Abnormal Pap smear among pregnant women - Feasibility of opportunistic cervical screening.

Objective: The uptake of cervical cancer screening is poor, especially in developing countries. Thus, pregnancy represents a good opportunity to have the test done. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of abnormal Pap smear among pregnant women during their antenatal check-ups. Study design: A prospective study involving five hundred and ninety-six women was recruited over a 1-year duration from 15th January 2018 until 14th January 2019 in a tertiary referral center, in Malaysia. Pap smears were performed on all consented pregnant women using liquid-based cytology and the results were obtained to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal Pap smear during pregnancy. Maternal risk factors associated with abnormal Pap smear were identified and the outcomes of abnormal Pap smear were followed up. Results: A total of 670 participants were approached and 596 participants agreed to participate, giving a response rate of 89.0 %. Therefore, 587 participants were available for analysis. There were nine unsatisfactory smears (1.5 %). The prevalence of premalignant lesions reported on p % ap smear was 0.8 %. Three respondents had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (0.5 %) and two respondents had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) (0.3 %). Almost one-third (30.3 %) of respondents had an infection and 24 (4.1 %) smears were reported as reactive changes associated with inflammation. Respondents between the age of 20-30 years old had a significant association with an abnormal pre-cancerous smear (p = 0.000) as well as nulliparity (p = 0.0.40). There was no significant association between height, weight, BMI, sexual partner, age of first intercourse, smoking habit, history of sexually transmitted disease and history of abnormal Pap smear. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal pre-cancerous smears during pregnancy is low. However, it is desirable to perform cervical screening as it provides an opportunity to no screening at all.

Outcomes of Pregnancy in COVID-19-Positive Mothers in a Tertiary Centre.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an emerging global pandemic with potential adverse effects during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the adverse maternal and foetal outcomes due to COVID-19 infection. We also compared maternal and neonatal outcomes with regard to the timing of diagnosis (first and second trimester vs. third and fourth trimester); early COVID-19 (stage I and II) vs. severe-stage COVID-19 (III, IV, and V); and lastly, women who were partially vaccinated vs. unvaccinated. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in HCTM from January 2021 to January 2022. All pregnant women admitted for COVID-19 infections were recruited. The patients' records were traced. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were documented and analysed. RESULTS: There were 172 pregnant women recruited into this study. We excluded twenty-four patients with incomplete data and nine women who delivered elsewhere. The final 139 patients were available for data analysis. The majority of women were in their third trimester of pregnancy (87.8%); however, only 5.0% and 7.2% were in the first and second trimesters, respectively. The study population had a median BMI of 29.1 kg/m2 and almost half of them had never received a COVID-19 vaccination. A sub-analysis of data concerning adverse maternal and foetal outcomes comparing early vs. severe stages of COVID-19 infection showed that severe-stage disease increased the risk of preterm birth (54.5% vs. 15.4%, p < 0.001) and preterm birth before 34 weeks (31.9% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001) significantly. The severe-stage disease also increased NICU admission (40.9% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.017) with lower birth weight (2995 g vs. 2770 g, p = 0.017). The unvaccinated mothers had an increased risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks and this was statistically significant (11.6% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as ICU admission or patient death could occur; however, the clinical course of COVID-19 in most women was not severe and the infection did not significantly influence the pregnancy. The risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks was higher in a more severe-stage disease and unvaccinated mother. The findings from this study can guide and enhance antenatal counselling of women with COVID-19 infection, although they should be interpreted with caution in view of the very small number of included cases of patients in the first and second trimesters.

Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis.

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection in women of reproductive age group because of vaginal dysbiosis. The impact of BV during pregnancy is still not well defined. The objective of this study is to assess the maternal-fetal outcome in women with BV. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study over one-year duration was conducted from December, 2014 until December, 2015, involving 237 women who presented with abnormal vaginal discharge, preterm labour or preterm prelabour rupture of membrane between 22- and 34-weeks period of gestation. Vaginal swabs were sent for culture and sensitivity, BV® Blue testing and PCR for Gardnerella vaginalis (GV). Results: BV was diagnosed in 24/237 (10.1%) cases. The median gestational age was 31.6 weeks. GV was isolated from 16 out of 24 (66.7%) in the BV positive group. There was a significantly higher preterm birth rate, below 34 weeks (22.7% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.019) in women with BV. There was no statistically significant difference in maternal outcome such as clinical chorioamnionitis or endometritis. However, placental pathology revealed more than half (55.6%) of women with BV had histologic chorioamnionitis. Neonatal morbidity was significantly higher with exposure to BV, with a lower median birth weight, higher rate of neonatal intensive care unit admission (41.7% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.010), increased intubation for respiratory support (29.2% vs. 7.6%, p = 0.004) and respiratory distress syndrome (33.3% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.002). Conclusion: More research is needed to formulate guidelines for prevention, early detection and treatment of BV during pregnancy to reduce intrauterine inflammation and the associated adverse fetal outcomes.

Effect of Acupressure at P6 on Nausea and Vomiting in Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting. This study aims to illustrate the efficacy of acupressure at P6 in treating nausea and vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum. This parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted from 2016-2017 in a tertiary hospital. Hospitalized women with ≤16 weeks of gestation and moderate to severe nausea and vomiting classified using a modified PUQE score were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either apply an acupressure wristband at the P6 point three times daily or to receive regular doses of intravenous antiemetics. The primary outcome was differences in modified PUQE scores among the groups. The secondary outcomes were differences in the rate of urine ketone clearance and the frequency of requiring rescue antiemetics. Ninety women were equally randomized into two groups, with no dropout. There was a statistically significant difference in the degrees of nausea and vomiting between the groups at 8, 16, and 24 hours post-admission (p8hours= 0.001, p16hours = 0.006, and p24hours = 0.001). The requirement of antiemetics and the rate of urine ketone clearance between the two groups were also statistically significant, at p = 0.001 and p = 0.02 respectively. There were no side effects in either group. The P6 acupressure was efficacious in alleviating nausea and vomiting among hyperemesis gravidarum women. The trial was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05175079).

Prevalence, Knowledge and Awareness of Pelvic Floor Disorder among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Centre, Malaysia.

Pelvic floor disorders are common and of concern, as the majority of maternity healthcare providers seldom discuss this issue with patients compared to other antenatal issues. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and to assess the knowledge and awareness of pelvic floor disorder (PFD) among pregnant women in a tertiary centre in Malaysia. We also aim to assess the association between women's risk factors regarding their knowledge and awareness of pelvic floor disorder so that primary prevention strategies can be planned, initiated and implemented in the future. This is a cross-sectional study with a total of four hundred twenty-four pregnant women that were recruited over a 6-month duration from May to November 2017 in a tertiary centre in Malaysia. The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) was used to evaluate pelvic floor distress symptoms during pregnancy, namely urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence. A validated Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire (PIKQ), which consists of 24 items, was used to assess respondents' knowledge about urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). A total of 450 participants were approached, but 424 participants agreed to participate, showing a response rate of 94.3%. The median age was 31.5 years old, and 33.3% were primiparity. Overall, 46.1% of pregnant women had at least one symptom of pelvic floor disorder during pregnancy. Of these, 62.3% experienced urinary incontinence, 41.1% experienced symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse, and 37.8% experienced symptoms of faecal incontinence. The overall median score of PIKQ was 12.0 (8.0, 17.0). The median score for PIKQ­UI was 7.0 (5.0, 9.0) and the median score for PIKQ­POP was 6.0 (4.0, 8.0). There were 341 (80.4%) pregnant women that had a low level of knowledge in UI, and 191 (45.0%) had a low level of knowledge in POP. Having a tertiary level of education and receiving antenatal specialist care were both associated with better proficiency in both the PIKQ­UI (p < 0.001) and PIKQ­POP (p < 0.001) subscales. Pelvic floor disorder during pregnancy was common. A knowledge of pelvic floor disorder was lacking among pregnant women in this study. Having a tertiary education and receiving antenatal specialist care were both associated with better knowledge proficiency. This study hopefully serves as a basic platform for future educational programs to bridge the knowledge gaps in PFD among pregnant women.

Endometrial Cancer in Pre-Menopausal Women and Younger: Risk Factors and Outcome.

Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in women, and it is known to be a disease among postmenopausal women, but there is rising in the number of endometrial cancers among premenopausal women. This study aims to determine the clinical characteristic, risk factors, outcomes, and survival in pre and postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer in Malaysia. A retrospective study was conducted in Hospital Melaka that involved all women who were diagnosed with endometrial cancer in Hospital Melaka from January 2002 until July 2020. All subjects' histopathological examination result was confirmed, and their clinical data were extracted and transferred into a standardized data checklist and analysed. A total number of 392 cases was obtained from the Annual Cancer Registry Hospital Melaka. However, only 281 cases were studied, including 44.8% premenopausal and 55.2% postmenopausal women. In the premenopausal group, there were higher incidence of obesity (30.8 + 8.6 vs. 28.9 + 7.1), younger age at menarche (12.7 + 1.5 vs. 13.3 + 1.6), lesser parity (1.47 vs. 3.26), and a higher number of nulliparous women (46.8% vs. 19.4%) as compared to postmenopausal group. The premenopausal group tends to be presented with a well-differentiated grading of tumour (52.4%) and a higher incidence of having concomitant endometrial hyperplasia (41.3%). The mean survival among the premenopausal group (200.3 + 7.9 months) is higher compared to postmenopausal group (153.9 + 6.5 months). These findings correlate with good survival and prognosis among the premenopausal group compared to the postmenopausal group.

Quality of Life of Gynaeoncology Patients and Family Caregivers.

The quality of life of both gynaeoncology patients and their family caregivers is affected by disease. This was a cross-sectional study of gynaeoncology patients and their caregivers in a gynaeoncology clinic and ward in a tertiary centre from 1 November 2017 until 30 April 2018. EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 questionnaires were used for the assessment of quality of life. Sociodemographic characteristics and the quality of life of both patients and caregivers were studied. There were 176 patients approached and 7 patients declined to participate in the study, giving the response rate of 95.9%. A total of 169 patients were recruited and consented to this study. Whereas, for SF-36, five domains that were physical functioning, role limitation due to physical health, energy, pain, and general health were statistically significant between both groups (p < 0.05). Factors that favoured a high quality of life in patients were an early stage of cancer and the absence of comorbidities. While for caregivers, being single or educated was associated with a better quality of life. In our study, we found that the quality of life of gynaeoncology patients was lower than their caregivers based on EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 questionnaires.

Gardnerella vaginalis infection in pregnancy: Effects on placental development and neonatal outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Gardnerella vaginalis (GV)-associated bacterial vaginosis is recognised for its detrimental effects on pregnancy resulting in poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes. There is limited knowledge of the effects on placental histomorphology following GV infection in pregnancy. We investigated the effects of GV infection on the placenta, particularly with regards to the syncytiotrophoblasts and vascular development, and related these to neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study involving GV-positive pregnant women presented with abnormal vaginal discharge, with gestational age-matched healthy pregnant women controls. Placental sampling was performed upon delivery and examined histologically. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA and protein expression were analysed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. The standard measures in neonatal outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Placentas from GV-positive mothers were found to have significant histological evidence of maternal and/or fetal inflammatory response compared with the controls (17/28: 60.7% vs 2/20: 10%) (p = 0.0011). There was an increase in the percentage of syncytial nuclear aggregates (SNAs) per villus (47.4 ± 11.09%) in placentas from GV-positive mothers (p < 0.0001). VEGF-A was significantly increased in specifically, the villous endothelial cells of placentas with GV infection, but no difference in the immunoexpression of HIF-1α in these cells between groups. However, these were not associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. DISCUSSION: Increased placental VEGF-A expression associated with increased SNAs in pregnant women with GV infection of the genital tract may be an intrauterine response towards placental vascular remodeling, that may also serve as a protective role in moderating birth outcomes.

Validation of the Malay version of the p-QOL questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to translate and validate the P-QOL questionnaire in the Malay language. METHODS: The P-QOL questionnaire was translated into the Malay language and subsequently back-translated to English. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were tested. All patients who visited the gynecology outpatient clinic of UKMMC, UMMC and IIUM between January 2016 and May 2017 completed the P-QOL questionnaires and were assessed for POP-Q staging. RESULTS: One hundred twenty patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse and 180 asymptomatic patients were included. The Cronbach's alpha for each domain was > 0.70, which confirmed that there was a highly acceptable internal consistency. The value varied between 0.88 (role limitation) and 0.912 (sleep/energy). Test-retest reliability showed a significant correlation between the total scores for each domain (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between P-QOL domain scores and vaginal examination findings (POP-Q). With a higher POP-Q stage, a higher impact on the quality of life was detected in symptomatic patients. The total scores from all domains were significantly higher in symptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: The Malay translated version of the P-QOL questionnaire is a reliable, consistent, and valid instrument for assessing the severity of the symptoms and impact on the quality of life among women with uterovaginal prolapse. It is easily understood, administered, and self-completed by patients.

Perineal skin tear repair following vaginal birth; skin adhesive versus conventional suture - a randomised controlled trial.

This was a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of first-degree perineal tear repair using adhesive glue versus conventional suturing in terms of pain score, wound complication and patient's satisfaction. One hundred and twenty one women were randomised. The skin adhesive group had a significantly lower pain score at rest as well as during sitting, walking and micturition during the first week of delivery compared to the suture group. The time taken to become pain free was significantly shorter in the tissue adhesive group (3.18 vs. 8.65 days, p < .001). Only two patients who had skin glue experienced wound gaping. No significant difference was observed in the level of satisfaction between the adhesive and suture groups. Tissue adhesive is better than subcuticular suture for repairing first-degree perineal tear as it causes less pain and has shorter recovery time.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject. First- and second-degree tears following vaginal delivery are common and involved a third of women. Suturing of these tears is advocated to avoid wound gaping and poor healing.What the results of this study add. For first-degree tear repair, tissue adhesive is better than conventional suture in terms of pain reduction and recovery time.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research. Skin adhesive is an ideal method for first-degree perineal tear repair especially in out of hospital settings such as home birth or midwifery-led centre. A larger scale study is needed to establish its feasibility for second- and third-degree tears repair.

Impact of late pregnancy haemoglobin A1c at 29-30 weeks' gestation on adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with pre-existing diabetes: a retrospective analysis.

This study was to assess the relationship between late pregnancy haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) at 29-30 weeks of gestation and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in 272 pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. HbA1C ≥6.1% was associated with significantly increased risk of preterm delivery, Caesarean section, large for gestational age (LGA), neonatal respiratory distress, neonatal hypoglycaemia, and composite adverse neonatal outcome (p < .05). The risk of pre-eclampsia increased significantly at the lower HbA1C cut-off of > 5.6% (p = .039). Reduction of HbA1C cut-off from 6.1% to 5.6% improved the sensitivity but reduced the specificity for prediction of APOs. Overall, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the moderate predictive value of late pregnancy HbA1C for APOs. In conclusion, elevated late pregnancy HbA1C levels at 29-30 gestational weeks had a negative impact on APOs in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. However, HbA1C cut-off levels of neither ≥6.1% nor >5.6% were ideal for predicting APOs. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Poorly controlled diabetes is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Periconceptual haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) correlates well with the risk of foetal anomaly but is not predictive of APOs at time of delivery. New evidence suggested that late pregnancy HbA1C is predictive of APOs but the definitions of a late pregnancy gestational week and target HbA1C cutpoint remain in doubt. What the results of this study add: This study investigated the relationship between late pregnancy HbA1C levels at 29-30 weeks of gestation and the APOs among pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. Late pregnancy HbA1C ≥ 6.1% correlated with the risk of APOs but the increased risk of pre-eclampsia only became significant at the lower cut-off of >5.6%. Reducing HbA1C cut-off from 6.1% to 5.6% improved the sensitivity but reduced the specificity for prediction of APOs. Overall, late pregnancy HbA1C had a moderate predictive value for APOs. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: HbA1C cut-off levels of neither ≥6.1% nor >5.6% were ideal in predicting APOs among pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. As HbA1C levels tend to drop in pregnancy, caution should be taken when interpreting HbA1C in pregnancy. More multi-centred studies are required to explore the respective glycaemic target for each APO and to determine the ideal timing for late pregnancy HbA1C measurement.

Intra-Operative Frozen Sections for Ovarian Tumors ­ A Tertiary Center Experience

Background: Accuracy of diagnosis with intra-operative frozen sections is extremely important in the evaluation of ovarian tumors so that appropriate surgical procedures can be selected. Study design: All patients who with intra-operative frozen sections for ovarian masses in a tertiary center over nine years from June 2008 until April 2017 were reviewed. Frozen section diagnosis and final histopathological reports were compared. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of intra-operative frozen section as compared to final histopathological results for ovarian tumors. Results: A total of 92 cases were recruited for final evaluation. The frozen section diagnoses were comparable with the final histopathological reports in 83.7% of cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for benign and malignant ovarian tumors were 95.6%, 85.1%, 86.0% and 95.2% and 69.2%, 100%, 100% and 89.2% respectively. For borderline ovarian tumors, the sensitivity and specificity were 76.2% and 88.7%, respectively; the positive predictive value was 66.7% and the negative predictive value was 92.7%. Conclusion: The accuracy of intra-operative frozen section diagnoses for ovarian tumors is high and this approach remains a reliable option in assessing ovarian masses intra-operatively.

Abdominopelvic Tuberculosis Secondary to a Nontuberculous Mycobacterium in an Immunocompetent Patient.

Tuberculosis (TB) remained as one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide despite an overall decline in its incidence rate globally. Extrapulmonary TB is uncommon and only accounts for 10-20% of overall TB disease burden. Abdominopelvic TB is the sixth most common location of extrapulmonary TB. The symptoms and signs are often insidious and nonspecific. Diagnosing abdominopelvic TB can be very challenging at times and poses great difficulties to the clinician. Infection with nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) is even rarer especially in an immunocompetent patient. We report a case of NTM in abdominopelvic TB. A 37-year-old foreign worker, para 3, presented with a one-week history of suprapubic pain associated with fever. An assessment showed presence of a right adnexal mass. She was treated as tuboovarian abscess with intravenous antibiotics. Unfortunately, she did not respond. She underwent exploratory laparotomy. Intraoperatively, features of the mass were suggestive of a right mature cystic teratoma with presence of slough and cheesy materials all over the abdominal cavity as well as presence of ascites. Diagnosis of NTM was confirmed with PCR testing using the peritoneal fluid. This case was a diagnostic dilemma due to the nonspecific clinical presentation. Management of such rare infection was revisited.

Back pain in pregnancy among office workers: risk factors and its impact on quality of life.

Background Back pain is a common presenting complaint during pregnancy and it is often being considered as part of the pregnancy process. The purpose of the study is to investigate the prevalence of back pain in pregnancy, risk factors and its impact on the quality of life in pregnant women. Materials and methods Three hundred and fifty-eight pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre were recruited in this cross-sectional study from October 2011 until April 2012. The back pain was further classified into lumbar pain and posterior pelvic pain. The severity of back pain was assessed using visual analoque scale (VAS) and the functional limitation was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ). Result The prevalence of back pain in pregnancy was 84.6%. Occupation and previous history of back pain were associated with back pain in pregnancy. In terms of functional limitation disability, total ODQ score was statistically significant correlate with severity of pain (VAS score). Personal care, sitting, standing, sex life and social life were significantly affected. Conclusion The risk factors for back pain in pregnancy were type of occupation and history of back pain. The higher VAS score, the more ODQ will be affected. Personal care, sitting, standing, sex life and social life were significantly affected.

Bowel endometriosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Bowel endometriosis is the most common extragenital manifestation of endometriosis. Clinical suspicion is of utmost importance for achieving its diagnosis. Management of this condition is, however, always challenging to the gynaecologist. We report a case of bowel endometriosis in which the patient presented with dyschezia and haematochezia prior to her menses for the past 2 years. A 44-year-old para two woman presented with worsening dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. She also experienced dyschezia and haematochezia prior to her menses for the past 2 years. An examination revealed a fixed retroverted uterus. A computed tomography scan showed focal bowel thickening. She underwent a colonoscopy examination and biopsy that revealed stromal endometriosis. She was subsequently treated with dienogest and became asymptomatic. Diagnosis and management of this debilitating illness was revisited and discussed.

Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy at term: risk factors and pregnancy outcomes.

Background Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is a worldwide epidemic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, its predictive factors and the association with pregnancy outcomes. Materials and methods This was a prospective observational study in a tertiary teaching hospital over 2-years' duration from August 2013 to August 2015. A total of 680 women who completed 37 weeks of pregnancy were recruited. Results Five hundred and seventy-five patients were enrolled in the final analysis for pregnancy outcomes (response rate of 84.6%). There were 71.7% patients who exhibited vitamin D deficiency, 21.0% vitamin D insufficiency and only 7.3% who had adequate levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-vit D) of more than 30 ng/mL. There was no statistically significant association between vitamin D status with maternal (parity, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm labor, antenatal infection, bacterial vaginosis and anemia) and neonatal outcomes (low birth weight baby and neonatal intensive care unit admission) among the three groups. Conclusion A high prevalence of low vitamin D level among pregnant women at term was seen in this study, however, there was no significant finding observed between vitamin D status and both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and metabolic parameters between women with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Background There is increasing evidence that supports the contribution of vitamin D deficiency in metabolic disturbances among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to compare 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the PCOS and normal women. Materials and methods A case-controlled study was conducted in a teaching hospital over a 6-month duration from June 2015 to January 2016. A total of 90 women, who consisted of 45 women with PCOS (study group) and 45 women without PCOS (control group), were recruited. Results The final analysis was of 80 women only and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was high between both groups, i.e. 93.7% but there was no significant difference (p = 0.874). Nevertheless, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the study group as compared to the control group (27.5% vs. 5.0%, p = 0.013). There was no statistically significant correlation between vitamin D level with clinical [age, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DPB, respectively)] and metabolic parameters (fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein) among women with PCOS. However, height was positively correlated (r = 0.338, p = 0.033) and the contrary waist-hip ratio was negatively correlated with vitamin D level (r = -0.605, p = 0.048). Conclusion The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was high in our study population. Nevertheless, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher among women with PCOS as compared to women without PCOS.

Use of hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent preterm labour in uterine didelphys: a case report.

Congenital uterine anomalies have been associated with poor reproductive outcome, which include recurrent miscarriage, abruptio placenta, intra-uterine growth restriction and preterm delivery. Here, we report a case: 36 years old, G3P2, known case of uterine didelphys, with history of preterm birth, who successfully carried her pregnancy till term with weekly intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate (®Proluton Depot, Zuellig Pharma).

Update on the management of ovarian torsion in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian torsion is commonly seen in young girls. Unfortunately it is often misdiagnosed because of its non-specific symptoms and lack of diagnostic modalities. This article focuses on the diagnostic challenge and also the changes in the management of ovarian torsion. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed original reports on the management of ovarian torsion in young girls published from 1984 till 2014. A literature search was conducted by electronic scanning of five electronic database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCI, SSCI and CINAHL. In addition, relevant papers and review articles were hand-searched. The search was limited to English language and human studies. The search was conducted by combining the textwords "ovarian torsion", "adnexal torsion", "adolescents" and "oophoropexy". RESULTS: There are no specific symptoms that can be identified as a pathognomonic feature of ovarian torsion. Ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool, but it is not always reliable in absence of an enlarged ovary. Laparoscopic detorsion is recognized as the mainstay of treatment regardless the condition of the ovaries. Reports have shown favorable ovarian function after detorsion. The role of oopheropexy remains controversial. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of ovarian torsion in girls presenting with abdominal pain. A timely management in this young population can help preserve their ovaries and fertility.