The study of plain CT combined with contrast-enhanced CT-based models in predicting malignancy of solitary solid pulmonary nodules.

To compare the diagnostic performance between plain CT-based model and plain plus contrast CT-based modelin the classification of malignancy for solitary solid pulmonary nodules. Between January 2012 and July 2021, 527 patients with pathologically confirmed solitary solid pulmonary nodules were collected at dual centers with similar CT examinations and scanning parameters. Before surgery, all patients underwent both plain and contrast-enhanced chest CT scans. Two clinical characteristics, fifteen plain CT characteristics, and four enhanced characteristics were used to develop two logistic regression models: model 1 (plain CT only) and model 2 (plain + contrast CT). The diagnostic performance of the two models was assessed separately in the development and external validation cohorts using the AUC. 392 patients from Center A were included in the training cohort (median size, 20.0 [IQR, 15.0-24.0] mm; mean age, 55.8 [SD, 9.9] years; male, 53.3%). 135 patients from Center B were included in the external validation cohort (median size, 20.0 [IQR, 16.0-24.0] mm; mean age, 56.4 [SD, 9.6] years; male, 51.9%). Preoperative patients with 201 malignant (adenocarcinoma, 148 [73.6%]; squamous cell carcinoma, 35 [17.4%]; large cell carcinoma,18 [9.0%]) and 326 benign (pulmonary hamartoma, 118 [36.2%]; sclerosing pneumocytoma, 35 [10.7%]; tuberculosis, 104 [31.9%]; inflammatory pseudonodule, 69 [21.2%]) solitary solid pulmonary nodules were gathered from two independent centers. The mean sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, and AUC (95%CI) of model 1 (Plain CT only) were 0.79, 0.78, 0.79, 0.67, 0.87, and 0.88 (95%CI, 0.82-0.93), the model 2 (Plain + Contrast CT) were 0.88, 0.91, 0.90, 0.84, 0.93, 0.93 (95%CI, 0.88-0.98) in external validation cohort, respectively. A logistic regression model based on plain and contrast-enhanced CT characteristics showed exceptional performance in the evaluation of malignancy for solitary solid lung nodules. Utilizing this contrast-enhanced CT model would provide recommendations concerning follow-up or surgical intervention for preoperative patients presenting with solid lung nodules.

The quantitative parameters based on marrow metabolism derived from synthetic MRI: A pilot study of prognostic value in participants with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: The value of SyMRI-derived parameters from lumbar marrow for predicting early treatment response and optimizing the risk stratification of the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) in participants with multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled participants with newly diagnosed MM before treatment. The SyMRI of lumbar marrow was used to calculate T1, T2, and PD values and the clinical features were collected. All participants were divided into good response (≥VGPR) and poor response (

Predicting the status of lymphovascular space invasion using quantitative parameters from synthetic MRI in cervical squamous cell carcinoma without lymphatic metastasis.

Purpose: To investigate the value of quantitative longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), and proton density (PD) maps derived from synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating the status of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) without lymph node metastasis (LNM). Material and methods: Patients with suspected cervical cancer who visited our hospital from May 2020 to March 2023 were collected. All patients underwent preoperative MRI, including routine sequences and synthetic MRI. Patients with pathologically confirmed CSCC without lymphatic metastasis were included in this study. The subjects were divided into negative- and positive-LVSI groups based on the status of LVSI. Quantitative parameters of T1, T2, and PD values derived from synthetic MRI were compared between the two groups using independent samples t-test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the diagnostic efficacy of the parameters. Results: 59 patients were enrolled in this study and were classified as positive (n = 32) and negative LVSI groups (n = 27). T1 and T2 values showed significant differences in differentiating negative-LVSI from positive-LVSI CSCC (1307.39 ± 122.02 vs. 1193.03 ± 107.86, P<0.0001; 88.42 ± 7.24 vs. 80.99 ± 5.50, P<0.0001, respectively). The area under the curve (AUC) for T1, T2 values and a combination of T1 and T2 values were 0.756, 0.799, 0.834 respectively, and there is no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic efficacy between individual and combined diagnosis of each parameter. Conclusions: Quantitative parameters derived from synthetic MRI can be used to evaluate the LVSI status in patients with CSCC without LNM.

Development of a whole spinal MRI-based tumor burden scoring method in participants with multiple myeloma: a pilot study of prognostic significance.

The aim of the study was to develop a new whole spinal MRI-based tumor burden scoring method in participants with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) and to explore its prognostic significance. We prospectively recruited participants with newly diagnosed MM; performed whole spinal MRI (sagittal FSE T1WI, sagittal IDEAL T2WI, and axial FLAIR T2WI) on them; and collected their clinical data, early treatment response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). We developed a new tumor burden scoring method according to the extent of bone marrow infiltration in five MRI patterns. All participants were divided into good response and poor response groups after four treatment cycles. Univariate, multivariate analyses, and ROC were used to determine the performance of independent predictors. Thresholds for PFS and OS were calculated using X-tile, and their prognostic significance were assessed by Kaplan-Meier. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the differences of tumor burden score between the revised International Staging System (R-ISS) stages. The new tumor burden scoring method was used in 62 participants (median score, 12; range, 0-18). The tumor burden score (OR 1.266, p = 0.002) was an independent predictor of poor response and the AUC was 0.838. Higher tumor burden scores were associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.002) and OS (p = 0.011). The tumor burden score was higher in R-ISS-III than in R-ISS-I and R-ISS-II (p = 0.016 and p = 0.006, respectively). The tumor burden score was an excellent predictor of prognosis and may serve as a supplemental marker for R-ISS.

The quantitative parameters derived from IDEAL-IQ in the lumbar vertebrae of healthy children: a pilot study of bone development.

Background: Early childhood bone development affects that of bone disease in adolescence and adulthood. Many diseases can affect the cancellous bone or bone marrow. Therefore, it is of great significance to quantify the bone development of healthy children. The evaluation methods of bone development include bone age (BA) assessment and dual-energy X-ray bone mineral densitometry (DXA), both of which have strong subjectivity. The present study was conducted to improve our understanding of the bone development of healthy children using the quantitative parameters derived from iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation quantification (IDEAL-IQ) sequence. Methods: Our study enrolled healthy children between January 2022 to December 2022 consecutively in Children's Hospital of Shanxi. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) age ≤18 years; (II) no contraindications (surgical and interventional devices for ferromagnetic materials, cardiac implantable electronic devices, cochlear implants, insulin pumps, dental implants containing metal or alloy) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) previous malignant disease, (II) previous chemoradiotherapy, (III) previous spine surgery, (IV) previous or acute vertebral compression fracture, (V) artifacts present in images. Participants underwent MRI scans using IDEAL-IQ sequence in the lumbar vertebrae. The IDEAL-IQ parameters [proton density fat fraction (PDFF), 1/T2* (R2*)] were obtained. The factor analysis of variance was applied to compare the differences of PDFF and R2* in different lumbar vertebral groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test or Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the differences of quantitative data among different gender or age groups. Spearman correlation analysis was applied to study the relationship among the age, PDFF, and R2*. Results: A total of 145 participants (76 males, 69 females) were evaluated. There were no significant differences in PDFF and R2* of different lumbar vertebrae (PPDFF=0.338, PR2*=0.868). The average age was 36 [13-72] months. They were assigned into 4 groups (0-11, 12-35, 36-71, and 72-144 months). As the age increased, the average PDFF and R2* both increased significantly (rPDFF=0.659, rR2*=0.359, P<0.001). There were significant statistical differences in PDFF and R2* between the 4 age groups (ZPDFF=46.651, ZR2*=27.537, P<0.001). Moreover, the PDFF was also positively correlated with R2* (r=0.576, P<0.001). No association was found between the gender and PDFF, R2* (PPDFF=0.949, PR2*=0.177). Conclusions: The quantitative parameters derived from IDEAL-IQ in the lumbar vertebrae of healthy children will improve our understanding of bone development and provide a basis for further exploring the diseases that affect children's bone development.

Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI for the evaluation of early spleen involvement in acute leukemia.

Background: The spleen is a frequent organ of leukemia metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the value of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing pathologic changes in the spleen and identifying early spleen involvement in patients with acute leukemia (AL). Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed AL and healthy controls were recruited between June 2020 and November 2022. All participants underwent abdominal IVIM diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at our hospital. IVIM parameters [pure diffusion coefficient (D); pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*); and pseudo-perfusion fraction (f)] of the spleen were calculated by the segmented fitting method, and perfusion-diffusion ratio (PDR) was further calculated from the values of D, D* and f. Spleen volumes (SVs) were obtained by manually segmenting the spleen layer by layer. Clinical biomarkers of AL patients were collected. Patients were divided into splenomegaly group and normal SV group according to the individualized reference intervals for SV. IVIM parameters were compared among the control group, AL with normal SV group, and AL with splenomegaly group using one-way analysis of variance, followed by pairwise post hoc comparisons. The correlations of IVIM parameters with clinical biomarkers were analyzed in AL patients. The diagnostic performances of IVIM parameters and their combinations for differentiating among the three groups were compared. Results: Seventy-nine AL patients (AL with splenomegaly: n=54; AL with normal SV: n=25) and 55 healthy controls were evaluated. IVIM parameters were significantly different among the three groups (P<0.001 for D, D* and f; P=0.001 for PDR). D and PDR showed significant differences between the control and AL with normal SV groups in pairwise comparisons (P<0.001, and P=0.031, respectively). D was correlated with white blood cell (WBC) counts (r=-0.424; 95% CI: -0.570, -0.211; P<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (r=-0.285; 95% CI: -0.486, -0.011; P=0.011), and bone marrow blasts (r=-0.283; 95% CI: -0.476, -0.067; P=0.012). D* (r=-0.276; 95% CI: -0.470, -0.025; P=0.014), f (r=0.514; 95% CI: 0.342, 0.664; P<0.001) and PDR (r=0.343; 95% CI: 0.208, 0.549; P=0.002) were correlated with LDH. The combination of IVIM parameters (AUC: 0.830; 95% CI: 0.729, 0.905) demonstrated better diagnostic efficacy than the single D* (AUC: 0.721; 95% CI: 0.608, 0.816; Delong test: Z=2.012, P=0.044) and f (AUC: 0.647; 95% CI: 0.532, 0.752; Delong test: Z=2.829, P=0.005), but was not significantly different from the single D (AUC: 0.756; 95% CI: 0.647, 0.846; Delong test: Z=1.676, P=0.094) in differentiating the splenomegaly group and normal SV group. Conclusions: IVIM diffusion-weighted MRI could be a potential alternative for assessing pathologic changes in the spleen from cellularity and angiogenesis, and D and PDR may be viable indicators to identify early spleen involvement in patients with AL.

Synthetic MRI in breast cancer: differentiating benign from malignant lesions and predicting immunohistochemical expression status.

To evaluate and compare the performance of synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) in classifying benign and malignant breast lesions and predicting the expression status of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. We retrospectively analysed 121 patients with breast lesions who underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and SyMRI before surgery in our hospital. DCE-MRI was used to assess the lesions, and then regions of interest (ROIs) were outlined on SyMRI (before and after enhancement), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps to obtain quantitative values. After being grouped according to benign and malignant status, the malignant lesions were divided into high and low expression groups according to the expression status of IHC markers. Logistic regression was used to analyse the differences in independent variables between groups. The performance of the modalities in classification and prediction was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In total, 57 of 121 lesions were benign, the other 64 were malignant, and 56 malignant lesions performed immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative values from proton density-weighted imaging prior to an injection of the contrast agent (PD-Pre) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) after the injection (T2-Gd), as well as its standard deviation (SD of T2-Gd), were valuable SyMRI parameters for the classification of benign and malignant breast lesions, but the performance of SyMRI (area under the curve, AUC = 0.716) was not as good as that of ADC values (AUC = 0.853). However, ADC values could not predict the expression status of breast cancer markers, for which SyMRI had excellent performance. The AUCs of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), p53 and Ki-67 were 0.687, 0.890, 0.852, 0.746, 0.813 and 0.774, respectively. SyMRI had certain value in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions, and ADC values were still the ideal method. However, to predict the expression status of IHC markers, SyMRI had an incomparable value compared with ADC values.

Quantitative tumor burden imaging parameters of the spleen at MRI for predicting treatment response in patients with acute leukemia.

Objectives: To study the value of standardized volume and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters of the spleen based on tumor burden for predicting treatment response in newly diagnosed acute leukemia (AL). Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed AL were recruited and underwent abdominal IVIM diffusion-weighted imaging within one week before the first induction chemotherapy. Quantitative parameters of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) included the standardized volume (representing volumetric tumor burden) and IVIM parameters (standard apparent diffusion coefficient [sADC]; pure diffusion coefficient [D]; pseudo-diffusion coefficient [D∗]; and pseudo-perfusion fraction [f], representing functional tumor burden) of the spleen. Clinical biomarkers of tumor burden were collected. Patients were divided into complete remission (CR) and non-CR groups according to the treatment response after the first standardized induction chemotherapy, and the MRI and clinical parameters were compared between the two groups. The correlations of MRI parameters with clinical biomarkers were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the independent predictors for treatment response. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to analyze the predicted performance. Results: 76 AL patients (CR: n = 43; non-CR: n = 33) were evaluated. Standardized spleen volume, sADC, D, f, white blood cell counts, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly different between CR and non-CR groups (all p < 0.05). Standardized spleen volume, sADC, and D were correlated with white blood cell and lactate dehydrogenase, and f was correlated with lactate dehydrogenase (all p < 0.05). Standardized spleen volume (hazard ratio = 4.055, p = 0.042), D (hazard ratio = 0.991, p = 0.027), and f (hazard ratio = 1.142, p = 0.008) were independent predictors for treatment response, and the combination of standardized spleen volume, D, and f showed more favorable discrimination (area under the curve = 0.856) than individual predictors. Conclusion: Standardized volume, D, and f of the spleen could be used to predict treatment response in newly diagnosed AL, and the combination of morphological and functional parameters would further improve the predicted performance. IVIM parameters of the spleen may be viable indicators for evaluating functional tumor burden in AL.

Advances in imaging techniques of the blood-brain barrier and clinical application.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important structure that maintains the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). The functional structure of BBB is closely related to diseases of CNS, including degenerative diseases, brain tumours, traumatic brain injury, stroke, etc. Imaging methods were commonly used to monitor the integrity of BBB, such as DCE-MRI, DSC-MRI, and PET, this contributes to understand the process of related diseases and develop appropriate treatment options. In recent years, many studies had shown that the MRI methods (ASL, IVIM, CEST, etc.) could evaluate blood-brain barrier function, which use endogenous contrast agents and become an increasingly great concern. Another image methods (FUS, uWB-eMPs) can open up the normal BBB, allowing macromolecular drugs across the locally opening BBB, which could be beneficial to the treatment of some brain diseases. In this review, we briefly introduce the theory of BBB imaging modalities and its clinical application.

Remodeling of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone during axial tooth movement in mice with type 1 diabetes.

Objectives: To observe the elongation of the axial tooth movement in the unopposed rodent molar model with type 1 diabetes mellitus and explore the pathological changes of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, and their correlation with tooth axial movement. Methods: The 80 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the streptozotocin(STZ)-injected group (n = 50) and the control group (n = 30). Mice in the streptozotocin(STZ)-injected group were injected intraperitoneal with streptozotocin (STZ), and mice in the control group were given intraperitoneal injection of equal doses of sodium citrate buffer. Thirty mice were randomly selected from the successful models as the T1DM group. The right maxillary molar teeth of mice were extracted under anesthesia, and allowed mandibular molars to super-erupt. Mice were sacrificed at 0, 3, 6,9, and 12 days. Tooth elongation and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated by micro-CT analysis(0,and 12 days mice). Conventional HE staining, Masson staining and TRAP staining were used to observe the changes in periodontal tissue(0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days mice). The expression differences of SPARC, FGF9, BMP4, NOGGIN, and type I collagen were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results: After 12 days of tooth extraction, our data showed significant super-eruption of mandibular mouse molars of the two groups. The amount of molar super-eruption in the T1DM group was 0.055mm( ± 0.014mm), and in the control group was 0.157( ± 0.017mm). The elongation of the T1DM mice was less than that of the control mice(P<0.001). It was observed that the osteoclasts and BMD increased gradually in both groups over time. Compared with the control group, the collagen arrangement was more disordered, the number of osteoclasts was higher (P<0.05), and the increase of bone mineral density was lower(2.180 ± 0.007g/cm3 vs. 2.204 ± 0.006g/cm3, P<0.001) in the T1DM group. The relative expression of SPARC, FGF9, BMP4, and type I collagen in the two groups increased with the extension of tooth extraction time while NOGGIN decreased. The relative expression of all of SPARC, FGF9, BMP4, and type I collagen in the T1DM group were significantly lower, and the expression of NOGGIN was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The axial tooth movement was inhibited in type 1 diabetic mice. The result may be associated with the changes of periodontal ligament osteoclastogenic effects and alveolar bone remodeling regulated by the extracellular matrix and osteogenesis-related factors.

Quantitative IVIM parameters evaluating perfusion changes in brain parenchyma in patients newly diagnosed with acute leukemia: Compared with healthy participants.

Purpose: To study the value of quantitative IVIM parameters in evaluating cerebral blood perfusion changes in patients newly diagnosed with acute leukemia (AL) by comparing them with healthy participants. Materials and methods: This prospective study consecutively recruited 49 participants with newly diagnosed AL and 40 normal controls between July 2020 and September 2022. All participants underwent an MRI of the brain using an axial T1-weighted and an IVIM sequence. The IVIM parameters (water diffusion coefficient, sADC, pseudoperfusion fraction, f; diffusion coefficient, D, pseudodiffusion coefficient, D *, and perfusion-diffusion ratio, PDR) and peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts were obtained. An unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the differences in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of healthy participants and AL patients and the differences in IVIM parameters between healthy participants and patients with AL. In addition, multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were used to identify independent predictors and then, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were performed. Results: 40 healthy participants and 49 patients with newly diagnosed AL were evaluated. In healthy participants, sADC, PDR, D and f values of GM were significantly higher than those of WM (t = 5.844, t = 3.838, t = 7.711, z = -2.184, respectively, all P < 0.05). In AL patients, the D, f and sADC values of GM were significantly higher than those of WM (t = 3.450, t = 6.262, t = 4.053, respectively, all P < 0.05). The sADC and f value from AL patients were significantly lower than those from healthy participants in GM (z = -2.537, P = 0.011; and z = -2.583, P = 0.010, respectively) and WM (z = -2.969, P = 0.003; z = -2.923, P = 0.003, respectively). The WBC counts of AL patients were significantly higher than those of healthy participants (t = 3.147, P = 0.002). Multivariate analyses showed that the f values of GM and WM were independent predictors of AL (P = 0.030, and 0.010, respectively), with the optimal cut-off value at 7.08% (AUC ROC curve: 0.661, specificity: 11.4%, sensitivity: 98%) and 13.77% (AUC ROC curve: 0.682, specificity: 79.5%, sensitivity: 59.2%). Conclusion: The IVIM parameters of brain parenchyma in patients newly diagnosed with AL differed from those of the healthy participants. The changes of cerebral blood flow perfusion are expected to provide new ideas for studying central nervous system infiltration in AL.

Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI of renal parenchyma and its clinical significance in patients with untreated acute leukemia: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate quantitative parameters derived from intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI (IVIM) of renal parenchyma in patients with untreated acute leukemia (AL) and analyze its prognostic significance and probable pathological mechanism. METHODS: From March 2019 to November 2021, 67 newly diagnosed AL patients and 67 healthy controls matched in age and sex were recruited. All participants underwent IVIM in the kidneys, and D, D*, f, standard ADC values were measured. The differences of all parameters between AL and controls were analyzed. The relationship between imaging parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was studied. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to investigate prognostic significance of possible indicators. RESULTS: The f and D value of renal medulla and D value of renal cortex in AL patients were lower than those in the healthy control group (t = - 2.173, t = - 3.463, t = - 2.030, respectively, all P < 0.05). The cortical f, cortical standard ADC, medullary f, and medullary standard ADC were correlated with the eGFR (r = 0.524, r = 0.401, r = 0.415, r = 0.325, respectively, all P < 0.05) in patients with AL. A medullary f value ≤ 9.51% (hazard ratio: 0.282; 95% confidence interval: 0.110, 0.719; P = 0.008) was associated with overall survival in a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: The f and standard ADC values in renal parenchyma were the probable imaging markers of renal function in patients with newly diagnosed de novo AL. Lower renal medullary f value was a potential independent predictor for overall survival.

Multisequence magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics models for the prediction of microsatellite instability in endometrial cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of multisequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics models in the assessment of microsatellite instability (MSI) status in endometrial cancer (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective multicentre study included 338 EC patients with available MSI status and preoperative MRI scans, divided into training (37 MSI, 123 microsatellite stability [MSS]), internal validation (15 MSI, 52 MSS), and external validation cohorts (30 MSI, 81 MSS). Radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted images, diffusion-weighted images, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. The ComBat harmonisation method was applied to remove intrascanner variability. The Boruta wrapper algorithm was used for key feature selection. Three classification algorithms, logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), were applied to build the radiomics models. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to compare the diagnostic performance of the models. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was conducted to determine the clinical usefulness of the models. RESULTS: Among the 1980 features, Boruta finally selected nine radiomics features. A higher MSI prediction performance was achieved after running the ComBat harmonisation method. The SVM algorithm had the best performance, with AUCs of 0.921, 0.903, and 0.937 in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. The DCA results showed that the SVM algorithm achieved higher net benefits than the other classifiers over a threshold range of 0.581-0.783. CONCLUSION: The multisequence MRI-based radiomics models showed promise in preoperatively predicting the MSI status in EC in this multicentre setting.

Comparison of reduced field-of-view DWI and conventional DWI techniques for the assessment of lumbar bone marrow infiltration in patients with acute leukemia.

Objectives: To compare the imaging quality, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and the value of assessing bone marrow infiltration between reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted imaging (r-FOV DWI) and conventional DWI in the lumbar spine of acute leukemia (AL). Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed AL were recruited and underwent both r-FOV DWI and conventional DWI in the lumbar spine. Two radiologists evaluated image quality scores using 5-Likert-type scales qualitatively and measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise (CNR), signal intensity ratio (SIR), and ADC quantitatively. Patients were divided into hypo- and normocellular group, moderately hypercellular group, and severely hypercellular group according to bone marrow cellularity (BMC) obtained from bone marrow biopsies. The image quality parameters and ADC value between the two sequences were compared. One-way analysis of variance followed by LSD post hoc test was used for the comparisons of the ADC values among the three groups. The performance of ADC obtained with r-FOV DWI (ADCr) and conventional DWI(ADCc) in evaluating BMC and their correlations with BMC and white blood cells (WBC) were analyzed and compared. Results: 71 AL patients (hypo- and normocellular: n=20; moderately hypercellular: n=19; severely hypercellular: n=32) were evaluated. The image quality scores, CNR, SIR, and ADC value of r-FOV DWI were significantly higher than those of conventional DWI (all p<0.05), and the SNR of r-FOV DWI was significantly lower (p<0.001). ADCr showed statistical differences in all pairwise comparisons among the three groups (all p<0.05), while ADCc showed significant difference only between hypo- and normocellular group and severely hypercellular group (p=0.014). The performance of ADCr in evaluating BMC (Z=2.380, p=0.017) and its correlations with BMC (Z=-2.008, p = 0.045) and WBC (Z=-2.022, p = 0.043) were significantly higher than those of ADCc. Conclusion: Compared with conventional DWI, r-FOV DWI provides superior image quality of the lumbar spine in AL patients, thus yielding better performance in assessing bone marrow infiltration.

Imaging Techniques and Clinical Application of the Marrow-Blood Barrier in Hematological Malignancies.

The pathways through which mature blood cells in the bone marrow (BM) enter the blood stream and exit the BM, hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood return to the BM, and other substances exit the BM are referred to as the marrow-blood barrier (MBB). This barrier plays an important role in the restrictive sequestration of blood cells, the release of mature blood cells, and the entry and exit of particulate matter. In some blood diseases and tumors, the presence of immature cells in the blood suggests that the MBB is damaged, mainly manifesting as increased permeability, especially in angiogenesis. Some imaging methods have been used to monitor the integrity and permeability of the MBB, such as DCE-MRI, IVIM, ASL, BOLD-MRI, and microfluidic devices, which contribute to understanding the process of related diseases and developing appropriate treatment options. In this review, we briefly introduce the theory of MBB imaging modalities along with their clinical applications.

Diffusion-weighted imaging-based radiomics in epithelial ovarian tumors: Assessment of histologic subtype.

Background: Epithelial ovarian tumors (EOTs) are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms. It is importance to preoperatively differentiate the histologic subtypes of EOTs. Our study aims to investigate the potential of radiomics signatures based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for categorizing EOTs. Methods: This retrospectively enrolled 146 EOTs patients [34 with borderline EOT(BEOT), 30 with type I and 82 with type II epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)]. A total of 390 radiomics features were extracted from DWI and ADC maps. Subsequently, the LASSO algorithm was used to reduce the feature dimensions. A radiomics signature was established using multivariable logistic regression method with 3-fold cross-validation and repeated 50 times. Patients with bilateral lesions were included in the validation cohort and a heuristic selection method was established to select the tumor with maximum probability for final consideration. A nomogram incorporating the radiomics signature and clinical characteristics was also developed. Receiver operator characteristic, decision curve analysis (DCA), and net reclassification index (NRI) were applied to compare the diagnostic performance and clinical net benefit of predictive model. Results: For distinguishing BEOT from EOC, the radiomics signature and nomogram showed more favorable discrimination than the clinical model (0.915 vs. 0.852 and 0.954 vs. 0.852, respectively) in the training cohort. In classifying early-stage type I and type II EOC, the radiomics signature exhibited superior diagnostic performance over the clinical model (AUC 0.905 vs. 0.735). The diagnostic efficacy of the nomogram was the same as that of the radiomics model with NRI value of -0.1591 (P = 0.7268). DCA also showed that the radiomics model and combined model had higher net benefits than the clinical model. Conclusion: Radiomics analysis based on DWI, and ADC maps serve as an effective quantitative approach to categorize EOTs.

Study of bone marrow microstructure in healthy young adults using intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI.

Bone marrow is one of the most important organs in the human body. The evaluation of bone marrow microstructure and gender-related cellular and capillary networks in healthy young adults can help to better understand the process of bone metabolism. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) provides both diffusion and perfusion quantifications without requiring intravenous contrast agent injection. In this prospective study, 60 healthy young age-matched volunteers (30 men and 30 women) underwent MRI scans at 1.5 T using multi-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging on sagittal planes covering the lumbar bone marrow. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), true ADC (D), pseudo-ADC (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated from the diffusion-weighted images using the mono- and bi-exponential models. Lumbar cancellous bone (L2-L4) was selected as the region of interest. An independent t-test was used to detect significant differences in ADC values and IVIM parameters between men and women. The differences in IVIM parameters among the L2, L3, and L4 groups were compared with analysis of variance. The D and f values in women were significantly higher than that in men (p = 0.001, 0.026). However, D* was significantly lower in women than that in men (p = 0.001). Furthermore, there was no significant gender difference for the conventional ADC value (p = 0.186). Moreover, there were no significant differences in the D, f, and D* values among the L2, L3, and L4 vertebras of women or men. IVIM parameters can show differences in bone marrow between young women and men. As a non-invasive method, it can assess bone marrow microstructure, such as cellularity and perfusion.

A Pilot Study of Prognostic Value of Metastatic Lymph Node Count and Size in Patients with Different Stages of Gastric Carcinoma.

Background: The correlation between the preoperative lymph node count (LNC) on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and the prognosis of gastric carcinoma (GC) remains to be defined. This research aims to evaluate the prognostic value of LNC on MDCT in GC patients based on tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging, using different size criteria for counting. Methods: The clinical data of 126 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing gastrectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Lymph nodes greater than 8mm and 5mm on MDCT were counted and recorded. The prognostic implications of LNC on MDCT for patient survival were analyzed according to different size criteria for counting and tumor TNM staging. Results: When 8mm was used as the counting criterion, LNC on MDCT had no significant effect on the overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort. In addition, the OS of T1-T2 GC patients with LNC on MDCT ≥1 was significantly worse than that of patients with LNC on MDCT <1. When 5mm was used as the counting criterion, LNC on MDCT was found to be significantly associated with the OS of the entire cohort. In the subgroup analysis, patients with relatively advanced (T3-T4, N+ and III) GC with LNC on MDCT >7 showed a significantly worse OS than those with LNC on MDCT ≤7. LNC on MDCT >7 with 5mm as the counting criterion and Stage III were independent risk factors for adverse prognosis. Conclusion: The prognostic value of LNC on MDCT based on different size criteria varies in patients with different stages of GC. LNC of a smaller size (5mm) on MDCT may be a prognostic factor for patients with relatively advanced GC.

Alterations in white matter network dynamics in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Emerging evidence suggests white matter network abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), but the alterations in dynamics of the white matter network in patients with SZ and BD are largely unknown. The white matter network of patients with SZ (n = 45) and BD (n = 47) and that of healthy controls (HC, n = 105) were constructed. We used dynamics network control theory to quantify the dynamics metrics of the network, including controllability and synchronizability, to measure the ability to transfer between different states. Experiments show that the patients with SZ and BD showed decreasing modal controllability and synchronizability and increasing average controllability. The correlations between the average controllability and synchronizability of patients were broken, especially for those with SZ. The patients also showed alterations in brain regions with supercontroller roles and their distribution in the cognitive system. Finally, we were able to accurately discriminate and predict patients with SZ and BD. Our findings provide novel dynamic metrics evidence that patients with SZ and BD are characterized by a selective disruption of brain network controllability, potentially leading to reduced brain state transfer capacity, and offer new guidance for the clinical diagnosis of mental illness.

Performance of PROPELLER FSE T2WI in reducing metal artifacts of material porcelain fused to metal crown: a clinical preliminary study.

This study aimed to compare MRI quality between conventional fast spin echo T2 weighted imaging (FSE T2WI) with periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) FSE T2WI for patients with various porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown and analyze the value of PROPELLER technique in reducing metal artifacts. Conventional FSE T2WI and PROPELLER FSE T2WI sequences for axial imaging of head were applied in participants with different PFM crowns: cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy, pure titanium (Ti), gold-palladium (Au-Pd) alloy. Two radiologists evaluated overall image quality of section in PFM using a 5-point scale qualitatively and measured the maximum artifact area and artifact signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) quantitatively. Fifty-nine participants were evaluated. The metal crown with the least artifacts and the optimum image quality shown in conventional FSE T2WI and PROPELLER FSE T2WI were in Au-Pd alloy, Ti, and Co-Cr alloy order. PROPELLER FSE T2WI was superior to conventional FSE T2WI in improving image quality and reducing artifact area for Co-Cr alloy (17.0 ± 0.2% smaller artifact area, p < 0.001) and Ti (11.6 ± 0.7% smaller artifact area, p = 0.005), but had similar performance compared to FSE T2WI for Au-Pd alloy. The SNRs of the tongue and masseter muscle were significantly higher on PROPELLER FSE T2WI compared with conventional FSE T2WI (tongue: 29.76 ± 8.45 vs. 21.54 ± 9.31, p = 0.007; masseter muscle: 19.11 ± 8.24 vs. 15.26 ± 6.08, p = 0.016). Therefore, the different PFM crown generate varying degrees of metal artifacts in MRI, and the PROPELLER can effectively reduce metal artifacts especially in the PFM crown of Co-Cr alloy.