Executive functioning and reading achievement in school: a study of Brazilian children assessed by their teachers as "poor readers".

This study examined executive functioning and reading achievement in 106 6- to 8-year-old Brazilian children from a range of social backgrounds of whom approximately half lived below the poverty line. A particular focus was to explore the executive function profile of children whose classroom reading performance was judged below standard by their teachers and who were matched to controls on chronological age, sex, school type (private or public), domicile (Salvador/BA or São Paulo/SP) and socioeconomic status. Children completed a battery of 12 executive function tasks that were conceptual tapping cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibition and selective attention. Each executive function domain was assessed by several tasks. Principal component analysis extracted four factors that were labeled "Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility," "Interference Suppression," "Selective Attention," and "Response Inhibition." Individual differences in executive functioning components made differential contributions to early reading achievement. The Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility factor emerged as the best predictor of reading. Group comparisons on computed factor scores showed that struggling readers displayed limitations in Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility, but not in other executive function components, compared to more skilled readers. These results validate the account that working memory capacity provides a crucial building block for the development of early literacy skills and extends it to a population of early readers of Portuguese from Brazil. The study suggests that deficits in working memory/cognitive flexibility might represent one contributing factor to reading difficulties in early readers. This might have important implications for how educators might intervene with children at risk of academic under achievement.

Working memory screening, school context, and socioeconomic status: an analysis of the effectiveness of the working memory rating scale in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The study explores the psychometric properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS-Br) in a population of 355 young children from diverse socioeconomic status and schooling backgrounds. METHOD: Public and private school teachers completed the WMRS-Br and children were assessed on a range of objective cognitive measures of fluid intelligence, working memory, and attention. RESULTS: Reliability and validity of the WMRS-Br were excellent across the public and private school sample. The WMRS-Br manifested substantial links with objective measures of working memory and medium links with selective attention, switching, and interference suppression. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest that a shorter version of the scale provides an adequate fit to the data. CONCLUSION: The WMRS-Br represents a valid screening tool in a Latin American context that has the potential to improve the early detection of working memory deficits in children growing up in poverty.

Teleavaliação da habilidade de leitura no ensino infantil e fundamental / Long distance assessment of reading ability in schoolars

0 desenvolvimento da Internet possibilitou criar instrumentos computadorizados para avaliaçao psicológica no contexto escolar, porém é necessário verificar a eficácia dessas tecnologias. Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade de aplicar via Internet o Teste de Competência de Leitura Silenciosa On-line para avaliar a habilidade de decisão lexical. Participaram 415 crianças de Ensinos Infantil (EI) e Fundamental (EF), com idade média de 8,24 anos (DP=l,23). 0 teste foi aplicado via Internet e os dadoa armazenados automaticamente. Resultados mostram que a pontuação aumentou em função da série, com diferenças significativas entre séries sucessivas, exceto entre 3ª e 4ª série. Análise dos erros em função do tipo de itens revelou que crianças de E13 apresentaram dificuldade de acesso an léxico ortográfico. 0 padrão de respostas na aplicação via Internet foi semelhante ao da versão tradicional. Tais resultados mostram que é viável usar a Internet para coletar dados de testes baseados em constructos teóricos

Technological advances have permitted devising new Internet-mediated psychological assessment tools for the school context. It is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of such instruments. This study analyses the validity of The Silence Reading Skills Test-On-line for assessing lexical decision skills. The study involved 451 children with mean age of 8,24 (SD=1,23) from pre-school and primary school. The test was administered through Internet with automatic result recording. Results showed that scores increased significantly over successive school levels (except from 3rd to 4th grade). Error analysis revealed that pre-school children have difficulty with orthographic lexicon. The Web-based application produced response patterns equivalent to those obtained in the typical paper and pencil application. Results corroborated the feasibility of using the Internet for collecting data of tests based on theoretical constructs.