Correlation of IDH1 gene expression error in breast tumor biopsy in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma.

One of the most important cancers in terms of worldwide prevalence is breast tumors, which have been less investigated in correlation with the enzyme Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene. The aim of this study was that expression of this gene could have significant effects on the progression of metastasis and invasive disease in breast cancer patients. We used the molecular method of RT-PCR with SYBR-Green to analyze breast tumor tissue from patients with metastasis and non-metastasis, the latter confirmed by the pathology department of Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital (serving as a control group). Also, patients population and its relationship with the degree of tumor in the IDH1 gene was investigated. The IDH1 gene has shown high expression in patients with metastatic breast cancer rather than in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer. The metastatic samples were compared with non-metastatic samples for IDH1 mRNA expression. In this research work, 72.5% (29 samples) were up-regulated in comparison to 27.5% of samples (11 samples) that did not exhibit high expression (P=0.000).  This study examined the IDH1 gene expression, suggesting that changes in this gene's expression could impact the prognosis of breast cancer. However, further research is needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Protein-protein interaction network analysis of cirrhosis liver disease.

AIM: Evaluation of biological characteristics of 13 identified proteins of patients with cirrhotic liver disease is the main aim of this research. BACKGROUND: In clinical usage, liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. Evaluation and confirmation of liver fibrosis stages and severity of chronic diseases require a precise and noninvasive biomarkers. Since the early detection of cirrhosis is a clinical problem, achieving a sensitive, specific and predictive novel method based on biomarkers is an important task. METHODS: Essential analysis, such as gene ontology (GO) enrichment and protein-protein interactions (PPI) was undergone EXPASy, STRING Database and DAVID Bioinformatics Resources query. RESULTS: Based on GO analysis, most of proteins are located in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, intracellular organelle lumen, membrane-enclosed lumen, and extracellular region. The relevant molecular functions are actin binding, metal ion binding, cation binding and ion binding. Cell adhesion, biological adhesion, cellular amino acid derivative, metabolic process and homeostatic process are the related processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis introduced five proteins (fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, tropomyosin 4, tropomyosin 2 (beta), lectin, Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein and apolipoprotein A-I) as hub and bottleneck proteins. CONCLUSION: Our result indicates that regulation of lipid metabolism and cell survival are important biological processes involved in cirrhosis disease. More investigation of above mentioned proteins will provide a better understanding of cirrhosis disease.

Combination of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (I/D) (rs4646994) and VEGF Polymorphism (+405G/C; rs2010963) Synergistically Associated With the Development, of Albuminuria in Iranian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms have been shown to associate with diabetic nephropathy (DN). OBJECTIVES: We examined the hypothesis that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles act synergistically in association with DN, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The VEGF (rs2010963) and ACE (rs4646994) genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 490 T2DM patients. Diabetic patients were classified as T2DM patients with and without albuminuria (control). The PCR and RFLP were used to detect the VEGF and ACE alleles. RESULTS: A total of 255 consecutive patients with T2DM and microalbuminuria (Group A) and 235 patients with T2DM and normoalbuminuria (Group B) were included in the study. In univariate analysis, the groups were statistically similar for all variables, except for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P = 0.034), and the frequency of ACE (P = 0.015) and VEGF (P = 0.006) genotypes. Our study showed that the VEGF-G and ACE-D alleles are independently associated with the development of nephropathy. According to our data, the combination of these two risk factors had a significant synergistic effect on the risk of microalbuminuria development. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles can be an independent risk factor for microalbominuria in T2DM patients.

The relationship between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene and hypertension in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Observations on the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and hypertension have been inconsistent, which might be due to ethnic and geographical variations. Moreover, the relationship between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and hypertension in the diabetic population has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the possible association between I/D polymorphism and hypertension in an Iranian diabetic adult population. METHODS: A total of 82 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension (Group A) and 87 patients with type 2 diabetes but without hypertension (Group B) were included. Patients who had a history of hypertension before the onset of diabetes and those with findings suggesting secondary hypertension were excluded. The following variables were determined for each patient: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration and the drugs used, history of coronary artery disease and its complications, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), fasting blood sugar (FBS), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG), plasma creatinine (Crt) and 24 h urine albumin excretion. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the I/D alleles. Univariate (chi-squared and t-test) and multivariate (multivariate binary logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios) analyses were applied to determine the association between I/D polymorphism (with genotype II as reference) and hypertension. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, the groups were statistically similar in all variables except for diabetes duration (156.05+/-73.54 months in Group A vs 121.74+/-65.53 months in Group B; P=0.002), Crt (1.04+/-0.25 mg/dl in Group A vs 0.93+/-0.23 mg/dl in Group B; P=0.003), albuminuria (486.25+/-484.60 mg/d in Group A vs 316.50+/-459.56 mg/d in Group B; P=0.021) and the frequency of DD genotype (27 cases in Group A vs 11 cases in Group B; P=0.026). Multivariate logistic regression (using age, sex and BMI as clinically significant variables and diabetes duration, Crt, albuminuria and genotype as statistically significant variables) was then used to determine independent associations and adjusted odds ratios (OR). The DD genotype was the strongest independent predictor of hypertension [P=0.029, OR=3.122, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.127-8.647], followed by log (albuminuria) (P=0.042, OR=1.183, 95% CI=1.006-1.391). Considering albuminuria as a categorical variable did not change the results significantly. CONCLUSION: The DD polymorphism in the ACE gene is independently associated with hypertension in the diabetic population.