Personality and leadership: Meta-analytic review of cross-cultural moderation, behavioral mediation, and honesty-humility.

We advance the trait approach to leadership by leveraging a large multinational database on leader emergence (k = 120 samples, N = 32,579) and leader effectiveness (k = 116, N = 42,487) to extend Judge et al.'s (2002) classic meta-analysis of Big Five personality and leadership. By testing novel hypotheses rooted in culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory and socioanalytic theory, we offer three unique insights. First, in collectivist societies (cultures that value interdependence with one's group), the five factor model traits-and leader Extraversion and Agreeableness in particular-are stronger predictors of leader effectiveness, consistent with the theorized need for enhanced social coordination in such cultures. Second, a theoretical model is proposed to specify that leader Big Five trait effects are mediated by leader behavior (confirming that Consideration mediates Extraversion and Agreeableness, whereas Initiating Structure mediates Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Openness). Third, trait Honesty-Humility robustly predicts leader effectiveness beyond the Big Five traits, expanding the trait approach. New implications for understanding when and why personality traits predict leadership are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluation of Automated Processing of Electronically Reported Serological Tests for Syphilis Using Current and Historical Syphilis Results Compared With Traditional Reactor Grid Processing in Florida.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis in Florida increased 49% from 2016 to 2020. Moreover, many serological tests for syphilis (STS) do not indicate current infection. Traditionally, syphilis surveillance systems used reactor grids, a method for prioritizing STS for investigation based on age, nontreponemal titer, and/or sex. In 2022, Florida's sexually transmitted disease surveillance system implemented an automated method for processing electronically reported STS (eSTS), expanding upon the reactor grid, using an individual's current STS (treponemal and nontreponemal), treatment history, and historical STS results aiming for more efficiently processing eSTS. We compared the new method of processing eSTS results against the reactor grid and determined potential value in time/cost savings of this change. METHODS: All eSTSs (n = 4144) from January 2, 2023 to January 8, 2023, were compared by how the logic-based method processed test results versus how the reactor grid processed test results. Each method was compared using measurements of accuracy (e.g., sensitivity/specificity). Time and cost savings in eSTS processing were estimated. RESULTS: Using the surveillance case definition as reference, the accuracy of the logic-based method for processing eSTS was nearly double (82.3% vs. 43.6%), had greater specificity (79.0% vs. 33.0%), and increased positive predictive value (47.5% vs. 22.0%) when compared with the reactor grid method. Sensitivity (99.5% vs. 98.6%) and negative predictive value (99.9% vs. 99.2%) remained similar. The logic-based method is estimated to save 7783 hours annually (~$185,000). CONCLUSIONS: Processing eSTS based on current and historical STS results is significantly more accurate than using a reactor grid. Moreover, these improvements save time and resources that can be better allocated to other program prevention activities.

Phenotypical Characterization of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Premature Infants using Polysomnography.

OBJECTIVE: To use objective quantification of polysomnographic (PSG) parameters in premature infants to define the severity and nature of obstructions (partial hypopnea vs. total obstruction), along with the impact on sleep fragmentation and oxygenation patterns. METHODS: Retrospective comparison of PSG features in 207 infants (<12 months) referred for sleep disordered breathing. Our study groups included term (> = 37 weeks GA, n = 162) and premature (<37 weeks GA, n = 45) infants. Groups were compared for OSA sleep-stage-specific apnea hypopnea (AHI) indexes (REM and NREM), hypopnea indexes (HI), obstructive apnea indexes (OI) and arousal indexes. Oxygenation was assessed as % of time with SpO2 < 90%, nadir with apneic events and frequency of SpO2 desaturations (>3%) calculated as stage-specific O2 desaturation indexes. RESULTS: Overall, premature infants had greater apnea severity (AHI premature 13.9/h vs. Term 7.9/h, p = 0.018). Additional analyses showed that the primary difference between premature and term infants is seen in the group with partial obstructions (HI index) and severe OSA (OAHI> = 10/h). Premature infants also had greater arousal indexes (premature 13.8/h vs. term 10.5/h, p = 0.003). Although the percentage of time <90% at night and the median SpO2 nadir during apneic events was similar in premature vs. term, O2 desaturation indexes were greater in premature infants (10.3/h in term vs. 18.3/h in prematurity, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Children born premature have an OSA phenotype in infancy characterized by greater severity mostly due to frequent partial obstructions (hypopneas) rather than full obstructions (obstructive apnea). Prematurity is also associated with more intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:1933-1938, 2024.

3D matrix adhesion feedback controls nuclear force coupling to drive invasive cell migration.

Cell invasion is a multi-step process, initiated by the acquisition of a migratory phenotype and the ability to move through complex 3D extracellular environments. We determine the composition of cell-matrix adhesion complexes of invasive breast cancer cells in 3D matrices and identify an interaction complex required for invasive migration. ßPix and myosin18A (Myo18A) drive polarized recruitment of non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) to adhesion complexes at the tips of protrusions. Actomyosin force engagement then displaces the Git1-ßPix complex from paxillin, establishing a feedback loop for adhesion maturation. We observe active force transmission to the nucleus during invasive migration that is needed to pull the nucleus forward. The recruitment of NM2A to adhesions creates a non-muscle myosin isoform gradient, which extends from the protrusion to the nucleus. We postulate that this gradient facilitates coupling of cell-matrix interactions at the protrusive cell front with nuclear movement, enabling effective invasive migration and front-rear cell polarity.

Publication and characteristics of qualitative research in School Psychology journals between 2006 and 2021.

To understand the evolution and current status of qualitative research in School Psychology, we reviewed 4,346 articles published across seven school psychology journals between 2006 and 2021. The bibliometric analysis indicates that publication of qualitative research has increased over the years, but remains small (3%) when seen against the total volume of journal publications. Less than 5% of articles in all but one journal were qualitative. The most commonly explored topic was diversity, equity, and social justice accounting for 23% of the qualitative articles. In total, 55% of the studies were conducted in the United States. Although many studies did not specify participants' race and gender, the most commonly reported research participants were K-12 students, female, White, and from the United States. We discuss these findings and provide recommendations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Adverse impact reduction and job performance optimization via pareto-optimal weighting: A shrinkage formula and regularization technique using machine learning.

In personnel selection practice, one useful technique for reducing adverse impact and enhancing diversity is the Pareto-optimal weighting approach of De Corte et al. (2007). This approach produces a series of hiring solutions that characterize a diversity-job performance trade-off and can lead to more optimal selection outcomes (sometimes doubling the number of job offers for minority applicants without changing the job performance outcomes of personnel selection). Despite these advantages, recent research has identified a potential problem with the Pareto-weighting technique-Pareto solutions suffer from shrinkage upon cross-validation. To address the problem of shrinkage in the Pareto trade-off curve (i.e., diversity shrinkage and validity shrinkage), we offer two contributions. First, a shrinkage approximation formula is introduced (similar to a formula for adjusted R², but applicable to the entire Pareto trade-off curve). Second, we derive a novel technique for the regularization of Pareto-optimal predictor weights (borrowed from the field of machine learning), which is designed to produce predictor weights that are less vulnerable to shrinkage (similar to ridge regression and adapted from the elastic net technique). Both approaches-the proposed Pareto shrinkage formula and the proposed regularization technique-are then evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Recommendations are provided for approximating potential diversity-performance trade-off curves in personnel selection, while accounting for shrinkage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Extragenital Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Louisiana Parish Health Units, 2016-2019.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that men who have sex with men (MSM) get tested annually for urethral and rectal chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NG), and pharyngeal NG. There are no national recommendations to screen women and heterosexual men at extragenital sites. We assessed extragenital CT/NG screening among men and women at Louisiana's Parish Health Units (PHU). METHODS: The Louisiana STD/HIV/Hepatitis Program piloted extragenital screening at 4 PHUs in February 2016 and expanded to 11 PHUs in 2017. Sexual histories were used to identify gender of sex partners and exposed sites. Because of billing restrictions, up to 2 anatomical sites were tested for CT/NG. RESULTS: From February 2016 to June 2019, 70,895 urogenital and extragenital specimens (56,086 urogenital, 13,797 pharyngeal, and 1,012 rectal) were collected from 56,086 patients. Pharyngeal CT positivity was 160 of 7,868 (2.0%) among women, 54 of 4,838 (1.1%) among men who have sex with women (MSW) and 33 of 1,091 (3.0%) among MSM. Rectal CT positivity was 51 of 439 (11.6%) among women and 95 of 573 (16.6%) among MSM. Pharyngeal NG positivity was 299 of 7,868 (3.8%) among women, 222 of 4,838 (4.6%) among MSW, and 97 of 1,091 (8.9%) among MSM. Rectal NG positivity was 20 of 439 (4.6%) among women and 134 of 573 (23.4%) among MSM.Urogenital-only screening would have missed: among women, 173 of 3,923 (4.4%) CT and 227 of 1,480 (15.3%) NG infections; among MSW, 26 of 2,667 (1%) CT and 149 of 1,709 (8.7%) NG infections; and among MSM, 116 of 336 (34.5%) CT and 127 of 413 (42.1%) NG infections. CONCLUSIONS: Many CT/NG infections would have been missed with urogenital-only screening. Men who have sex with men had much higher extragenital infection rates than women and MSW.

Development of a network of carcinogenicity adverse outcome pathways and its employment as an evidence framework for safety assessment

The traditional paradigm for safety assessment of chemicals for their carcinogenic potential to humans relies heavily on a battery of well-established genotoxicity tests, usually followed up by long-term, high-dose rodent studies. There are a variety of problems with this approach, not least that the rodent may not always be the best model to predict toxicity in humans. Consequently, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being developed to replace or enhance predictions coming from the existing assays. However, a combination of the data arising from NAMs is likely to be required to improve upon the current paradigm, and consequently a framework is needed to combine evidence in a meaningful way. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) represent an ideal construct on which to organize this evidence. In this work, a data structure outlined previously was used to capture AOPs and evidence relating to carcinogenicity. Knowledge held within the predictive system Derek Nexus was extracted, built upon, and arranged into a coherent network containing 37 AOPs. 60 assays and 351 in silico alerts were then associated with KEs in this network, and it was brought to life by associating data and contextualizing evidence and predictions for over 13,400 compounds. Initial investigations into using the network to view knowledge and reason between evidence in different ways were made. Organizing knowledge and evidence in this way provides a flexible framework on which to carry out more consistent and meaningful carcinogenicity safety assessments in many different contexts.

Association of anosmia and neutralizing antibody production in adolescents with SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND: To monitor olfactory/gustatory dysfunction and its relationship to SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses in an adolescent population. METHODS: Adolescents with changes in olfactory/gustatory functions were enrolled in a 15-month study. The patients were evaluated with 1) SNOT-22, 2) pediatric smell wheel, and 3) SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. The relationship between these scores and length of anosmia, and the amount of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were assessed. A brain MRI was performed in cases of persistent special sensory symptoms. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were identified with smell and/or taste complaints. Most of the patients were female (67%) and median age was 15 years (range 11-17). Twelve patients had prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, with only five patients with a positive result. The median SNOT-22 score was 16 (range 0-52) and the median smell wheel score was 6.5 (range 1-11). Patients with taste difficulty were more likely to have a score less than eight. 78% of the patients tested positive for antibodies and there was a strong negative correlation between smell wheel score and antibody level (Spearman, ρ = -0.798, p = 0.002). Five patients underwent MRI scan, and all resulted as normal olfactory bulb structures. 66% received nasal corticosteroids. 11 patients presented in follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents presenting to a pediatric ENT clinic during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were likely to have prolonged (>6 weeks) symptoms of SARS-CoV-2. The majority do not report positive PCR testing result but do report systemic symptoms including anosmia. This suggests that anosmia may be both a late and prolonged symptom of SARS-CoV-2.

Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership: Meta-Analysis and Explanatory Model of Female Leadership Advantage.

Emotional intelligence is a second-stratum factor of general intelligence (MacCann et al. 2014) that: (a) has been popularly touted as an essential individual difference for effective leadership (Goleman 1998), but also (b) exhibits large gender group differences favoring women (Joseph and Newman 2010). Combining these insights, we propose that emotional intelligence is a key mechanism in the so-called female leadership advantage (Eagly and Carli 2003-which emphasizes the finding that women are rated slightly higher in transformational leadership compared to men). The current study seeks to explain this gender leadership gap by specifying three personality-based theoretical mechanisms that enhance transformational leadership: (a) emotional intelligence (favoring women), (b) communion (stereotypical femininity; favoring women; Hsu et al. 2021), as well as an offsetting effect of (c) agency (stereotypical masculinity; favoring men). Meta-analytic data (including original meta-analyses among the leader's ability-based emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, communion, and agency) are used to test our theorized model. Results confirm the full mediation model of female leadership advantage. Because the three unique mechanisms operate in different directions, their individual indirect effects are notable, but their cumulative indirect effect is small and near-zero. In conclusion, we emphasize incorporating emotional intelligence with other personality-based explanations of gender effects in leadership perceptions.

Shigellosis Cases With Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections: Population-Based Data From 6 US Jurisdictions, 2007 to 2016.

BACKGROUND: Shigella species, which cause acute diarrheal disease, are transmitted via fecal-oral and sexual contact. To better understand the overlapping populations affected by Shigella infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, we examined the occurrence of reported STIs within 24 months among shigellosis case-patients. METHODS: Culture-confirmed Shigella cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2016 among residents of 6 US jurisdictions were matched to reports of STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and all stages of syphilis) diagnosed 12 months before or after the shigellosis case. We examined epidemiologic characteristics and reported temporal trends of Shigella cases by sex and species. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2016, 10,430 shigellosis cases were reported. The annual number of reported shigellosis cases across jurisdictions increased 70%, from 821 cases in 2007 to 1398 cases in 2016; males saw a larger increase compared with females. Twenty percent of male shigellosis case-patients had an STI reported in the reference period versus 4% of female case-patients. The percentage of male shigellosis case-patients with an STI increased from 11% (2007) to 28% (2016); the overall percentage among females remained low. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the substantial proportion of males with shigellosis who were diagnosed with STIs within 24 months and the benefit of matching data across programs. Sexually transmitted infection screening may be warranted for male shigellosis case-patients.

Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

RAS mutations are frequently observed in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and previous studies have yielded conflicting results as to whether they are associated with a poor outcome. We and others have demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK) pathway can be activated through epigenetic mechanisms in the absence of RAS pathway mutations. Herein, we examined whether MAPK activation, as determined by measuring phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) levels in 80 diagnostic patient samples using phosphoflow cytometry, could be used as a prognostic biomarker for pediatric B-ALL. The mean fluorescence intensity of pERK (MFI) was measured at baseline and after exogenous stimulation with or without pretreatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib. Activation levels (MFI stimulated/MFI baseline) ranged from 0.76 to 4.40 (median = 1.26), and inhibition indexes (MFI stimulated/MFI trametinib stimulated) ranged from 0.439 to 5.640 (median = 1.30), with no significant difference between patients with wildtype versus mutant RAS for either. Logistic regression demonstrated that neither MAPK activation levels nor RAS mutation status at diagnosis alone or in combination was prognostic of outcome. However, 35% of RAS wildtype samples showed MAPK inhibition indexes greater than the median, thus raising the possibility that therapeutic strategies to inhibit MAPK activation may not be restricted to patients whose blasts display Ras pathway defects.

Deliberate practice of consultation communication skills: A randomized controlled trial.

Consultation is a key competency area for school psychologists, though much is unknown about how school psychologists develop the competency to consult. Deliberate practice (DP) is a promising approach to enhance use of communication skills, thereby supporting consultation competence. DP training included multiple opportunities for video-recorded consultation practice in response to a consultee's request for assistance, self-reflection on skill application, and corrective supervisory feedback. In this randomized controlled trial, 109 school psychology graduate students across 45 training programs received either consultation training as usual delivered through their first consultation course (control group; n = 61) or a supplemental DP training intervention in addition to their first consultation course (treatment group; n = 48). Students who completed the DP training significantly increased their use of communication skills during a simulated practice opportunity, while the control group participants did not. Students in the DP condition also reported significantly greater self-efficacy than students in the control group, although students in both groups reported significantly greater self-efficacy over time. DP participants also reported high levels of training satisfaction. Implications of these findings for the design and delivery of consultation training and supervision are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Vocational interests and adverse impact: How attraction and selection on vocational interests relate to adverse impact potential.

The current research proposes to incorporate vocational interests into the study of adverse impact (i.e., differential hiring/selection rates between minority and majority groups in employment settings). In the context of high stakes testing (e.g., using cognitive and personality tests), we show how race gaps in vocational interests would correspond to differential rates of job attraction (the attraction process) and various personnel selection outcomes (the selection process), in patterns that are not always intuitive. Using findings from various meta-analyses, we construct a combined correlation matrix of race, vocational interests, cognitive ability, and Conscientiousness; and provide mathematical formulas to assess the role of vocational interests in determining subgroup differences on predictors in applicant pools. Results and empirical examples suggest: (a) applicant attraction based on vocational interests can reduce adverse impact potential when the interest favors the minority [majority] group and is negatively [positively] related to the predictor; (b) attraction effects of vocational interests on adverse impact potential are modest; (c) if the vocational interest subgroup mean difference is small relative to other predictors in use, personnel selection on the interest will reduce adverse impact potential; (d) attraction effects tend to dampen or remove the selection effects of vocational interests on adverse impact potential, due to variance restriction on interests in the applicant pool; and (e) selection effects tend to be much stronger than attraction effects. These findings have implications for how adverse impact might differ systematically across job types, partly due to attraction and selection effects involving race differences in vocational interests. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Teammate Invitation Networks: The Roles of Recommender Systems and Prior Collaboration in Team Assembly.

Teammate invitation networks are foundational for team assembly, and recommender systems (similar to dating websites, but for selecting potential teammates) can aid the formation of such networks. This paper extends Hinds, Carley, Krackhardt, and Wholey's (2000) influential model of team member selection by incorporating online recommender systems. Exponential random graph modeling of two samples (overall N = 410; 63 teams; 1,048 invitations) shows the invitation network is predicted by online recommendations, beyond previously-established effects of prior collaboration/familiarity, skills/competence, and homophily. Importantly, online recommendations are less heeded when there is prior collaboration (effect replicates across samples). This study highlights technology-enabled team assembly from a network perspective.

Repeat Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Men in Florida and Louisiana 2000-2018: Implications for Screening Recommendations.

Syphilis rates have continued to rise in the United States. Florida and Louisiana consistently report high numbers of cases. We evaluated rates of reinfection to see if frequent rescreening might lead to earlier treatment and prevent infections. All syphilis records of all stages for males and females aged 15-70 years from the Florida and Louisiana Departments of Health surveillance databases 2000-2018 were evaluated. The first episode of syphilis during this period was considered the initial diagnosis for each person. Demographics of cases and repeaters (individuals reported with two or more cases of syphilis) were examined. Percentages of syphilis cases from repeaters by year were calculated as were percentages from HIV+ males. During 2000-2018, 124,827 syphilis cases were reported from 107,405 individuals: 73,811 (68.7%) males; 33,594 (31.3%) females. There were 12,545 individuals (repeaters) with two or more syphilis diagnoses (n = 17,422 cases; range, 2-10). From 2010 to 2018, repeaters accounted for steadily increasing percentage of all syphilis reported: 2010 (11%), 2013 (16%), 2015 (20%), and 2018 (26%). Among HIV+ male cases the percentage from repeaters also increased: 2010 (28%), 2013 (35%), 2015 (42%), and 2018 (50%). In 2018, 19% of all cases (n = 2455) were from HIV+ males who had a previous syphilis diagnosis. Among HIV+ males diagnosed with syphilis in 2015, 34% had a repeat syphilis diagnosis within 3 years. Most syphilis diagnosed in Florida and Louisiana was among persons infected for the first time. However, some subgroups could possibly benefit from more frequent screening. Males living with HIV who had a prior syphilis diagnosis were at very high risk of repeat infection.

Altering product placement to create a healthier layout in supermarkets: Outcomes on store sales, customer purchasing, and diet in a prospective matched controlled cluster study.

BACKGROUND: Previous product placement trials in supermarkets are limited in scope and outcome data collected. This study assessed the effects on store-level sales, household-level purchasing, and dietary behaviours of a healthier supermarket layout. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This is a prospective matched controlled cluster trial with 2 intervention components: (i) new fresh fruit and vegetable sections near store entrances (replacing smaller displays at the back) and frozen vegetables repositioned to the entrance aisle, plus (ii) the removal of confectionery from checkouts and aisle ends opposite. In this pilot study, the intervention was implemented for 6 months in 3 discount supermarkets in England. Three control stores were matched on store sales and customer profiles and neighbourhood deprivation. Women customers aged 18 to 45 years, with loyalty cards, were assigned to the intervention (n = 62) or control group (n = 88) of their primary store. The trial registration number is NCT03518151. Interrupted time series analysis showed that increases in store-level sales of fruits and vegetables were greater in intervention stores than predicted at 3 (1.71 standard deviations (SDs) (95% CI 0.45, 2.96), P = 0.01) and 6 months follow-up (2.42 SDs (0.22, 4.62), P = 0.03), equivalent to approximately 6,170 and approximately 9,820 extra portions per store, per week, respectively. The proportion of purchasing fruits and vegetables per week rose among intervention participants at 3 and 6 months compared to control participants (0.2% versus -3.0%, P = 0.22; 1.7% versus -3.5%, P = 0.05, respectively). Store sales of confectionery were lower in intervention stores than predicted at 3 (-1.05 SDs (-1.98, -0.12), P = 0.03) and 6 months (-1.37 SDs (-2.95, 0.22), P = 0.09), equivalent to approximately 1,359 and approximately 1,575 fewer portions per store, per week, respectively; no differences were observed for confectionery purchasing. Changes in dietary variables were predominantly in the expected direction for health benefit. Intervention implementation was not within control of the research team, and stores could not be randomised. It is a pilot study, and, therefore, not powered to detect an effect. CONCLUSIONS: Healthier supermarket layouts can improve the nutrition profile of store sales and likely improve household purchasing and dietary quality. Placing fruits and vegetables near store entrances should be considered alongside policies to limit prominent placement of unhealthy foods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03518151 (pre-results).

Resources in women's social networks for food shopping are more strongly associated with better dietary quality than people: A cross-sectional study.

When healthy people are part of an individual's social network, those individuals will have better dietary quality. Little, however, is known about whether social networks for food shopping, including both people and resources (e.g. recipes, weight loss programmes and food advertisements) are associated with dietary quality. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between social networks for food shopping and dietary quality, and whether this differs for people and resources, among women aged 18-45 years. A total of 129 participants completed a cross-sectional questionnaire including an ego-centric Social Network Exposure tool and short Food Frequency Questionnaire. Associations between dietary quality and type of network member, perceived healthiness and support for healthy shopping choices were explored using linear regression models. Analyses revealed that participants who nominated people in their food shopping social network that eat healthily or support healthy food shopping had better dietary quality (ß = 0.16 SD per 1-point change on a 4-point scale, 95%CI -0.06, 0.39; ß = 0.20, 95%CI -0.07, 0.46, respectively). Resources in participants' food shopping social networks which promote healthy eating or support healthy shopping were associated with better dietary quality. These associations remained robust after adjustment for confounding variables identified using a directed acyclic graph (ß = 0.31 SD per 1-point change on a 4-point scale, 95%CI 0.03, 0.58; ß = 0.44, 95%CI 0.09, 0.79 respectively). The results were strengthened when the outcome was multiplied by frequency of contact (ß = 0.33, 95%CI 0.05, 0.61; ß = 0.47, 95%CI 0.11, 0.83 respectively). This study suggests that resources which promote healthy eating and healthy food shopping have a stronger association with dietary quality than social support from people. Further research is required in a larger sample, including multiple time-points, to confirm these findings.

Beyond adverse outcome pathways: making toxicity predictions from event networks, SAR models, data and knowledge.

Adverse outcome pathways have shown themselves to be useful ways of understanding and expressing knowledge about sequences of events that lead to adverse outcomes (AOs) such as toxicity. In this paper we use the building blocks of adverse outcome pathways-namely key events (KEs) and key event relationships-to construct networks which can be used to make predictions of the likelihood of AOs. The networks of KEs are augmented by data from and knowledge about assays as well as by structure activity relationship predictions linking chemical classes to the observation of KEs. These inputs are combined within a reasoning framework to produce an information-rich display of the relevant knowledge and data and predictions of AOs both in the abstract case and for individual chemicals. Illustrative examples are given for skin sensitization, reprotoxicity and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity.

Recent immigration actions and news and the adjustment of U.S. Latino/a adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: This research describes how family immigrant statuses are related to Latino/a adolescents' responses to recent immigration actions and news and, in turn, adolescent adjustment. METHOD: Study 1 included a school-based sample of 11- to 15-year-olds in suburban Atlanta, Georgia (N = 547); Study 2 included a convenience sample of 15- to 18-year-olds in the Washington, DC area (N = 340). Family immigrant status was defined by adolescents' immigrant generation status in Study 1 and by parent residency status in Study 2. In both studies, a 14-item measure assessed responses to recent immigration actions and news, including psychological worries and behavioral withdrawal. Dependent variables included internalizing and externalizing symptoms, suicidal ideation, e-cigarette use, and alcohol use (Study 1), and alcohol use and depressive symptoms (Study 2). RESULTS: Psychological worry and behavioral withdrawal responses to immigration actions and news were significantly greater among adolescents with foreign-born, compared to U.S.-born, parents (Study 1), and among adolescents with undocumented, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), or permanent resident parents, as compared to citizen parents (Study 2). Results from tests of indirect effects indicated that these worries and behavioral withdrawal responses were, in turn, associated with higher levels of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms, a higher odds of substance use and suicidal ideation (Study 1), and higher levels of adolescent depressive symptoms (Study 2). CONCLUSIONS: As 1-quarter of the U.S. child population is Latino/a, there is a need to address immigration threats jeopardizing the adjustment of Latino/a teenagers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).