Orthorexic tendencies and the structure of achievement motivation in young people in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: Studies on the psychological aspects of orthorexia nervosa are scarce. What has been studied to date is the correlation between orthorexia nervosa and self-esteem, perfectionism, and personality. The aim of this study is to verify whether patients suffering from orthorexia or those who have a tendency for orthorexia differ in terms of achievement motivation from a healthy control group. METHODS: The study was conducted in the group of 252 medical students. The study relied on the ORTO-15 questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Inventory of Achievement Motivation (Leistungsmotivationsinventar). RESULTS: Patients with a tendency for orthorexia showed higher results in terms of preference of challenging tasks, belief in success, motivation to learn, goal orientation, compensatory effort, care for prestige, achievement satisfaction, and general achievement motivation, as well as self-confidence and ambition. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who suffer from orthorexia differ from those in the control group in terms of achievement motivation. In some respect, their results are parallel to those obtained from girls with anorexia readiness syndrome, which can lead to the conclusion that both orthorexia and anorexia belong to the spectrum of eating disorders.

Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Diagnostic Tools-A Literature Review.

The aim of this article is to present the up-to-date diagnostic tools of orthorexia and markers of its prevalence on the basis of the available literature. The authors searched PubMedCentral (PMC) and Google Scholar with the search entry of "orthorexia", "orthorexia nervosa", and "orthorexicbehaviours". We describe the tools of evaluation of orthorexicbehaviour (i.e., orthorexia self-test-BOT, the ORTO-15 questionnaire, Eating Habits Questionnaire-EHQ, Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale-DOS, Teruel Orthorexia Scale-TOS, Barcelona Orthorexia Scale-BOS, and Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory-ONI), and offer a review of the studies on orthorexia nervosa. We conclude that there are no reliable data regarding the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa. The available studies point to significant differences in the prevalence depending on the value of cut-off points and tools used. The prevalence varies across countries and across populations, ranging from 6.9% in the Italian population to 88.7% in the group of Brazilian students of dieting. Thus, it indicates that some groups seem to be susceptible to the risk of ON more than others. It is a challenge to determine the prevalence of orthorexia, and any obtained results should be treated with caution. Consequently, we claim that the use of the ORTO-15 questionnaire to diagnose orthorexia is questionable due to a high percentage of falsely positive results.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Orthorectic Disorders in Adolescence and Young People: Polish Preliminary Studies.

The aim of this work was to assess orthorectic behaviors among young people and to evaluate their attitudes towards caring for their health. The study was conducted in 2019 on a group of 538 respondents aged 16-35. After analysis, 65 questionnaires were eliminated from further research, and the assessment of orthorectic disorders was performed using a method based on the modified ORTO-15 questionnaire on a group of 473 respondents. A large percentage of them exhibited an increased risk of orthorectic behaviors (32.8), which was higher among women than men (34.7% and 28.2%, respectively). People with higher risks of orthorectic disorders significantly more often reduced their consumption of foods high in fats and sugars. Attitudes of people with orthorectic disorders towards health care proved neutral, with a tendency to be positive. Nutritional behaviors observed in the studied group show some irregularities, which indicates the need for preventive and educational measures aimed at increasing awareness of the role of proper nutrition among young people. The obtained results may be the basis for further research on ON symptoms. One of the major areas of future research would be to create a reliable diagnostic tool which would allow for distinguishing between orthorexia and overdiagnosis.

Hope of Recovery in Patients in the Terminal Phase of Cancer under Palliative and Hospice Care in Poland.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the presented research is to characterize hope in the situational dimension, i.e., health, in the patients with cancer in the terminal phase of the disease, being treated in hospices and palliative care centers. Hope is very important for all the patients, especially for patients with cancer in various phases of the disease. Giving up on oncologic therapy and causal treatment is often associated with a transition into palliative care. When death and a loss of values become a threat, the individual has got hope to rely on. Material and Methods. The study relies on the Test to Measure Hope in the Health Context (NCN-36) by B.L. Block. 246 patients in the terminal phase of cancer participated in the study. RESULTS: The internal structure of hope of recovery in the patients' group was varied. The patients showed low levels of hope of recovery since they do not believe in the effectiveness of treatment. They were also not convinced of the effectiveness of modifications in dieting, lifestyle, or the use of nonconventional medicine. They trusted the doctor in charge and were moderately satisfied with the therapy in use. The intensity of hope of recovery was on the low level in the patients in the terminal phase of cancer. Age, sex, place of living, and marital status had a significant influence on the level of hope of recovery. Variables such as living on one's own or living with one's family, socioeconomic status, education, or profession did not affect the level of hope of recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The presented results allowed as to conclude that the assessment of hope in terminally ill cancer patients can be considered as one of the important tools enabling the personalization and the improvement of palliative care.

Hope in Hospitalized Patients with Terminal Cancer.

: Hope is of great importance for patients diagnosed with cancer, especially those that are terminally ill. The diagnosis often puts an end to the realization of personal, social, and professional goals. The aim of this study was to characterize the hope of hospitalized patients diagnosed with cancer in the terminal phase of the disease. The research tool used in the study was Block's hope test (NCN-36; NCN- Nadzieja Chorych Nowotworowych - Hope of Cancer Patients), designed for patients with life-threatening diseases. The results showed that the patients were characterized by a moderate level of global hope. The highest levels of hope were noted in the spiritual-religious area and the lowest levels of hope concerned curing the disease. Patients exhibited varied levels of hope and varied internal structures of hope. They presented four different types of hope: optimistic, moderate, religious, and weak. Optimistic hope was found most frequently in patients diagnosed with a terminal phase of cancer, while weak hope was represented by the smallest group of these patients.

[Social awareness related to the rights of the patient and knowledge of the possible actions in case of a breach of those under 30 years old]. / Swiadomosc spoleczna zwiazana z prawami pacjenta oraz wiedza dotyczaca mozliwych dzialan w sytuacji ich naruszenia wsród osób do 30 roku zycia.

UNLABELLED: Patients' rights are a special case of broadly defined human rights. They specify what patient can expect during treatment process and determine his status in contacts with the healthcare system. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness of patients' rights and knowledge of possible proceedings in case of violation of them among people under 30 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in February and March 2014 on a group of 269 respondents. Research tool was an author-made questionnaire. RESULTS: More than half of respondents (54.6%) had never heard about patients' rights. Among rights, that respondents know the best were: the right to health benefits (58.2%), the right to information (39.3%), the right to consent to health services (33.6%) and the right to the secrecy of information associated with the patient (32%). More than half of respondents declared that they would report a violation of their rights to appropriate institution - 49.2% of respondents indicated the Commissioner for Patients' Rights, 14.8% the National Health Fund, 11.5% Ministry of Health. The study showed also that the main source of acquiring knowledge about patients' rights for the study population is the internet. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results showed that the awareness of the patients' rights and knowledge of possible proceedings for violation of them among the study population is low.

Voice after radiotherapy of the larynx carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The study presents the evaluation of the phonatory function of the larynx after radiotherapy. The research covered the patients from the rural areas of Poland who revealed neoplastic changes in the glottis area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The test group consisted of 45 men aged 41-78 years with the carcinoma of the larynx with T1 and T2 progression types of cancer, according to the TNM classification. The analysis of laryngeal tone was performed with the digital analyzer Kay Elemetrics Model CSL 4300 and Multi Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP). A stroboscopic test in all the patients with T1 progression revealed the reduction of vibrations. RESULTS: The acoustic analysis of the voice in the pre-treatment group as compared with the control group allowed for differentiation of the following parameters of a definitely pathologic character: Jita, Jitter, RAP, PPQ, vFo, Shimmer, APQ, vAm, NHR, VTI, SPI, and DUV. CONCLUSIONS: In the acoustic analysis of voice in the post-radiotherapy group, the following parameters reached values close to the norm: JITA, JITT, RAP, PPQ, vF0, vAM, DUV, and Schimmer dB.

[The level of approval in selected chronic diseases]. / Stopien akceptacji choroby w wybranych chorobach przewleklych.

UNLABELLED: Every somatic disease causes difficulties and negative emotions. It makes people limit or change their social roles. Approval of the disease is a significant factor in the process of adaptation to it. Approving the disease significantly influences the reduction of negative emotional reactions it causes. The paper attempts to define the degree of disease approval among the patients with the following illnesses: diabetes, bronchial asthma, cardiac ischaemia, chronic renal insufficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 121 subjects, the patients of the district hospital in the Lublin Region. The study applied Approval Illness Scale (AIS)--B.J. Felton, T.A. Revenson, C.A. Hinrichsen, adapted in Poland by Z. Juczynski. It consists of 8 statements describing consequences of bad health condition. RESULTS: The analysis of the obtained results confirmed a similar approval level in comparable illnesses. However a correlation was confirmed between the level of illness approval and the sex, age and place of living.

Intellectual efficiency of children with unilateral hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to observe the consequences of unilateral hearing loss with regard to intellectual functioning and development of children. METHODS: The studies were conducted on the group of 64 children (42 boys and 22 girls) aged 6-16 years with left- or right-sided hearing loss using D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). RESULTS: Children with right-sided hearing loss had a limited range of concepts, lower capability of learning verbal material and logical reasoning, abstract thinking and classifying. Left-sided hearing loss caused deterioration of intellectual abilities within non-verbal intelligence. Such a children had poorer abilities for analyzing, synthesizing and visual memory, worse spatial imagination and visual coordination. CONCLUSIONS: The examined children with unilateral hearing loss achieved the intelligence quotient on the average level in D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale. The side of hearing loss has a significant influence on the development of individual intellectual functions.

Personality features of children treated due to vocal nodules.

There were estimated 14 features of personality of the children treated for vocal nodules. The purpose of study was definition of the selected features, which are typical of the examined group. The conclusion drawn from the conducted studies was: the children cured of the vocal nodules are more excitable, nervous, independent and often--individualists. They are inclined to leading and dominating. The results of the study suggest that psychotherapy can be completion of traditional treatment for vocal nodules in children.