Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern.

SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on the rise since the beginning of 2020 and turned into a life-threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried to develop a possible preventive and therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID-19-recovered persons' immunity. This study aims to review immunization against SARS-CoV-2, along with exploring the interventions that have been developed for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. This study also highlighted the role of phototherapy in treating SARS-CoV infection. The study adopted a review approach to gathering the information available and the progress that has been made in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, and vector-based vaccines, as well as attenuated and inactivated forms that have already been shown to have prophylactic efficacy against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, have been summarized. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies are all associated with viral infections. Because there is no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies for coronaviruses, the main treatment strategy is supportive care, which is reinforced by combining broad-spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, and corticosteroids. COVID-19 has been a challenge to keep reconsidering the usual approaches to regulatory evaluation as a result of getting mixed and complicated findings on the vaccines, as well as licensing procedures. However, it is observed that medicinal herbs also play an important role in treating infection of the upper respiratory tract, the principal symptom of SARS-CoV due to their natural bioactive composite. However, some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens and nephrotoxins and the toxicological properties of the majority of Chinese herbal remedies are unknown. Therefore, to treat the COVID-19 infection along with conventional treatment, it is recommended that herb-drug interaction be examined thoroughly.

Lower Respiratory Infections in Children With Febrile Neutropenic Leukemia: A Case in a Jordanian Hospital.

The study aimed to examine the prevalence of pneumonia in pediatric children diagnosed with leukemia at King Hussein Medical Center, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan. The study was conducted from January 2019 to March 2020. A total of 100 hospitalized leukemia patients with febrile neutropenic episodes were evaluated for the presence of pneumonia. Samples were collected from all patients and tested for microbial growth. Univariate analysis revealed that age (P = .033) and packed cell volume (P = .006) were statistically significant risk factors, associated with the prevalence of pneumonia in leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia episodes. Similarly, as the absolute neutrophil count counts increased with an odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval of 2.386 (0.859-6.625), the odds of pneumonia in febrile neutropenic patients were more prevalent. The study reported the prevalence of pneumonia in immunocompromised febrile neutropenic patients with leukemia, which could lead to the development of evidence-based febrile neutropenic treatment protocol development. It will assure more responsive patient management and treatment.

Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East.

The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) is associated with different bacteria found in hospitals. These infections in their extreme conditions result in morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a detailed review of literary studies to identify the prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistance specifically in Middle Eastern countries. A literature review approach is followed in this study. It further identifies different causes and effects associated with nosocomial infections in the given regions. Relevant studies were used to extract important information, specifically related to the Middle Eastern countries. The findings indicated that nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most frequently reported NIs in Middle East in our review are bloodstream infections (BSIs) (50%) and surgical site infections (SSIs) (50%) followed by urinary tract infections (UTIs). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Candida species are most reported pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones antibiotics were significantly reported. However, most studies showed minimum resistance of pathogens against drug colistin. To control the growth rate of the given condition, government officials are suggested to ensure that hospitals follow adequate healthcare mechanisms. Also, sufficient education must be provided to the hospital staff about the causes and effects of the given disease.

A review on emerging and re-emerging of infectious diseases in Jordan the aftermath of the Syrian crises.

The review aims to examine the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in Jordan, in parallel with the Syrian refugee crisis. Qualitative approach has been adopted for systematically examining the outcomes of Syrian Crisis, which resulted with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It has adhered that infectious diseases; including measles, tuberculosis, and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, have hazardous effects on Syrian refugees along with alarming threats to local population in Jordan. National health policies should be implemented to adhere to the influence of infectious diseases beside the reduction of the extent of infectious diseases in Jordan. In the 21st century, Syrian conflict can be deliberated as one of the biggest humanitarian disasters. In this multifaceted emergency with devastating requirements and limitations, it has been found essential for dominant medical healthcare providers to develop medical strategies that are based on comprehensive understanding of concerned context and the main medical requirements and susceptible groups.

Evaluating Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Pseudomonas in Relation to Specimen Type in Jordanian Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity patterns of different antibiotics of pseudomonas in relation to specimen types. METHODS: The quantitative retrospective study was conducted at Princess Iman Research and Laboratory Sciences Centre of Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan. The specimens of USS, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, and blood were collected from patients, who visited the hospital from January to September 2015. Drugs analysed included ampicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. RESULTS: There were 358 samples collected. Ampicillin was found effective (p=0.002). There was a weaker correlation between amikacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (r=-0.001). Similarly, nitrofurantoin was also effective (p=0.001), and the association between amikacin and ceftazidime was positive (r=0.998). CONCLUSIONS: The selected antibiotics were only examined, concerning the sensitivity patterns as data collected from the patients was insufficient for other drugs.

A Review on Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases in Jordan: The Aftermath of the Syrian Crises.

The review aims to examine the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in Jordan, in parallel with the Syrian refugee crisis. Qualitative approach has been adopted for systematically examining the outcomes of the Syrian crisis, which resulted in emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. It has adhered that infectious diseases, including measles, tuberculosis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis, have hazardous effects on Syrian refugees along with the local population in Jordan. The threat of major infectious diseases is higher and alarming in Jordan. National health policies should be implemented to adhere the influence of infectious diseases as well as to reduce the extent of infectious diseases in Jordan. In the 21st century, Syrian conflict can be deliberated as one of the biggest humanitarian disasters. In this multifaceted emergency with devastating requirements and limitations, it has been found essential for dominant medical healthcare providers to develop medical strategies that are based on comprehensive understanding of the concerned context and the main medical requirements and susceptible groups.