de 1 a 2 salários-mínimos (46,2%). Quando questionados sobre como a pandemia afetou seu aprendizado, 80,8% responderam que se sentiram afetados de alguma forma. Já quanto ao comportamento, 57,7% responderam que voltaram às aulas com comportamento de timidez, insegurança e irritabilidade. CONCLUSÃO: Em síntese, as repercussões da pandemia na saúde mental dos adolescentes foram negativas, sendo o distanciamento social o principal fator agravante.

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, patients in a city in China, Wuhan, began to contract viral pneumonia, a new coronavirus made official by the WHO on January 30, 2020. The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 impacted people's lives in a way never seen before, including the adolescent population. In this context, one of the immediate consequences was the closure of schools. Given this, there is an urgent need to address the repercussions on the mental health of the adolescent population attending high school. METHODOLOGY: This was a qualitative descriptive study that involved a literature review and field research. A survey of articles, collections and complete works that were in accordance with the theme of the study was carried out and the field research was carried out in a high school in the eastern region of Goiânia where questionnaires were applied to adolescents to identify aspects related to the impacts on mental health in the period of the SARSCoV-2 pandemic. RESULTS: A profile related to adolescents was found, which concentrated 16-year-old students (53.8%) female (65.4%) with an income of 1 to 2 minimum wages (46.2%). When asked how the pandemic affected their learning, 80.8% responded that they felt affected in some way. As for behavior, 57.7% responded that they returned to school with behavior of shyness, insecurity and irritability. CONCLUSION: In summary, the pandemic's repercussions on adolescents' mental health were negative, with social distancing being the main aggravating factor.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En diciembre de 2019, pacientes de una ciudad de China, Wuhan, comenzaron a contraer neumonía viral, un nuevo coronavirus oficializado por la OMS el 30 de enero de 2020. La pandemia provocada por el SARS-CoV-2 impactó la vida de las personas de una forma nunca antes vista, incluyendo a la población adolescente. En este contexto, una de las consecuencias inmediatas fue el cierre de las escuelas. Ante ello, urge atender las repercusiones en la salud mental de la población adolescente que cursa la enseñanza media. METODOLOGÍA: Este fue un estudio cualitativo descriptivo que involucró una revisión de literatura e investigación de campo. Se realizó un levantamiento de artículos, colecciones y obras completas que estuvieran de acuerdo con el tema del estudio y la investigación de campo se realizó en una escuela secundaria de la región este de Goiânia donde se aplicaron cuestionarios a adolescentes para identificar aspectos relacionados con los impactos en la salud mental en el período de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un perfil relacionado con los adolescentes, que concentró estudiantes de 16 años (53,8%) del sexo femenino (65,4%) con ingreso de 1 a 2 salarios mínimos (46,2%). Ante la pregunta de cómo afectó la pandemia a su aprendizaje, el 80,8% respondió que se sentía afectado de alguna manera. En cuanto al comportamiento, el 57,7% respondió que regresaba a la escuela con un comportamiento de timidez, inseguridad e irritabilidad. CONCLUSIÓN: En resumen, las repercusiones de la pandemia en la salud mental de los adolescentes fueron negativas, siendo el distanciamiento social el principal agravante.

Nocturnal oximetry in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in potentially hypoxic patients due to neuromuscular diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Polysomnography is the recommended method for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, it is expensive, uncomfortable, and inaccessible. Alternative diagnostic methods are necessary, and Nocturnal Oximetry (NO) has proven to be reliable. Nevertheless, there have been doubts about its accuracy in patients with a history of hypoxia. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of NO in patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study in patients with NMD suspected of having OSA. We performed a statistical analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficients (SCCs). We used the value of the area under the ROC curve (AUCROC), just as we calculated the sensitivities (Sens) and specificities (Spec) for the chosen variables. RESULTS: The sample comprised 41 patients; 51.2% with muscular dystrophies and 48.8% with motor neuron diseases, with a predominance of men (63.4%). Median age was 42 (19.7-55) years, body mass index (BMI) was 27.9 (23.8-32) kg/m2, forced vital capacity was 67% (54%-76.5%), and maximum inspiratory pressure was-60 cmH2O (-87.5 to -50). The prevalence of OSA was 75.7%. We analyzed and selected the best four oximetric variables with the following performance in identifying the apnea/hypopnea index >5/h, ODI3/2, cutoff>5/h, AUCROC 0.919, Sens 82.3%, Spec 91.7%; ODI3/5, cutoff>11.2/h, AUCROC 0.904, Sens 82.3%, Spec 87.5%; ODI4/5, cutoff>6.02, AUCROC 0.839, Sens 70.6%, Spec 91.6%, and ODI5/5, cutoff>0.87/h, AUCROC 0.870, Sens 94.1%, and Spec 70.8%. CONCLUSION: NO can be used as a diagnostic tool for OSA, even in patients with neuromuscular diseases and potentially hypoxic diseases.

COVID-19: como proceder na prática da cirurgia plástica no Brasil. O que sabemos até agora? / COVID-19: how to proceed with the practice of plastic surgery in Brazil. What do we know right now?

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease, descrito em 2019) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A maioria dos casos confirmados é leve ou assintomático, mas os casos mais graves podem evoluir para pneumonia grave com insuficiência respiratória e morte. Atualmente ocorre, no Brasil, um cenário de aumento exponencial de casos, dificultando a identificação da fonte de contágio. Ainda não podemos precisar quando ocorrerá o pico do surto de COVID-19 em nosso país ou quando os números de novos contaminados e óbitos começarão a diminuir. Nesse momento, o mais importante é a proteção contra um vírus do qual não se conhece todos os detalhes sobre contágio, transmissão e tratamento. A pandemia impactou e modificou a assistência médica, principalmente das especialidades cirúrgicas, onde o atendimento presencial é fundamental e não pode ser substituído integralmente pela telemedicina. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão foi compilar aspectos teóricos e práticos referentes à pandemia COVID-19 e seu impacto na rotina da atividade da cirurgia plástica. São propostos protocolos para retomada de nossas rotinas, analisando a experiência de países em fase mais adiantada da pandemia.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease, described in 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most confirmed cases are mild or asymptomatic, but the most severe cases can progress to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and death. In Brazil, there is a scenario of an exponential increase in cases, making it challenging to identify the source of contagion. We cannot yet specify when the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak will occur in our country or when the numbers of new contaminants and deaths will begin to decrease. So, the most important thing is protection against a virus for which all the details about contagion, transmission, and treatment are not known. The pandemic impacted and modified medical care, especially for surgical specialties, where face-to-face care is essential and cannot be replaced entirely by telemedicine. Thus, this review aimed to compile theoretical and practical aspects regarding the pandemic COVID-19 and its impact on plastic surgery activity routine. Protocols are proposed for resuming our routines, analyzing countries' experience at an advanced stage of the pandemic.

Inserção social: princípio e compromisso na experiência da Pós-graduação em Serviço Social na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás / Social inclusion: principle and commitment in the Social Works Post-graduate experience in Pontificial Catholic University of Goiás

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta o mestrado em Serviço Social da PUC Goiás, considerando o acompanhamento dos egressos e objetiva explicitar sua inserção social na realidade local e regional. Destaca seu caráter interdisciplinar e aponta que os egressos estão inseridos em instituições de ensino superior e em atividades relacionadas ao controle social. Essa inserção se materializa, ainda, na qualificação desses profissionais, com vistas à ampliação do acesso a direitos da população goiana e brasileira.

Abstract: This article presents the Master's Degree in Social Work at PUC Goiás, considering the monitoring of graduates and it aims to explain their social insertion in the local and regional reality. It highlights its interdisciplinary character and points out that the graduates are inserted in higher education institutions and in activities related to social control. This insertion also happens in the qualification of these professionals, aiming to increase access to the rights by the population of Goiás and Brazil.

Diagnostic performance of nocturnal oximetry in the detection of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a Brazilian study.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), more practical diagnostic methods than polysomnography (PSG) have become necessary. This research aims to analyze the performance of nocturnal oximetry (NO) in the diagnosis of OSA. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 41 variables provided by the oximetry of all PSG performed by the LabSono of University Hospital Gaffrée and Guinle, a total of 83 exams. We evaluated the correlation coefficients (Spearman) between these data and the Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) and then calculated the diagnostics performances, by the area under the curve (ROC) (AUC), of the best correlated variables and their respective cutoffs, in the identification of an AHI ≥ 15/h. RESULTS: Virtually all oximetric data showed good correlations with AHI, except for some temporal data. We chose 5 of them and calculated their diagnostic performances. T < 90% shows AUC of 0.904 (0.835-0.972) and, at cutoff > 19 min, a sensitivity (Sens.) of 75.68% and specificity (Spec.) of 95.65%. DO3/10Total, AUC 0.936 (0.888-0.989), and at the cutoff > 51 has Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 76.09%. ODI3/10/h has AUC 0.932 (0.884-0.988), at the cutoff > 7/h, Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 78.26%. DO4/5Total AUC 0.932 (0.882-0.981), at the cutoff > 64 has Sens. 86.49% and Spec. 82.61% and ODI4/5/h has AUC 0.930 (0.880-0.981), the cutoff > 5.69/h Sens. 97.3% and Spec. 73.91%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study concludes that NO is accurate in identifying AHI > 15/h, and provides reliable information on PSG replacement, which could make the diagnosis of OSA cheaper and more comfortable.

Performance of the STOP-Bang in the Detection of OSA, a Brazilian study.

OBJECTIVES: Assess the performance of the Stop-Bang questionnaire in Brazilian patients for the screening of OSA. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with historical and consecutive analysis of all patients who underwent polysomnography tests in the Sleeping Sector of the Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Cardiopulmonary (LabSono) Departments of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital (HUGG), from 10/17/2011 to 04/16/2015. The variables relating to the SB questionnaire were collected by direct research from the medical records of patients. RESULTS: In a series of 83 patients, we found that our sample were similar to other studies conducted in specialized centers of Sleep Medicine, and the population presented characteristics similar to those found by studies in Latin America. Men and women only behaved similarly in relation to the presence of Observed Apnea and body mass index, with a predominance of women who had systemic hypertension over men. In our study, the discriminatory value of 4 or more positive answers to the questionnaire had the best performance in identifying patients with an hourly Apnea-Hypopnea Index greater than 15/h, with a sensitivity of 72.97% (55.9% - 86.2%) and specificity of 67.39% (52.0% - 80.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The Stop-Bang questionnaire proved to be, in our sample, a good screening instrument for diagnosing OSA Syndrome.

Performance of the STOP-Bang in the Detection of OSA, a Brazilian study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES Assess the performance of the Stop-Bang questionnaire in Brazilian patients for the screening of OSA. METHODS A cross-sectional study with historical and consecutive analysis of all patients who underwent polysomnography tests in the Sleeping Sector of the Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Cardiopulmonary (LabSono) Departments of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital (HUGG), from 10/17/2011 to 04/16/2015. The variables relating to the SB questionnaire were collected by direct research from the medical records of patients. RESULTS In a series of 83 patients, we found that our sample were similar to other studies conducted in specialized centers of Sleep Medicine, and the population presented characteristics similar to those found by studies in Latin America. Men and women only behaved similarly in relation to the presence of Observed Apnea and body mass index, with a predominance of women who had systemic hypertension over men. In our study, the discriminatory value of 4 or more positive answers to the questionnaire had the best performance in identifying patients with an hourly Apnea-Hypopnea Index greater than 15/h, with a sensitivity of 72.97% (55.9% - 86.2%) and specificity of 67.39% (52.0% - 80.5%). CONCLUSIONS The Stop-Bang questionnaire proved to be, in our sample, a good screening instrument for diagnosing OSA Syndrome.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o desempenho no Questionário Stop-Bang (QSB) em pacientes brasileiros para rastrear a Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, com análise histórica e consecutiva de todos os pacientes que realizaram exames de polissonografia pelo Setor de Sono da Otorrinolaringologia e da Cardiopulmonar (LabSono) do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), no período de 17/10/2011 a 16/04/2015. As variáveis referentes ao QSB foram colhidas por pesquisa direta nos prontuários dos pacientes. RESULTADOS Numa casuística de 83 pacientes, encontramos amostras semelhantes a outros estudos realizados em Centros Especializados em Medicina do Sono, com características da população semelhantes aos estudos feitos na América Latina. Homens e mulheres só se comportaram de forma semelhante em relação à presença de apneias presenciadas e o índice de massa corporal, com um predomínio de mulheres com hipertensão arterial sistêmica sobre os homens. Em nosso estudo, o valor discriminatório de quatro ou mais respostas positivas ao questionário mostrou o melhor desempenho em identificar pacientes com um índice de apneia/hipopneia por hora maior do que 15/h, obtendo sensibilidade de 72,97% (55,9% - 86,2%) e especificidade de 67,39% (52,0% - 80,5%). CONCLUSÕES O QSB mostrou-se, em nossa amostra, um bom instrumento de rastreio da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono.

The Effect of Sedating Agents on Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) has gained interest for upper airway evaluation in patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and different drugs have been used to induce sedation. Nevertheless, all drugs have presented specific advantages and disadvantages with differential effects on respiratory physiology. This study evaluated and compared the effects of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine on DISE findings, O2 nadir, and bispectral index (BIS) in the same sample of patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case series prospective study. METHODS: Consecutive patients who elected to undergo surgery for OSA treatment and were intolerant to conservative therapies underwent DISE with propofol, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam between July 2015 and July 2016. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were analyzed, and 43 (82.7%) were men. Agreement among drugs for both degree and patterns of obstruction was excellent at all sites (velum, oropharynx, and epiglottis) except for the tongue base. Dexmedetomidine had the least complete collapse sites and highest O2 nadir and was the only drug for which apnea severity and obstruction levels (upper, lower, or combined) were correlated. The variability among drug treatments for the BIS index was considerable, and propofol had the lowest variability and average value. CONCLUSION: Drug selection had a relevant influence in DISE findings. Compared with dexmedetomidine, midazolam and propofol presented higher incidence of tongue base collapse, lower O2 levels, and lower BIS index values. Propofol resulted in an O2 nadir that most resembled that observed during polysomnography. The BIS index variability differed among drugs, and its use was considered relevant for sedation orientation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:506-513, 2019.

Nocturnal Hypoxemia is Associated With Low Testosterone Levels in Overweight Males and Older Men With Normal Weight.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The relationship among obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), body mass index (BMI), and testosterone levels has long been suggested. Obese men have shown a negative correlation between testosterone level and sleep apnea severity. Yet, little is known about the association between testosterone levels and sleep apnea in men who are not obese. This study evaluated the association between the total testosterone (TT) level and OSA in patients who are not obese. METHODS: A retrospective review of 523 records of patients in whom OSA was diagnosed from 2013-2016 was performed. The study included men with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and with TT levels measured in a blood sample collected the morning after a sleep study. RESULTS: In all, 153 nonobese men met inclusion criteria, of whom 47 (30.7%) had testosterone levels below the reference values; 44 of these individuals (93.6%) were overweight (P = .029). Reduced testosterone levels showed significant correlations with the oxygen desaturation index, the lowest oxygen saturation < 80% (O2 nadir < 80%), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration, after adjusting for BMI. Among patients with normal weight, only 3 who had O2 nadir < 80% and were older than 50 years presented with a reduced TT level. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of nonobese men with OSA, we demonstrated that hypoxemia (O2 nadir < 80%) and overweight are associated with reduced testosterone levels. This association was only observed among normal-weight individuals older than 50 years.

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy in the obstructive sleep apnea: comparison between NOHL and VOTE classifications.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete collapse of the pharynx that result in a decrease in oxyhemoglobin saturation. Nasofibrolaryngoscopy under induced sleep is a promising alternative for identifying sites of upper airway obstruction in patients with OSA. This study aimed to compare the obstruction sites screened by drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) using the Nose oropharynx hypopharynx and larynx (NOHL) and Velum oropharynx tongue base epiglottis (VOTE) classifications. We also determined the relationship between OSA severity and the number of obstruction sites and compared the minimum SaO2 levels between DISE and polysomnography (PSG). This was a prospective study in 45 patients with moderate and severe OSA using DISE with target-controlled infusion of propofol bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. The retropalatal region was the most frequent obstruction site, followed by the retrolingual region. Forty-two percent of patients had obstruction in the epiglottis. Concentrically shaped obstructions were more prevalent in both ratings. The relationship between OSA severity and number of obstruction sites was significant for the VOTE classification. Similar minimum SaO2 values were observed in DISE and PSG. The VOTE classification was more comprehensive in the analysis of the epiglottis and pharynx by DISE and the relationship between OSA severity and number of affected sites was also established by VOTE. The use of BIS associated with DISE is a reliable tool for the assessment of OSA patients.

Derrame pleural em pacientes com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Humana Adquirida / Pleural effusion in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Atualmente, com advento da terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy) a etiologia dos derrames pleurais em indivíduos com HIV positivo é bastante semelhante à observadanaqueles não infectados pelo HIV. AU

Currently with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the etiology of pleural effusions in HIV positive individuals is quite similar to that observed in those not infected with HIV. AU

Correlation between the oropharyngo-laryngoscopic findings and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate anatomical and functional changes of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx to the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 66 patients of both genders, aged between 21 and 59 years old with complaints of snoring and / or apnea. All underwent full clinical evaluation, including physical examination, nasolarybgoscopy and polisonography. We classified individuals into groups by the value of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), calculated measures of association and analyzed differences by the Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. RESULTS: all patients with obesity type 2 had OSAS. We found a relationship between the uvula projection during nasoendoscopy and OSAS (OR: 4.9; p-value: 0.008; CI: 1.25-22.9). In addition, there was a major strength of association between the circular shape of the pharynx and the presence of moderate or severe OSAS (OR: 9.4, p-value: 0.002), although the CI was wide (1.80-53.13). The septal deviation and lower turbinate hypertrophy were the most frequent nasal alterations, however unrelated to gravity. Nasal obstruction was four times more common in patients without daytime sleepiness. The other craniofacial anatomical changes were not predictors for the occurrence of OSAS. CONCLUSION: oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal disorders participate in the pathophysiology of OSAS. The completion of the endoscopic examination is of great value to the evaluation of these patients.

Correlation between the oropharyngo-laryngoscopic findings and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea / Correlação entre os achados orofaringolaringoscópicos e a gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono

Objective: To correlate anatomical and functional changes of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx to the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional study of 66 patients of both genders, aged between 21 and 59 years old with complaints of snoring and / or apnea. All underwent full clinical evaluation, including physical examination, nasolarybgoscopy and polisonography. We classified individuals into groups by the value of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), calculated measures of association and analyzed differences by the Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. Results : all patients with obesity type 2 had OSAS. We found a relationship between the uvula projection during nasoendoscopy and OSAS (OR: 4.9; p-value: 0.008; CI: 1.25-22.9). In addition, there was a major strength of association between the circular shape of the pharynx and the presence of moderate or severe OSAS (OR: 9.4, p-value: 0.002), although the CI was wide (1.80-53.13). The septal deviation and lower turbinate hypertrophy were the most frequent nasal alterations, however unrelated to gravity. Nasal obstruction was four times more common in patients without daytime sleepiness. The other craniofacial anatomical changes were not predictors for the occurrence of OSAS. Conclusion : oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal disorders participate in the pathophysiology of OSAS. The completion of the endoscopic examination is of great value to the evaluation of these patients.

Objetivo: correlacionar alterações anatômicas e funcionais de cavidade oral, faringe e laringe com a gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS). Métodos: estudo transversal com 66 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 21 e 59 anos e queixas de roncos e/ou apneia. Todos passaram por avaliação clínica otorrinolaringológica completa incluindo exame físico, nasolaringofibroscopia epolissonografia noturna. Foram classificados em grupos pelo valor do índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH), calculadas medidas de associação e analisadas diferenças pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis e do c2. Resultados: todos os pacientes com obesidade tipo 2 avaliados eram portadores de SAOS. Foi observada relação entre a projeção de úvula durante o exame fibronasoendoscopico e a SAOS (OR:4,9; p-valor: 0.008; IC: 1.25-22.9). Além disso, notou-se uma importante força de associação entre o formato circular da faringe e a presença de SAOS moderado ou grave (OR: 9,4, p-valor: 0,002), embora o IC seja amplo (1.80-53.13).O desvio septal e a hipertrofia de concha inferior foram as alterações nasais mais frequentes, porém sem relação com a gravidade. A obstrução nasal foi quatro vezes mais comum nos pacientes sem sonolência diurna. As demais alterações anatômicas craniofaciais não se mostraram preditoras para a ocorrência de SAOS. Conclusão: concluímos que alterações orais, faríngeas e laríngeas participam da fisiopatologia da SAOS. A realização do exame endoscópico é de grande valia para a avaliação destes pacientes.

Which functional parameters can help differentiate severe asthma from COPD?

The aim of this study was to identify the respiratory function parameters that help in the accurate diagnosis of asthma and COPD. We studied 20 asthma and 30 COPD patients who underwent lung function tests including spirometry and plethysmography both with bronchodilator test and diffusion with carbon monoxide (DLCO). The tests were performed according to International Guidelines (ATS/ERS). The asthma patients were younger (mean age = 48) than those in the COPD group (mean age = 59) and this group also had more female patients (65%) than the COPD group (40%). The results showed a more severe obstruction in the asthma group: FEV1/FVC= 59% versus 66% for COPD. There was also a greater bronchodilator response as shown by changes in absolute and percentage values for FEV1 in the asthma group. Average DLCO values were normal in the asthma group (103%P) and lower in the COPD (69%). In plethysmography the asthma group had a higher residual volume (%P) and a higher airway resistance. We concluded that many functional parameters were useful in distinguishing the asthma and COPD groups. In individual analysis, DLCO was the parameter which best aided in an accurate diagnosis in both groups, with a higher specificity for COPD. The bronchodilator response measured by changes in FEV1 showed a higher sensitivity for asthma. Thus, these two tests are highlighted in the differential diagnosis of obstructive diseases.

Evaluation of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis: a Brazilian meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Brazilian studies by summarizing the accuracy of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis, with the objective of lending support to the movement to make the test part of the routine investigation of pleural effusions. METHODS: A search for Brazilian studies related to the determination of adenosine deaminase levels in the pleural liquid was carried out. These studies were evaluated and included in this study. The data were analyzed using summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves, which enabled the studies to be collected and evaluated regarding the accuracy of the diagnosis. As for the global values of sensitivity and specificity, the Bayes' theorem was applied to calculate the post-test probabilities in different prevalences of the disease. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies dating from 1987 to 2005 and including enough information to be used in the meta-analysis were identified. After evaluation, nine studies were included, totaling 1674 patients. According to the SROC curve, a sensitivity of 91.8% (95% CI: 89.8-93.6%) and a specificity of 88.4% (95% CI: 86.0-90.5%) were found, with an area of 0.969 below the curve. The overall odds ratio was 112.0 (95% CI: 51.6-243.2). Considering a prevalence of tuberculosis of 50% (considered neutral), the post-test probability was 88.7% for a positive test and 91.5% for a negative test. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences found among studies, it is possible to conclude that the determination of adenosine deaminase levels has high accuracy in the diagnosis of the pleural tuberculosis and should be used as a routine test in its investigation.

Avaliação da adenosina desaminase no diagnóstico da tuberculose pleural: uma metanálise brasileira / Evaluation of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis: a Brazilian meta-analysis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar trabalhos brasileiros resumindo a acurácia da adenosina desaminase no diagnóstico da tuberculose pleural, com o intuito de contribuir para a concretização do exame como rotina na investigação dos derrames pleurais. MÉTODOS: Depois de realizada uma busca por trabalhos brasileiros referentes à dosagem da adenosina desaminase no líquido pleural, estes foram avaliados e incluídos no estudo. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da curva summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) que possibilitou a reunião dos estudos quanto a acurácia para o diagnóstico. Com os valores globais de sensibilidade e especificidade foi aplicado o teorema de Bayes para calcular as probabilidades pós-teste em diferentes prevalências da doença. RESULTADOS: Entre 1987 e 2005 foram encontrados 25 estudos contendo informações suficientes que poderiam ser utilizadas na metanálise. Após avaliação, foram incluídos nove estudos, totalizando 1.674 pacientes. De acordo com a curva SROC, foi encontrada uma sensibilidade de 91,8 por cento (IC95 por cento: 89,8-93,6 por cento) e uma especificidade de 88,4 por cento (IC95 por cento: 86,0-90,5 por cento), com uma área abaixo da curva de 0,969. O odds ratio global foi de 112,0 (IC95 por cento: 51,6-243,2). Considerando uma prevalência da tuberculose pleural de 50 por cento (considerada neutra), a probabilidade do diagnóstico pós-teste positivo é de 88,7 por cento e sua exclusão após resultado negativo de 91,5 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das diferenças encontradas entre os estudos, é possível concluir que a adenosina desaminase possui alta acurácia no diagnóstico da tuberculose pleural, devendo ser utilizada de rotina em sua investigação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Brazilian studies by summarizing the accuracy of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis, with the objective of lending support to the movement to make the test part of the routine investigation of pleural effusions. METHODS: A search for Brazilian studies related to the determination of adenosine deaminase levels in the pleural liquid was carried out. These studies were evaluated and included in this study. The data were analyzed using summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves, which enabled the studies to be collected and evaluated regarding the accuracy of the diagnosis. As for the global values of sensitivity and specificity, the Bayes' theorem was applied to calculate the post-test probabilities in different prevalences of the disease. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies dating from 1987 to 2005 and including enough information to be used in the meta-analysis were identified. After evaluation, nine studies were included, totaling 1674 patients. According to the SROC curve, a sensitivity of 91.8 percent (95 percent CI: 89.8-93.6 percent) and a specificity of 88.4 percent (95 percent CI: 86.0-90.5 percent) were found, with an area of 0.969 below the curve. The overall odds ratio was 112.0 (95 percent CI: 51.6-243.2). Considering a prevalence of tuberculosis of 50 percent (considered neutral), the post-test probability was 88.7 percent for a positive test and 91.5 percent for a negative test. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences found among studies, it is possible to conclude that the determination of adenosine deaminase levels has high accuracy in the diagnosis of the pleural tuberculosis and should be used as a routine test in its investigation.

Predictive model for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion.

This study developed a predictive model to identify pleural tuberculosis. A consecutive cases study of patients investigating the cause of pleural effusion, in an area of high prevalence of tuberculosis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Clinical and laboratory variables were compared among patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without tuberculosis (NTB), individually and using logistic regression. The performance was described as diagnostic accuracy, compared to a gold standard in a masked way. We have studied 104 TB patients, 41 with malignant, 29 transudates, 28 parapneumonic, 13 with miscellaneous diseases. After identification of individual discrimination power aided by clinical, radiological and laboratory variables, the following ones were included in a multivariate analysis: ADA, total leukocytes, percentile of lymphocytes, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, duration of disease, age and gender. A logistic regression model to predict pleural tuberculosis including the five first variables showed the best performance. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the best cutoff at 0.7, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of more then 95%. The predictive model improved the specificity of ADA alone, keeping its sensitivity. This model seems helpful when a microbiological or histological diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis could not be established. External validation of these results is necessary before recommendation for routine application.

Predictive model for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion

This study developed a predictive model to identify pleural tuberculosis. A consecutive cases study of patients investigating the cause of pleural effusion, in an area of high prevalence of tuberculosis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Clinical and laboratory variables were compared among patients with tuberculosis (TB) and without tuberculosis (NTB), individually and using logistic regression. The performance was described as diagnostic accuracy, compared to a gold standard in a masked way. We have studied 104 TB patients, 41 with malignant, 29 transudates, 28 parapneumonic, 13 with miscellaneous diseases. After identification of individual discrimination power aided by clinical, radiological and laboratory variables, the following ones were included in a multivariate analysis: ADA, total leukocytes, percentile of lymphocytes, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, duration of disease, age and gender. A logistic regression model to predict pleural tuberculosis including the five first variables showed the best performance. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the best cutoff at 0.7, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of more then 95 percent. The predictive model improved the specificity of ADA alone, keeping its sensitivity. This model seems helpful when a microbiological or histological diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis could not be established. External validation of these results is necessary before recommendation for routine application.

O colesterol no diagnóstico dos exsudatos pleurais / Cholesterol on the diagnosis of pleural exsudates

Introdução: apesar do critério de Light (cL) ser o mais empregado para diferenciar exsudatos de transudatos pleurais, alguns autores têm sugerido outras variáveis com a mesma finalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é calcular o melhor valor discriminatórioe o rendimento do Colesterol (COL) como teste diagnóstico para diferenciação entre transudatos e exsudatos. Metodologia: num estudo transversal histórico, foram estudados os níveis do COL em 283 líquidos pleurais obtidos, de forma consecutiva, de pacientes em investigação para a causa de síndrome do derrame pleural, num Hospital Universitário e num Centro de Investigações Pneumológicas. Resultados: estudando 250 exsudatos e 33 transudatos, calculamos uma sensibilidade de 83% (IC95% 75,8-85,8) e especificidade de 97% (IC95% 84,2-99,5) para o diagnóstico de exsudato, utilizando o valor discriminatório de 50 mg/dL. Com esta prevalência, de 88,3% de exsudato, o valor preditivo positivo foi de 99,5% eo negativo, de 42,67%. A razão de verossimilhança positiva foi de 27,33 e a negativa, de 0,18. Conclusão: a sensibilidade foi algo inferior ao cL, enquanto a especificidade foi superior. Os resultados obtidos são semelhantes aos observados por outros autores e apresentam o colesterol como parâmetro valioso, rápido e econômico, isolado ou associado a outros marcadores.