Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for the removal of antibiotics in water: A review.

Antibiotics with pseudo-persistence in water have been regarded as emerging pollutants, which have obvious biological toxicity even at trace levels. On account of high reactivity, heterogeneous catalytic ozonation has been widely applied to remove antibiotics. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, with well-developed pores and regulable surface defects, carbon-based materials can act as both adsorbents and catalysts. Metal cations, surface hydroxyl (-OH) groups and oxygen vacancies (OVs) serve as primary active sites in metal oxides. However, composites (perovskite, apatite, etc.) with special crystalline structure have more crystallographic planes and abundant active sites. The unsaturated bonds and aromatic rings which have dense structure of the electron cloud are more likely to be attacked by ozone (O3) directly. Sulfonamides (SAs) can be oxidized by O3 directly within a short time due to the structure of activated aromatic rings and double bonds. With the existence of catalysts, almost all antibiotics can attain fair removal effects. The presence of water matrix can greatly influence the removal rate of pollutants via changing the surface properties of catalysts, competing active sites with O3, etc. Correspondingly, the application of diverse heterogeneous catalysts was introduced in details, based on modification including metal/non-metal doping, surface modification and carrier composite. The degradation pathways of SAs, fluoroquinolones (FQNs), tetracyclines (TCs) and ß-lactams were summarized founded on the functional group structures. Furthermore, the effects of water matrix (pH, coexisting ions, organics) for catalytic ozonation were also debated. It is expected to proffer advanced guidance for researchers in catalytic ozonation of antibiotics.

Distribution characteristics of ABO blood groups in China.

ABO blood groups distribution shows obvious geographical differences globally, but the reliability of the Blood data for assessing relationships between population groups is limited. This is mostly due to the lack of availability and interchange of this important data. We collected data of 23 million ABO blood group population from 34 provincial-level administrative regions in China. To ensure the reliability of the results, we standardized the 23 million data by the China seventh census data. The ranking of ABO blood groups phenotypic distribution in China is O > A > B > AB. The proportions of A, B, O and AB type in China population are 28.72%, 28.17%, 34.20%, and 8.91%, respectively. Accordingly, the frequencies of p [A], q [B], and r [O] gene at the ABO blood group are 0.211, 0.208, and 0.584, respectively. China blood phenotype is dominated by O type, but the r gene frequency is obviously lower than other countries. The distribution of ABO blood groups in China varies geographically. Clustering analysis results show that ABO blood groups divide into four regions from north to south in China, and reveal that the r [O] gene shows an increasing trend from North to South, and conversely the q [B] gene exhibited a decreasing trend at these coordinates. These analyses present interesting characteristics of the blood group distribution across the geography of China.

[Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Shaanxi Province and its formation by population migration].

Objective By investigating the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Shaanxi Province, to discuss the influence of regional division and population migration on blood group distribution. Methods The data of 3 691 624 blood donors from 10 cities in Shaanxi province in the past 20 years was collected. According to the geographical characteristics of Shaanxi province, the data was divided into three regions: Northern Shaanxi, Southern Shaanxi, and Guanzhong, to statistically analyse the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups across different regions. Heat map software was used to present the ABO blood group on Shaanxi map. The temporal and spatial characteristics of ABO blood group distribution during 2008 and 2018 were analysed and compared. Results ABO blood group distribution of Shaanxi people was O>B>A>AB, with a Rh negative ratio of 0.41%. Based on the ABO blood group distribution map of Shaanxi Province, obvious regional differences were found in ABO blood group distribution. The ABO blood group distribution in Guanzhong, Southern Shaanxi and Northern Shaanxi was B>O>A>AB, O>A>B>AB, and O>B>A>AB respectively, with the lowest proportion of type A being 26.12% in Northern Shaanxi, the lowest proportion of type B being 27.48% in Southern Shaanxi, and the highest proportion of type O being 32.60% and 32.10% in Northern Shaanxi and SouthernShaanxi respectively. Compared with 2008, the distribution of ABO blood groups in the three regions of Shaanxi province changed significantly in 2018. Conclusion The distribution of ABO blood group in Shaanxi province is O>B>A>AB in general. However, there are significant differences in blood group distribution among different regions. It was also found that population migration had an impact on blood group distribution from 1998 to 2018.

[Analysis of platelet antibody screening in 38 840 inpatients].

Objective To detect and analyze the distribution characteristics of platelet antibodies in inpatients and explore the causes of platelet antibodies, so as to provide data support for improving the quality of blood transfusion. Methods A total of 38 840 patients were selected. The platelet-related antibodies were detected by Capture-P solid-phase detection system, and the positive rate of antibodies was analyzed statistically. Results Of the 38840 inpatients, 3989 were positive for platelet antibodies, with a positive rate of 10.27%. The positive rates of male and female patients were 8.7% and 11.5%, respectively. The positive rate of platelet antibodies in patients under 18 years old was 6.98% which was significantly lower than that in patients ≥66 years old and 18~65 years old. The positive rates of patients with pregnancy history and blood transfusion history increased significantly, which were 14.4% and 14.7%, respectively. The positive rate of patients with blood system diseases and liver cirrhosis with gastrointestinal bleeding diseases was over 20%. The positive rates of patients in the Hematology Department, Intensive Care Department and Obstetrics Department ranked the top three, with the positive rates of 15.17%, 14.97%, and 13.67%, respectively. The positive rates of platelet antibodies in patients with blood types B and AB were lower than those in patients with blood types A and O. Conclusion In clinical platelet transfusion, the influence of the patients' age, gender, hospitalized diseases, hospitalized department and other factors on platelet antibodies should be considered to reduce the occurrence of platelet transfusion refractoriness.