Gender disparities in kidney replacement therapies and transplantation in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), there are historical inequities in multiple stages of the pathway for organ transplantation. Women have been recognized as disadvantaged within this process even after several efforts. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the prevalence and incidence of CKD by gender and their access to Kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of national information on CKD, hypertension, diabetes, waiting list, deceased, and living donor transplantation between 2015 and 2020. RESULTS: In Colombia, 4.934.914 patients were diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or CKD. 60,64% were female, with a mean age of 63.84 years (SD 14,36). Crude incidence for hypertension (10.85 vs. 7.21 /1000 inhabitants), diabetes mellitus (3.77 vs. 2.98 /1000 inhabitants), and CKD (4 vs. 2 /1000 inhabitants) was higher for females. Crude incidence for KRT was 86.45 cases /100.0000 inhabitants. In 2020, 2978 patients were on the waiting list, 44% female. There were 251 deaths on the waiting list, 38% female. This year, 517 kidney transplants were performed, and only 40% were female. CONCLUSION: In Colombia, there are proportionally more females with CKD and precursor comorbidities. Nevertheless, there are fewer females on the waiting list and transplanted annually.

Predicting 5-year survival after kidney transplantation in Colombia using the survival benefit estimator tool.

INTRODUCTION: A complex relationship between donor and recipient characteristics influences kidney transplant (KT) success. A tool developed by Bae S. et al. (Survival Benefit Estimator, SBE) helps estimate post-KT survival. We aim to evaluate the predictive performance of the SBE tool in terms of 5-year patient survival after a kidney transplant. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all deceased-donor KT recipients between January 2009 to December 2021. A descriptive analysis of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics was performed. The SBE online tool was used to calculate the predicted patient survival (PPS) and the survival benefit at five years post-KT. Comparisons between predictive vs. actual patient survival were made using quintile subgroups. Three Cox regression models were built using PPS, EPTS, and KDPI. RESULTS: A total of 1145 recipients were evaluated. Mortality occurred in 157 patients. Patient survival was 86.2%. Predictive survival for patients if they remained on the waiting list was 70.6%. The PPS was 89.3%, which results in a survival benefit (SB) of 18.7% for our population. Actual survival rates were lower than the predicted ones across all the quintiles. In unadjusted analysis, PPS was a significant protective factor for mortality (HR 0.66), whereas EPTS (HR 8.9) and KDPI (HR 3.25) scores were significant risk factors. The discrimination of KDPI, PPS, and EPTS scores models were 0.59, 0.65, and 0.66, respectively. CONCLUSION: SBE score overestimated actual survival rates in our sample. The discrimination power of the score was moderate, although the utility of this tool may be limited in this specific population.

Risk Factors for Urologic Complications After Kidney Transplantation and Impact in Graft Survival.

Background and Purpose: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Major urologic complications (MUCs) are the second etiology associated to morbidity and graft loss following KT, after rejection episodes. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence, risk factors and impact on graft survival associated to urological complications in KT patients. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort based on electronic patient files of kidney transplant recipients from Colombiana de Trasplantes was created for the period August 2008 to September 2019. Initiation of follow-up was defined as the date of transplantation up to 3 years post-transplantation. Incidence of ureteral stenosis, ureteral obstruction, and ureteral leak was measured. A logistic regression multivariate model was adjusted to determine the associated factors to MUCs (yes/no). Patient and graft survival time were analyzed using a Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 1584 KT patients were included in the cohort. MUCs were present in 195 (12.6%) KT patients. We found that dialysis duration (OR: 1.004; p = 0.02) remained significant for the incidence of MUCs in KT patients of deceased donors. Probability of graft and patient survival at 3 years of follow-up was 90.5% and 85.5%, respectively. No significant difference was found on graft and patient survival in KT patients with or without MUCs. Conclusion: MUCs are frequent complications for KT. We did not observe significant differences in graft or patient survival according to the presence of MUCs. The identification of MUCs and risk factors may guide transplant teams for future surgical and clinical decisions.

Síndrome de Bouveret como variante de íleo biliar / Bouveret syndrome as a variant of gallstone ileus

Introducción. El síndrome de Bouveret es una variante del íleo biliar, de rara presentación dentro de las causas de obstrucción intestinal, generada por la impactación de un lito biliar a nivel del duodeno, secundario a la formación de una fístula bilioentérica. Es más común en mujeres en la octava década de la vida, con múltiples comorbilidades. y presenta síntomas inespecíficos, documentándose la triada de Rigler hasta en el 80 % de las tomografías de abdomen. La cirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 76 años, con múltiples antecedentes y cuadros previos de cólico biliar, que consultó por dolor abdominal y signos de hemorragia de vías digestivas altas y se documentó un síndrome de Bouveret. Fue tratada en la misma hospitalización mediante extracción quirúrgica del cálculo con posterior resolución de su sintomatología.Conclusión. A pesar de que el síndrome deBouveret es una entidad de infrecuente presentación, los cirujanos generalesdeben estar familiarizados con esta patología, en el contexto del paciente que consulta con un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal, conociendo el valor de la tomografía de abdomen y la endoscopia de vías digestivas altas, teniendo en cuenta la edad y las condiciones del paciente para definir el manejo quirúrgico más adecuado.

Introduction. Bouveret's syndrome is a variant of gallstone ileus, of rare presentation within the causes of intestinal obstruction, generated by the impaction of a biliary stone at the level of the duodenum, secondary to the formation of a biliary-enteric fistula. It is more common in women in the eighth decade of life, with multiple comorbidities, and presents non-specific symptoms, with Rigler's triad being documented in up to 80% of abdominal CT scans. Surgery remains the treatment of choice. Clinical case. We present the case of a 76-year-old patient, with history of multiple episodes of biliary colic, who consulted for abdominal pain and signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bouveret's syndrome was documented. She was treated in the same hospitalization by surgical extraction of the stone with subsequent resolution of her symptoms. Conclussion. Although Bouveret's syndrome is an entity of infrequent presentation, general surgeons must be familiar with this pathology in the context of the patient who presents with intestinal obstruction, knowing the value of abdominal tomography and upper GI endoscopy, taking into account the age and conditions of the patient to define the most appropriate surgical management.

Unusual Case Report of Synchronous Caecal and Sigmoid Volvulus / Reporte de un caso inusual de presentación sincrónica de vólvulo cecal y de sigmoide

Abstract In the spectrum of patients with intestinal obstruction, volvulus is one of the least frequent etiologies (5-15 %). Synchronous volvulus of two colonic segments in a patient is regarded as rare, with few cases reported in the literature. The present report of synchronous cecal and sigmoid volvulus documents one of them: a patient who underwent subtotal colectomy and formation of ileostomy. Although the preoperative diagnosis of this entity is rare, it should be considered in these intraoperative findings for both intraoperative management, with resection and anastomosis or resection and stoma, and postoperative management. It has a significant impact on mortality if patients are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage, given the bacterial translocation and sepsis that they experience.

Resumen En el espectro de los pacientes con obstrucción intestinal, el vólvulo es una de las etiologías menos frecuentes, siendo esta del 5 % al 15 %. La presentación sincrónica de dos segmentos colónicos volvulados en el mismo paciente se considera una entidad rara, con pocos casos reportados en la literatura. El presente caso de vólvulo sincrónico del ciego y del sigmoide documenta uno de ellos, en un paciente que se llevó a colectomía subtotal con ileostomía. Aunque el diagnóstico preoperatorio de esta entidad es poco frecuente, se debe tener en cuenta a la hora de encontrarse estos hallazgos intraquirúrgicos para el manejo tanto intraoperatorio, con resección y anastomosis o resección y estoma, como posoperatorios, lo que tiene un impacto importante en la mortalidad, si se manejan los pacientes con cubrimiento antibiótico de amplio espectro, dada la translocación bacteriana y septicemias con los que cursan estos pacientes.

Retrospective Analysis of the Kidney Donor Profile Index to Predict Patient and Graft Survival at 5 Years Posttransplantation in a Colombian Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) has been used to predict patient and graft outcomes in deceased donor kidney transplantation. We aimed to evaluate the impact of KDPI on transplantation major outcomes applied to a Colombian cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 260 adult patients who underwent kidney transplantation (KT) from January 2011 to June 2014 at our center and compared their KDPIs with graft and patient outcomes at 5 years posttransplantation. Kaplan-Meier survival method and Cox analysis were fitted to analyze the impact of the 3 KDPI categories on graft and patient outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 18.4% of transplants were from donors with a KDPI ≥75%. There was a significant decrement in renal function with increasing KDPI at 5 years posttransplantation (P < .05). The final model indicates that donor diabetes was associated with elevated risk for graft loss (hazard ratio [HR], 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-31.8; P = .019) at 5 years posttransplantation. Recipient age (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.5; P = .001), diabetes status (HR, 2.17; CI, 1.04-5.5; P = .003), dialysis duration (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00-1.16; P = .003), and operating room time (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02-2.12; P = .003) were associated with elevated risk for death at 5 years posttransplantation. KDPI categories were not significantly associated with graft loss or death. CONCLUSIONS: We found limited KDPI power to predict graft and patient survival when applied to a Latin American population in Colombia. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing the application of KDPI in different populations. Therefore, our findings may not be generalizable to other regions outside of Colombia.