Streptococcus agalactiae Inhibits Candida albicans Hyphal Development and Diminishes Host Vaginal Mucosal TH17 Response.

Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans often co-colonize the female genital tract, and under certain conditions induce mucosal inflammation. The role of the interaction between the two organisms in candidal vaginitis is not known. In this study, we found that co-infection with S. agalactiae significantly attenuated the hyphal development of C. albicans, and that EFG1-Hwp1 signal pathway of C. albicans was involved in this process. In a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the fungal burden and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α showed a increase on co-infection with S. agalactiae, while the level of TH17 T cells and IL-17 in the cervicovaginal lavage fluid were significantly decreased. Our results indicate that S. agalactiae inhibits C. albicans hyphal development by downregulating the expression of EFG1-Hwp1. The interaction between S. agalactiae and C. albicans may attenuate host vaginal mucosal TH17 immunity and contribute to mucosal colonization by C. albicans.

Evaluation of the effects of active fractions of chinese medicine formulas on IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α release from ANA-1 murine macrophages.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Yaotongning (YTN) is a traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that contains ten component medicinal materials (CMMs) and uses Chinese rice wine as a vehicle to enhance its efficacy. YTN has been used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment in China for decades and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, as well as to strengthen the immune system. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present work quantitatively evaluated the in vitro effects of active fractions from the ten CMMs that make up YTN and eight additional herbs commonly used in TCM formulas for RA treatment, as well as different combinations of these active fractions, on cellular immune response; the findings were used to determine which active fractions are responsible for promoting an immune response, and to assess whether YTN is superior to other similar formulas and whether YTN can be improved by simplifying its formula from the point of its cellular immunomodulatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the YTN formulation principles and some concepts in combinatorial chemistry, 27 TCM samples were designed by combining some or all of the active fractions of YTN and other eight herbs used for RA treatment. Release of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from ANA-1 murine macrophages was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunoregulatory effects of the TCM samples were evaluated by comparing their half-effective concentrations (EC50) for stimulating the release of these cytokines. RESULTS: Among the investigated active fractions, the flavonoids from Carthamus tinctorius (Fct), Davallia mariesii (Fdm), and Cinnamomum cassia Twig volatile oils (Vca) from the eight selected herbs effectively promoted IL-1ß and IL-6 release from ANA-1 cells. Saponins from the YTN CMM Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Sgu) were the most potent promoters of IL-1ß and TNF-α release. The aqueous extract of YTN CMM Eupolyphaga sinensis (Ves) strongly enhanced the release of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α from ANA-1 cells. The EC50 values for stimulating the secretion of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α could be determined for only six samples. The full YTN formula and the sample containing 50% Glycyrrhiza uralensis saponins, 25% of the mixture of alkaloids, and 25% of the mixture of all flavonoids exhibited good comprehensive cellular immunomodulatory activity. The immunomodulatory activity of the complete YTN formula was better than that of the sample containing all active fractions of YTN without Chinese rice wine (the YTN vehicle). CONCLUSIONS: Sgu and Ves are the primary active fractions of YTN involved in stimulating immune responses. The YTN prescription was reasonably effective at promoting cellular immune responses. Chinese rice wine, the YTN vehicle, strengthened the immunoregulatory activity of YTN. The results of this study demonstrate that the YTN recipe could be improved by reducing the number of CMMs and altering some active fractions without reducing its activity to promote cellular immune responses.

[Exploration of rapidly determining quality of traditional Chinese medicines by (NIR) spectroscopy based on internet sharing mode].

Because of the numerous varieties of herbal species and active ingredients in the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the traditional methods employed could hardly satisfy the current determination requirements of TCM.The present work proposed an idea to realize rapid determination of the quality of TCM based on near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy and internet sharing mode. Low cost and portable multi-source composite spectrometer was invented by our group for in-site fast measurement of spectra of TCM samples. The database could be set up by sharing spectra and quality detection data of TCM samples among TCM enterprises based on the internet platform.A novel method called as keeping same relationship between X and Y space based on K nearest neighbors(KNN-KSR for short)was applied to predict the contents of effective compounds of the samples. In addition,a comparative study between KNN-KSR and partial least squares(PLS)was conducted. Two datasets were applied to validate above idea:one was about 58 Ginkgo Folium samples samples measured with four near-infrared spectroscopy instruments and two multi-source composite spectrometers,another one was about 80 corn samples available online measured with three NIR instruments. The results show that the KNN-KSR method could obtain more reliable outcomes without correcting spectrum.However transforming the PLS models to other instruments could hardly acquire better predictive results until spectral calibration is performed. Meanwhile,the similar analysis results of total flavonoids and total lactones of Ginkgo Folium samples are achieved on the multi-source composite spectrometers and near-infrared spectroscopy instruments,and the prediction results of KNN-KSR are better than PLS. The idea proposed in present study is in urgent need of more samples spectra, and then to be verified by more case studies.

Quantitative evaluation of in vitro effects and interactions of active fractions in a Chinese medicinal formula (Yaotongning Capsule) on rat chondrocytes.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Yaotongning Capsule (YTNC) is a Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) formula that has been demonstrated to be effective for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment in clinical use. Many compounds and 10 component medicinal materials (CMMs for short, i.e., the fundamental elements used in TCM formulas) in YTNC are challenging to study the pharmacological effects and interactions of the CMMs. Besides, it is difficult to know whether the YTNC formula is reasonable, and if YTNC formula could be improved without comparing YTNC with other TCM formulas of treating OA. Based on different combinations of the active fractions from the 10 CMMs of YTNC and eight additional herbs frequently used in the TCM formulas of treating OA, the present study evaluated systematically the in vitro effects of these active fractions and the interactions among the active fractions from YTNC on rat chondrocytes to find possible solutions of the above questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the formulation of YTNC and the concept of combinatorial chemistry, the active fractions were applied to form the whole YTNC prescription (i.e., the combination of all YTNC active fractions and the extract of YTNC׳s vehicle), five disassembled formulas of YTNC (i.e., the combinations of some active fractions in YTNC) and 21 TCM samples consisted of different kinds of active fractions. The degenerated chondrocytes were induced with interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and then the half-effective concentration (EC50) value of the proliferation activity was analyzed to evaluate the 27 TCM samples. Nine samples were screened for the following evaluation on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. Rat articular cartilage was obtained from six Sprague-Dawley rats (seven days of age), and then chondrocytes were isolated through enzymatic digestion with 0.2% Collagenase II. Proliferations of chondrocytes were examined through Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, when the intracellular levels of GAG were detected by 1,9-Dimethylmethylene blue staining. The interactions between the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing experimental EC50 values of the YTNC formulas with their additive EC50 values. The effects of every active fraction were estimated by comparing the EC50 values of the TCM sample containing the active fraction with that of the initial sample without the active fraction. RESULTS: The whole formula of YTNC was very good at promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis among all the 27 TCM samples. The vehicle of YTNC (Chinese rice wine) strengthened the two activities of YTNC. Refer to promoting the proliferation in chondrocytes, Davallia mariesii flavonoids (not belong to YTNC) were more potent than Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids in YTNC, while the saponins, volatile oils and polysaccharides of YTNC were more potent than those from the eight additional herbs. Some samples including fewer active fractions were as good as YTNC. The YTNC formula and its disassembled formulas exhibited good activities both in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis, and the whole formula was most potent among the six YTNC formulas. CONCLUSIONS: The YTNC formula is reasonable and has advantage in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis in IL-1ß induced chondrocytes. YTNC׳s vehicle Chinese rice wine plays an important role in strengthening the activity of YTNC. YTNC may have the potential activity on treating chondrocytes degeneration caused by OA. However, the formula still can be simplified based on the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and 50% of saponins from Glycyrrhiza uralensis to improve its quality controllability and safety. The present study can be a quite purposeful work for developing new YTNC-based formulas with maximal therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse effects.

Quantitative evaluation of the in vitro effect and interactions of active fractions in Yaotongning-based formulae on prostaglandin E2 production.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula of Yaotongning Capsules (YTNC) is a common remedy to treat rheumatism (RA) in China and possesses diverse biological activities including anti-inflammation. However the effects of component material medicines (CMMs) in YTNC and different combinations of the CMMs on the efficacy of YTNC and the interactions of these CMMs have been being unclear due to ten CMMs and too many compounds involved in YTNC. Moreover, many TCM formulae are available for treating RA according to TCM theory. It is unknown if the YTNC prescription is better than other TCM formulae for treating RA or better efficacy could be obtained when some CMMs in YTNC are replaced by other herbs. Quantitatively investigate the in vitro effect of active fractions from the CMMs of YTNC and other eight herbs commonly used in the TCM formulae for RA treatment on anti-inflammatory activity of different combinations of the active fractions, the interactions of the active fractions to evaluate the reasonability, advantage (or disadvantage) of the YTNC prescription and to see if the prescription could be improved from the point of anti-inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six active fractions, which were categorized as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils/aqueous extracts and polysaccharides were prepared to design TCM samples by combining some of the active fractions, based on the YTNC formulating principle, combination chemistry concept and the importance of the active fractions in YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were evaluated by their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values that inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in ANA-1 murine macrophages (ANA-1 cells). The cells plated in 96-well plates were classified into blank group and test sample group. Each group was stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1 mg/mL) for 2h. ANA-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of test samples prior to the addition of arachidonic acid (10 µmol/L). The supernatants were collected and measured using PGE2 ELISA Kit, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8)-based test. The interactions of the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing the experimental IC50 values of the samples derived from YTNC to their corresponding additive IC50 values. The effect of each active fraction on cellular anti-inflammation-PGE2 secretion inhibition activity, and the reasonability, advantages (or disadvantages) of YTNC were evaluated based on the comparison of IC50 values of the samples. RESULTS: The disassembled formulae consisted of some active fractions of YTNC and the whole prescription of YTNC consisted of the all active fractions from YTNC all demonstrate cellular anti-inflammatory activity, and there were no significant differences between these formulae. The vehicle of YTNC Chinese rice wine exhibits the ability to enhance the cellular anti-inflammation of YTNC. Synergistic effect exerts in the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins of YTNC, antagonistic or additive effects occur in the other combinations of active fractions from YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of some TCM samples which include some active fractions from the eight selected herbs are significantly higher than the samples derived from YTNC. The flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius, the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Angelica pubescens perform better in cellular anti-inflammation than the flavonoids and volatile oils in YTNC. CONCLUSIONS: The prescription of YTNC is reasonable in the view of anti-inflammation. The saponins and polysaccharides from the CMMs of YTNC have better anti-inflammatory activities than the saponins and polysaccharides from the other eight herbs. Reducing the varieties of YTNC CMMs and replacing the flavonoids and volatile oils of YTNC with the flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius and the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia (or Angelica pubescens) would improve the safety and anti-inflammatory activity of YTNC. Synthetically evaluating various pharmacological activities of TCM formulae designed in the present work may lead to develop more effective and safer TCM using YTNC as prototypes.

Rapid identification of adulterated cow milk by non-linear pattern recognition methods based on near infrared spectroscopy.

More than 800 representative milk samples, which consisted of 287 raw cow milk samples from different pastures surrounding Shanghai of China and 526 adulteration milk samples containing different pseudo proteins and thickeners, were collected and designed to demonstrate a method for rapidly discriminating adulterated milks based on near infrared (NIR) spectra. The NIR classification models were built by two non-linear supervised pattern recognition methods of improved support vector machine (I-SVM) and improved and simplified K nearest neighbours (IS-KNN). Uniform design theory was applied to optimize the parameters of SVM and thus the computation amount was reduced 90%. Both two methods exhibit good adaptability in discriminating adulterated milks from raw cow milks. Further investigation showed that the correction ratio for discriminating milk samples increased with the increasing of adulteration solutions' level in the adulterated milk. The concentration of adulterants is an important factor of influencing milk discrimination results of the NIR pattern recognition models. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIR spectra combined with non-linear pattern recognition methods as an objective and rapid method for the authentication of complicated raw cow milks.

[Identification of adulterants in adulterated milks by near infrared spectroscopy combined with non-linear pattern recognition methods].

In the present work, two hundred and eighty seven raw milks collected from pastures in Shanghai and surrounding areas of Shanghai were used as true milk samples and divided into three true milk sets. Five hundred and twenty six adulterated milk samples, which contained dextrin (or starch) mixed with melamine (or urea, or ammonium nitrate), were prepared as six different adulterated milk sets. The concentrations of these adulterants in the adulterated milks were designed to be 0.15%~ 0.45% (starch or dextrin), 700-2,100 mg · kg(-1) (ammonium nitrate), 524-1,572 mg · kg(-1) (urea), and 365.5-1,096.5 mg · kg(-1) (melamine) to guarantee the protein content of adulterated milks detected by Kjeldahl method not lower than 3%. All the near infrared spectra (NIR) of the samples should have a pretreatment of normal variable transformation (SNV) before they were used to build discriminating models. The three true milk sets and six adulterated milk sets were combined in different ways in order to build NIR models for discriminating different kinds of adulterants (i. e. , dextrin, starch, melamine, urea and ammonium nitrate) based on simplified K-nearest neighbor classification algorithm (IS-KNN) and an improved and simplified of support vector machine (ν-SVM) method. The relationship between mass concentration of the adulterants and the rate of correct discrimination was also investigated. The results show that the average discrimination accuracy of IS-KNN and ν-SVM for identifying melamine, urea and ammonium nitrate were in the region of 49.55% to 51.01%, 61.78% to 68.79% and 68.25% to 73.51%, respectively. Therefore within the concentration regions designed in this study, it is difficult to distinguish different kinds of pseudo proteins by NIR spectroscopy. However, the average accuracy of IS-KNN and ν-SVM for identifying starch and dextrin are 92.33% and 93.66%, 77.29% and 85.08%, respectively. Most discrimination results of ν-SVM are better than those of IS-KNN. The correlative analysis between the discrimination accuracy rate and the content levels of the adulterants indicated that near infrared spectroscopy combined with non-linear pattern recognition methods can distinguish dextrin and starch in milks with higher concentration levels (> 0.15%), but do not work well on identifying the adulterants with lower concentrations such as melamine (365.5 to 1,096.5 mg kg(-1)), urea (524 to 1,572 mg · kg(-1)), ammonium nitrate (700 to 2,100 mg · kg(-1)). Therefore near Infrared Spectroscopy is not suitable for identifying the adulterants with concentrations are below 0.1%.

The role of short daily hemodialysis in the control of hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism and anemia.

BACKGROUND: Hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and anemia are common secondary complications in hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Compared with conventional hemodialysis (CHD), short daily hemodialysis (sDHD) has been found to be more effective in patients with ESRD. The objective of this study was to determine whether sDHD could improve hyperphosphatemia, SHPT and anemia in patients with ESRD. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (11 women and 16 men, 46.8 ± 13.4 years old) were switched from CHD to sDHD. All hematologic parameters were measured prior to the switch (baseline), at 3 months after the switch (sDHD(1)) and at 6 months after the switch (sDHD(2)). RESULTS: The serum phosphate decreased from 2.54 ± 0.32 mmol/L at baseline to 2.15 ± 0.36 mmol/L (p < 0.001) at sDHD(1) and 1.97 ± 0.33 mmol/L (p < 0.001) at sDHD(2). Calcium-phosphate product decreased from 5.18 ± 1.24 mmol(2)/L(2) at baseline to 4.20 ± 0.71 mmol(2)/L(2) (p < 0.001) at sDHD(1) and 4.02 ± 0.83 mmol(2)/L(2) (p < 0.001) at sDHD(2). The serum PTH levels decreased from 223.9 ± 124.7 pmol/L at baseline to 196.3 ± 101.3 pmol/L (p < 0.05) at sDHD(2). The hemoglobin concentration increased significantly from CHD to sDHD. However, the requirement for erythropoietin (EPO) dose decreased from 6847.8 ± 1057.3 u/week at baseline to 5869.6 ± 1094.6 u/week (p < 0.05) at sDHD(2). CONCLUSIONS: sDHD may decrease serum phosphate, calcium-phosphate product and PTH, increase hemoglobin levels and decrease exogenous EPO dose requirements compared with CHD in hemodialysis patients.

[Extraction technology optimization and quality analysis of volatile oil in Rhizoma Curcumae].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of technologies and conditions on volatile oil yield extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae. METHODS: Water Extraction coupling Rectification (WER) and Steam Distillation (SD) technologies were applied to extract the volatile oils based on orthogonal table L9 (3(3)) to find out optimized condition. RESULTS: Variance and range analysis of orthogonal experiment results showed that the best conditions of WER and SD were as follows: ultrasound 0 h, extract 12 h with 8 (or 12 fold water for SD) fold water amount. Paired T test on the yields of the oils indicated that the oil yields prepared by WER and SD were significantly different. GC-MS analysis characterized 12 common compounds,which occupied 97.19% (SD) and 92.25% (WER) of the ones identified, respectively. Moreover, the relative percentage of the common constituents were almost the same. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is not good for extracting volatile oil from Rhizoma Curcumae. WER could not only increase the oil yield of Rhizoma Curcumae, but also keep the quality of the oils accord with that extracted by SD.

[Effects of aging and decreased glomerular filtration rate on the prevalence of anemia in elderly population receiving body check from urban area of Hefei, China.].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aging and the decreased glomerular filtration rate on the prevalence of anemia in elder receiving body check from urban area of Hefei, China. METHODS: A total of 4547 > 60 years subjects received healthy examination in Healthy Center of Anhui Provincial Hospital from January 2005 to December 2007 were enrolled in this study. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin < 120 g/L in men or < 110 g/L in women. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia in the subjects was 4.40% (95%CI: 3.83% - 5.05%) and significantly increased with the aging process and the decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). With logistic analyses, increasing age, female, decreased eGFR were major risk factors for anemia. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity of anemia is 4.40% in old population receiving body check from urban area of Hefei, China. Aging and the decline of eGFR are the independent risk factors of anemia.

A strategy for evaluating antipyretic efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines based on UV spectra fingerprints.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Quality analysis and control of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) or herbal medicines (HM) are being more and more investigated based on fingerprint analysis, and there are also some researches on correlating fingerprints of CHM to their efficacy. Multi-component analysis methods together with fingerprints are considered potential useful tools to select candidate herbal drugs from extracts of herbs in pharmacological/bio-prospecting investigations. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore a strategy for evaluating efficacy strength of CHM samples based on their spectra fingerprints and validate it. METHODOLOGY: Radix bupleuri (RB), a typical Chinese medicinal herb for relieving exterior syndrome, and Flos lonicerae (FL), Fructus forsythiae (FF), and Radix isatidis (RI) that are widely applied Chinese herbs for heat clearing and detoxifying, were selected as herbal sources. The aqueous extracts, volatile oils and mixtures of the extracts and oils of the four herbs, plus Ibuprofen suspension (IS), Shuanghuanglian oral liquid (SHL), mixture of SHL and the volatile oils of FL and FF, were used for subject samples to do antipyretic experiments on rats. Ultraviolet spectra were used as the spectra fingerprints to represent chemical characteristics of the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were adopted as evaluation tools to establish the correlation between pharmacological and spectra data, from which a spectral index for evaluating antipyretic effects of CHM samples was constructed. Furthermore, four compound samples were designed by mixing 50% volatile oils and 50% aqueous extracts of the four herbs with different ratios to validate the strategy. RESULTS: Efficacy sequence of the 15 calibrating and 4 validating CHM samples, defined by the first canonical correlative variable U(1) of their UV spectra, was consistent with that given by pharmacological experiments. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proposed in this study could be applied to evaluate efficacy strength of CHM and helpful for screening candidate herbal drugs from different herbs or prepared by different technologies.

Pattern recognition of Chinese flue-cured tobaccos by an improved and simplified K-nearest neighbors classification algorithm on near infrared spectra.

In tobacco industry of China, tobacco leaves are classified and managed in terms of their cultivation areas and plant parts of tobacco-stalks. However, sometimes intentionally or involuntary mislabeling cultivation areas, blending tobacco plant parts would occur into tobacco market. The error will affect the style and quality of cigarettes. In the present work, more than 1000 Chinese flue-cured tobacco leaf samples, which have 12 genotypes and cultivated from 5 to 10 regions of China in 2003 and 2004, have been discriminated by means of an improved and simplified KNN classification algorithm (IS-KNN) based on near infrared (NIR) spectra. An original method of optimizing number of significant principal components (PCs) based on analysis of error and cross-validation was advanced. Compared with conventional pattern recognition methods KNN, NN, LDA and PLS-DA, IS-KNN exhibits good adaptability in discrimination of complicated Chinese flue-cured tobaccos. The practice in this work shows that optimized number of PCs and performance of classification models are closely relative to complicated extent of samples but not to number of categories or samples. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIR spectra combined with chemometrics as an objective and rapid method for the authentication and identification of tobacco leaves or other kinds of powder samples.

[Recognition of plant parts of tobaccos based on infrared and near infrared spectra].

In the present paper, an IR/NIR spectrometry based on the pattern recognition using Mahalanobis distance method in the principal component analysis (PCA) space was established for the discrimination of plant parts of tobaccos. Effects of the type of IR/NIR spectrometers, calibration region of the spectra, model parameters and pretreatment of the spectra on the accuracy of discrimination were investigated using tobaccos cultivated in Yunan Province in 2003 and 2005 as case study. The recognition model shows the internal relationships between the information of spectra and the plant parts of tobaccos. The results indicate that both IR and NIR could be successfully used to recognize plant parts of the tobaccos, but the latter was better because it involves more sample information. It was found that the highest recognition accuracy, 94.11%, was obtained by using apparatus A with the second derivative spectra, while recognition accuracy of 88.24% and 82.35% was respectively given by apparatus B with with the first derivative SNV spectra and IR spectrometer with first derivative spectra. For the same spectrometer, the optimal calibration region and principal component number were changed with samples and the spectral pretreatment method.

[Near infrared spectrometry (NIRS) method for the determination of borneol in sustained-release drugs].

In order to detect the release profile of borneol in sustained-release preparations, a series of NIRS calibration models were established on the basis of chemometrics and internal relationships between NIRS and analytical concentrations of samples, which contained the same substances as the preparations. Partial least square (PLS) algorithm was used to establish the model for predicting the content of borneol. The effect of spectra types, concentration range of samples, and calibration range on the models and predicting results were investigated. It was found that the best calibration models and prediction results can be obtained by using original spectra in the 5,314-7,032 cm(-1) region. The models established according to standards' concentration levels are better than those established without considering concentration levels. Using the model 2 in which calibration standards had medium or high concentration levels, rapid and accurate measurement of borneol released from sustained-release preparation was realized. The results indicated that the method and models provide valuable criteria for developing sustained-release borneol preparations.