Growth charts of Brazilian youngs: 20-years data of 95,000 children and adolescents from "Projeto Esporte Brasil".

This article aims to present growth curves for height, weight, and BMI of 95,000 Brazilian youths aged 6 to 17 years, including the five regions of the country, the Amazon region, and indigenous populations, and compare them with the World Health Organization (WHO) growth references. The final sample consisted of 52,729 boys and 42,731 girls from the "Projeto Esporte Brasil" database. Body mass and height information were used to derive the curves. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape was employed. In this study, we present smoothed weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age curves for boys and girls. Differences were observed between the results of the Brazilian curves and the WHO growth references. The developed curves will be valuable for professionals in medicine, public health, nutrition, physical education, and other related fields, regarding the assessment of physical growth in Brazilian children and adolescents and monitoring the nutritional status of this population. Additionally, these curves will facilitate the identification of individuals or subgroups at risk of diseases and delayed growth, with a greater focus on specific country-related factors.

Growth charts of Brazilian youngs: 20-years data of 95,000 children and adolescents from "Projeto Esporte Brasil" / Curvas de crescimento de jovens brasileiros: dados de 20 anos com 95.000 crianças e adolescentes do "Projeto Esporte Brasil"

Abstract This article aims to present growth curves for height, weight, and BMI of 95,000 Brazilian youths aged 6 to 17 years, including the five regions of the country, the Amazon region, and indigenous populations, and compare them with the World Health Organization (WHO) growth references. The final sample consisted of 52,729 boys and 42,731 girls from the "Projeto Esporte Brasil" database. Body mass and height information were used to derive the curves. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape was employed. In this study, we present smoothed weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age curves for boys and girls. Differences were observed between the results of the Brazilian curves and the WHO growth references. The developed curves will be valuable for professionals in medicine, public health, nutrition, physical education, and other related fields, regarding the assessment of physical growth in Brazilian children and adolescents and monitoring the nutritional status of this population. Additionally, these curves will facilitate the identification of individuals or subgroups at risk of diseases and delayed growth, with a greater focus on specific country-related factors.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é apresentar curvas de crescimento de altura, peso e IMC de 95.000 jovens brasileiros com idades entre 6 e 17 anos, incluindo as cinco regiões do país, a região da Amazônia e os povos indígenas, e comparar com as referências de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). A amostra final foi composta por 52.729 meninos e 42.731 meninas provenientes do banco de dados do "Projeto Esporte Brasil". As informações de massa corporal e estatura foram utilizadas para derivar as curvas. O modelo aditivo generalizado para localização, escala e forma foi usado. neste estudo, apresentamos as curvas suavizadas de peso-idade, altura-idade e IMC-idade para meninos e meninas. Foram observadas diferenças entre os resultados das curvas brasileiras e as referências de crescimento da OMS. As curvas desenvolvidas serão úteis para profissionais da medicina, saúde pública, nutrição, educação física, entre outros, no que diz respeito a avaliação do crescimento físico de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros e para monitorar o estado nutricional desta população. Além disso, essas curvas permitirão a detecção de indivíduos ou subgrupos em risco de doenças e crescimento retardado, com um foco maior em fatores específicos do país.

Individual and environmental parameters in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: associations with physical activity and body mass index.

Introduction: Physical Activity (PA) is a complex behavior, and the relevance of other factors such as BMI, SES and children's behavior at school and home still lacks investigation for children, especially those at risk or with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The objective of this study was to examine whether socioeconomic status (SES), school's spaces for children's movement, active play, screen time, motor skill proficiency, perceived motor competence, and engagement in the physical education lessons were associated with PA and BMI in children with typical development (TD), at risk of DCD (r-DCD), and with DCD. Methods: Children (N = 352; 4-10-year-old) from six public schools in a major urban city, in southern of Brazil, were assessed regarding motor skill proficiency (locomotor and ball skills), perceived motor competence, and weight status. PA and engagement in the lesson were assessed using pedometers and a behavior checklist of motor experience of success. Parents recorded the daily time that children spent on screen and in active play. Results: The hierarchical multivariate linear regressions showed that age, sex, SES, Schools with more favorable space for children's movement, locomotor and ball skills, and successful engagement, were associated with PA for children with TD. Age, screen time, locomotor, and successful engagement were associated with BMI. For children at r-DCD, age, sex, SES, with more favorable space for children's movement, and locomotor were associated with PA. Age, active play and screen time were associated with BMI. For children with DCD, sex, SES, Schools with more favorable space for children's movement, screen time, and successful engagement were associated with PA. Age, sex, active play, and screen time were associated with BMI. Conclusion: Different factors were associated with PA and BMI for children with different levels of motor impairment (r-DCD and DCD) and children with TD.

Effect of a motor skill-based intervention in the relationship of individual and contextual factors in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder from low-income families.

Contextual opportunities facilitate skill acquisition, and the interaction between individual and contextual factors is fundamental to enhancing health and social parameters in children with DCD. This study examined (1) the influence of Mastery Motivational Climate (MMC) and Exercise Play Climate (EPC) interventions on motor performance, physical activity, self-perceptions, BMI, engagement in the lessons, playtime, and screen time of children without and with DCD, (2) the relationship between motor performance, self-perceptions, BMI, engagement in the physical education lessons, playtime, and screen factors in the children's physical activity levels in the lessons (PA) pre-and post-test. Children (N = 255, 98 children with Developmental Coordination Disorder - DCD; 157 children without DCD) were randomly assigned to MMC and EPC. Physical Activity levels in the lessons, motor performance, self-perceptions of physical competence, body mass indexes, appropriate motor engagement with success in the lessons, and active play and screen time were assessed. Regarding intervention impact, from pre-to post-tests, the results showed increases (1) PA in children with DCD in the EPC group and without DCD in the MMC group; (2) locomotor and ball skills for children with DCD in both climates; (3) locomotor and ball skills for children without DCD in the MMC group; (4) self-perceptions of competence for children with DCD in the MMC group; and (5) engagement with success for all children in both climates. A slight decrease in BMI for children with DCD in both climates was found. Regarding the associations, at post-test, engagement with success explained (1) PA levels for children with DCD in the MMC group and children without DCD in the EPC group; (2) active playtime explained PA for children with DCD in the EPC group; (3) ball skills explained PA for children without DCD in the MMC group. The intervention promoted overall increases in motor performance and children's engagement in the lesson. The intervention strengthened the role of ball skills performance, engagement with success, and active play; however, these relationships were different across groups.

Transcultural adaptation, content, and internal structure validity evidence of the perceived efficacy and goal setting system - 2 edition for Brazilian children.

Aim: The aim was to investigate the validity of evidence of the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System second edition for Brazilian children. Methods: 258 children participated, both sexes (n = 133 girls; 51.6%), 5 to 9 years old (total sample Mage = 7.1, SD = 1.4), from four regions of Brazil. The Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System ­ second edition, was used. Results: Experts showed agreement about the high clarity and practical pertinence of the items (content validity coefficient from 98.4 to 100%; Gwet's agreement coefficient from 0.85 to 1.00, p < 0.001). Confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate adjustment indexes (RMSEA [0.048, 90% C.I. = 0.043 to 0.053], SRMR [0.243], CFI [0.91], RNI [0.91], TLI [0.91], ꭓ2/df [1.962]). The multigroup analysis showed configural, metric and scalar invariance of two models for gender (CFI = 0.97; RMSEA, [90%C.I.] = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; metric: ΔRMSEA = 0.001; scalar: ΔRMSEA = −0.004) and age band (5­7 years-old and 8­9 years-old; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA, [90%C.I.] = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; metric: ΔRMSEA = 0.002; scalar: ΔRMSEA = 0.010). The Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio test showed adequate discriminant validity among three dimensions (self-care and productivity [value = 0.76]; self-care and leisure [value = 0.57], productivity and leisure [value = 0.76]). Alpha for polychoric correlations showed an adequate internal consistency for all items and total scale (all α values >0.70). Composite reliability (Self-care = 0.8; Productivity = 0.81; Leisure = 0.8) reinforce evidence about reliability. Percentage agreement showed adequate item-level test-retest reliability (values between 76 and 92%). Conclusion: This scale showed adequate content and internal structure validity evidence to assess the perceived self-efficacy for Brazilian children.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

Test of Gross Motor Development-3: Item Difficulty and Item Differential Functioning by Gender and Age with Rasch Analysis.

The assessment of motor proficiency is essential across childhood to identify children's strengths and difficulties and to provide adequate instruction and opportunities; assessment is a powerful tool to promote children's development. This study aimed to investigate the hierarchal order of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3) items regarding difficulty levels and the differential item functioning across gender and age group (3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 10 years old). Participants are 989 children (3 to 10.9 years; girls n = 491) who were assessed using TGMD-3. For locomotor skills, appropriate results reliability (alpha = 1.0), infit (M = 0.99; SD = 0.17), outfit (M = 1.18; SD = 0.64), and point-biserial correlations (rpb values from 0.14 to 0.58) were found; the trend was similar for ball skills: reliability (alpha = 1.0), infit (M = 0.99; SD = 0.13), outfit (M = 1.08; SD = 0.52); point-biserial correlations (rpb values from 0.06 to 0.59) were obtained. Two motor criteria: gallop, item-1, and one-hand forehand strike, item-4, were the most difficult items; in contrast, run, item-2, and two-hand catch, item-2, were the easiest items. Differential item functioning for age was observed in nine locomotor and ten ball skills items. These items were easier for older children compared to younger ones. The TGMD-3 has items with different difficulty levels capable of differential functioning across age groups.

Contextual Factors and Motor Skills in Indigenous Amazon Forest and Urban Indigenous Children.

This study investigated the contextual factors, motor performance, and body mass index across indigenous land children, indigenous urban children, and non-indigenous urban children. A number of 153 children, both sexes (71 girls, 46.4%), from 8 to 10 years were assessed. The Test of Motor Gross Development-3 was utilized. Indigenous land children showed higher motor performance ( η2ρ = 0.37 and η2ρ = 0.19 locomotor and object control, respectively) than indigenous urban children (p < 0.03) and non-indigenous urban children (p < 0.01); Indigenous urban children showed higher motor performance than non-indigenous urban children (p < 0.01). Body mass index was similar across groups ( η2ρ = 0,02; p = 0.15). Motor performance of indigenous land children was explained by the contextual factors that lead to a more active lifestyle, unsupervised free time, and play outside. In urban areas, behavior was similar, and although indigenous urban children kept some play tradition, it was not strong enough to be a protective factor for the motor performance.

Gross motor skills trajectory variation between WEIRD and LMIC countries: A cross-cultural study.

AIM: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance for Brazilian girls and boys and the differences in the motor trajectories (locomotor and ball skills) of girls and boys (3- to 10-years-old) across WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) countries and Brazil-a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). METHODS: We assessed 1000 children (524 girls; 476 boys), 3- to 10.9-year-old (M = 6.9, SD = 2.1; Girls M = 6.9, SD = 2.0; Boys M = 6.9, SD = 2.1), using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. Using systematic search, original studies investigating FMS in children using the TGMD-3 were eligible; 5 studies were eligible to have the results compared to the Brazilian sample. One sample t-test to run the secondary data from Irish, American, Finnish, and German children (i.e., mean, standard deviation). RESULTS: The prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance was high among Brazilian girls (28.3% and 27.5%) and boys (10.6% and 22.7%). The cross-countries comparisons showed significant (p values from .048 and < .001) overall lower locomotor and ball skills scores for Brazilian children; the only exceptions were skipping, catching, and kicking. We observed stability in performance, across countries, after 8-years-old, and no ceiling effects were found in the samples. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian sample emphasized the need for national strategies to foster children's motor proficiency. Differences in motor opportunities may explain the differences in motor trajectories between children in WEIRD and LMIC countries.

Do executive functions and gross motor skills predict writing and mathematical performance in children with developmental coordination disorder?

Aim: To examine whether executive functions, and gross motor skills were predictors for school performance in children with DCD, with risk for DCD (r-DCD), and with typical development (TD).Methods: Participants were 63 children with DCD (Mage = 8.70, SDage = .64), 31 children with r-DCD (Mage = 8.90, SDage = 0.74), and 63 typical development children (Mage = 8.74, SDage = .63). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, Test of Gross Motor Development-3, Oral Word Span in Sentences, Odd-One-Out, Go/No-Go, Hayling Test, Trail Making Test, Five Digits Test, and the Test of School Performance-II were utilized.Results: In DCD, processing speed (ß = -.42, p = .005), and auditory-motor inhibition (ß = -.36, p = .009), and auditory-verbal inhibition (ß = -.38, p = .023) predicted math performance; and auditory-motor (ß = -.40, p = .38) and visuospatial working memory (ß = -.33 p = .011) predicted writing performance. In r-DCD, auditory-motor (ß = - .67; p = .002) and visual-motor (ß = -.40; p = .040) inhibition predicted math performance; visual-motor inhibition predicted writing performance (ß = -.47; p = .015).Conclusion: Lower inhibitory control and visuospatial working memory scores affect children with DCD and r-DCD' school performance.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers? / A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente se associa à duração da atividade física ao ar livre em pré-escolares de baixa renda? / ¿La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno se asocia con la duración de la actividad física al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente pode influenciar o tempo gasto em atividades físicas ao ar livre em crianças pré-escolares. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente e atividades físicas ao ar livre fora da escola em pré-escolares de baixa renda. No total, 129 pré-escolares de 3 a 5 anos (4,4 anos ± 0,7 anos, 50% meninos) e seus pais participaram do estudo. Uma versão adaptada da Escala de Caminhabilidade Ambiental do Bairro foi usada para obter as percepções ambientais dos pais. A atividade física ao ar livre foi mensurada com base em duas questões considerando o tempo habitual despendido nessas atividades durante a semana e os dias de fim de semana. As informações sociodemográficas foram coletadas por meio de entrevista. Foi utilizada regressão logística para analisar as associações. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no SPSS, versão 21.0. A maioria dos pré-escolares (76,9%) teve ≤ 2 horas/dia em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana enquanto no final de semana, 65,9% atingiu > 2 horas. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) foi associada a maiores chances de menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre tanto durante a semana quanto no final de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Além disso, pré-escolares cujos pais percebem falta de lugares para caminhar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e período noturno inseguro (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) são mais propensos a passar menos tempo em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. Após ajustes para fatores de confusão sociodemográficos, a percepção de trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) e locais para caminhar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) foram preditores de menor tempo do pré-escolar em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro e os lugares para caminhar foram associados ao menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre entre pré-escolares de baixa renda.

La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno puede influir en el tiempo dedicado a actividades físicas al aire libre en niños en edad preescolar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación entre la percepción de los padres sobre el ambiente y la actividade física al aire libre fuera de la escuela en preescolares de bajos recursos. En total, participaron en el estudio 129 preescolares de 3 a 5 años (4,4 años ± 0,7 años, 50% niños) y sus padres. Se utilizó una versión adaptada de la Escala de Caminabilidad Ambiental del Vecindario para obtener las percepciones ambientales de los padres. La actividade física al aire libre se midió a partir de dos preguntas considerando el tiempo habitual dedicado a estas actividades durante los días de semana y los fines de semana. La información sociodemográfica se recogió mediante entrevista. Se utilizó regresión logística para analizar las asociaciones. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con SPSS, versión 21.0. La mayoría de los preescolares (76,9%) tenían ≤ 2 horas/día en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana mientras que el fin de semana, el 65,9% alcanzaba > 2 horas. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) se asoció con mayores posibilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre tanto entre semana como en fin de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Además, los preescolares cuyos padres perciben la falta de lugares para caminar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e inseguridad en la noche (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) tienen más probabilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana. Después de los ajustes por factores de confusión sociodemográficos, la percepción de tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) y lugares para caminar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) fueron predictores de menor tiempo en actividade física al aire libre de los preescolares durante la semana. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro y los lugares para caminar se asoció con menos tiempo en actividades físicas al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos.

Validity evidence of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale for children and adolescents adapted for physical activity and sports settings

Abstract Aim: To investigate the validity evidence of the adapted Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in physical activity and sports settings - BFNE-PAS. Methods: Participants included 721 children and adolescents (376 girls and 345 boys), 10 to -14-year-olds (total sample Mage = 12.1, SD = 1.3) from Brazil. Results: Exploratory factorial analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate indexes (RMSEA = 0.05, [90% C.I. = 0.04 to 0.06], CFI = 0.98 TLI = 0.98). Network analyses indicate the highest influence of the item: "afraid to expose failures when practicing physical exercises" and/or participating in games and play in physical education classes" upon all others. The polychoric alpha showed adequate internal consistency (total scale: α = 0.86; items: α values > 0.84). The intraclass coefficient correlation showed strong reliability test-retest (ICC > 0.90). Conclusion: BFNE-PAS showed adequate validity evidence in Brazilian children.

Oportunidades de estimulação motora em ambientes domiciliares do Amazonas e fatores associados / Opportunities for motor stimulation in home environments of Amazonas and associated factors / Oportunidades de estimulación motora en ambientes domiciliarios de Amazonas y factores asociados

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as oportunidades de estimulação motora em ambientes domiciliares e fatores associados em crianças de Parintins/Amazonas. Participaram 300 pais/responsáveis por crianças da cidade de Parintins/Amazonas. Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development foi utilizado para avaliar oportunidades de estimulação motora. A prevalência de baixa estimulação motora foi 78% maior nas casas em que moravam quatro ou mais adultos (RP: 1,78; IC95%: 1,07-2,87); mães com o ensino fundamental (RP: 15,93; IC95%:2,45-17,50) e ensino médio (RP: 10,07; IC95%: 1,46-54,01) fornecem baixa estimulação motora; e crianças do sexo masculino apresentaram maior probabilidade de baixa estimulação motora (RP: 1,56; IC95%: 1,09-1,94). Identificamos que lares nessa região não ofertam oportunidades de estimulação motora adequada para as crianças (AU)

The objective was to analyze the opportunities for motor stimulation of home environments and associated factors in children from Parintins/Amazonas. Participants included 300 parents/guardians of children from the city of Parintins/ Amazonas participated. Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development was used to assess opportunities for motor stimulation. The prevalence of low motor stimulation was 78% higher in the homes where four or more adults lived (PR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.07-2.87); mothers with elementary school (PR: 15.93; 95% CI: 2.45-17.50) and high school (PR: 10.07; 95% CI: 1.46-54.01) provide low motor stimulation; and male children were more likely to have low motor stimulation (PR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.09-1.94). We identified that homes in this region do not offer opportunities for adequate motor stimulation for children (AU).

El objetivo fue analizar las oportunidades de estimulación motora de los ambientes domésticos y factores asociados en niños de Parintins/Amazonas. Los participantes incluyeron a 300 padres/tutores de niños de la ciudad de Parintins/Amazonas. Se utilizó Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development para evaluar las oportunidades de estimulación motora. La prevalencia de estimulación motora baja fue 78% mayor en los hogares donde vivían cuatro o más adultos (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,07-2,87); las madres con escuela primaria (RP: 15,93; IC del 95%: 2,45-17,50) y secundaria (RP: 10,07; IC del 95%: 1,46-54,01) proporcionan una estimulación motora baja; y los niños varones tenían más probabilidades de tener una estimulación motora baja (PR: 1,56; IC del 95%: 1,09-1,94). Identificamos que los hogares en esta región no ofrecen oportunidades para la estimulación motora adecuada para los niños (AU).

Oportunidades de estimulação motora em ambientes domiciliares do Amazonas e fatores associados / Opportunities for motor stimulation in home environments of Amazonas and associated factors / Oportunidades de estimulación motora en ambientes domiciliarios de Amazonas y factores asociados

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as oportunidades de estimulação motora em ambientes domiciliares e fatores associados em crianças de Parintins/Amazonas. Participaram 300 pais/responsáveis por crianças da cidade de Parintins/Amazonas. Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development foi utilizado para avaliar oportunidades de estimulação motora. A prevalência de baixa estimulação moto-ra foi 78% maior nas casas em que moravam quatro ou mais adultos (RP: 1,78; IC95%: 1,07-2,87); mães com o ensino fundamental (RP: 15,93; IC95%:2,45-17,50) e ensino médio (RP: 10,07; IC95%: 1,46-54,01) forne-cem baixa estimulação motora; e crianças do sexo masculino apresenta-ram maior probabilidade de baixa estimulação motora (RP: 1,56; IC95%: 1,09-1,94). Identificamos que lares nessa região não ofertam oportuni-dades de estimulação motora adequada para as crianças.

The objective was to analyze the opportunities for motor stimulation of home environments and associated factors in children from Parintins/Amazonas. Participants included 300 parents/guardians of children from the city of Parintins/ Amazonas participated. Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development was used to assess opportunities for motor stimulation. The prevalence of low motor stimulation was 78% higher in the homes where four or more adults lived (PR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.07-2.87); mothers with elementary school (PR: 15.93; 95% CI: 2.45-17.50) and high school (PR: 10.07; 95% CI: 1.46-54.01) provide low motor stimulation; and male children were more likely to have low motor stimulation (PR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.09-1.94). We identified that homes in this region do not offer opportunities for adequate motor stimulation for children.

El objetivo fue analizar las oportunidades de estimulación motora de los ambientes domésticos y factores asociados en niños de Parintins/Amazonas. Los participantes incluyeron a 300 padres/tutores de niños de la ciudad de Parintins/Amazonas. Se utilizó Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development para evaluar las oportunidades de estimulación motora. La prevalencia de estimulación motora baja fue 78% mayor en los hogares donde vivían cuatro o más adultos (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,07-2,87); las madres con escuela primaria (RP: 15,93; IC del 95%: 2,45-17,50) y secundaria (RP: 10,07; IC del 95%: 1,46-54,01) proporcionan una estimulación motora baja; y los niños varones tenían más probabilidades de tener una estimulación motora baja (PR: 1,56; IC del 95%: 1,09-1,94). Identificamos que los hogares en esta región no ofrecen oportunidades para la estimulación motora adecuada para los niños.

Peabody Developmental Motor Scales - Second Edition (PDMS-2): Reliability, content and construct validity evidence for Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND: The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales - Second Edition (PDMS-2) has been used by health and educational professionals to assess the gross and fine motor skills of children with typical development, motor and/or cognitive delays, and disabilities. AIM: Investigate the validity and reliability of PDMS-2 for use in Brazil. METHODS: For content validity, 13 professionals participated in the study. For construct validity, a sample of 637 children from birth until 71 months (0-23 months: n = 399; 24-71 months: n = 238) was assessed with the PDMS-2. RESULTS: The PDMS-2 administered to the Brazilian population has psychometric characteristics equivalent to the original version. CONCLUSION: PDMS-2 is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating Brazilian children's motor development and providing appropriate support for clinical and educational intervention plans and follow-ups.

Motor and verbal inhibitory control: Development and validity of the go/No-Go app test for children with development coordination disorder.

A set of inhibitory control tasks for the smartphone (Go/No-Go App) was developed for typical children and children with development coordination disorder (DCD). The content, construct, and criterion validity was examined. The inhibitory control Go/No-Go App test is comprised of four tasks: auditory and visual stimuli with motor and verbal responses. Six experts in neuropsychology and 252 Brazilian children (139 boys; 113 girls) participated in the study, including a subgroup of children with DCD (n = 53). A high level of agreement for clarity and pertinence was observed among the experts (Gwet's Agreement Coefficients > .09), highlighting its content validity. Suitable Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega results were observed. The confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) accepted the results for the Auditory-Motor (γ = .83), Visual-Motor (γ = .73), Auditory-Verbal (γ = .67) and Visual-Verbal (γ = .73) tasks. The model presented adequate adjustment indexes (Chi-square = .48, p = .787), 2/DF = .24; RMSEA = .00; GFI = .99; CFI = 1.00; AIC = 326.90. The Go/No-Go app is a test with adequate validity for the assessment of inhibition in children with DCD and may be very helpful due to the variation of the stimuli and the responses.

Are BMI, Self-Perceptions, Motor Competence, Engagement, and Fitness Related to Physical Activity in Physical Education Lessons?

BACKGROUND: Higher levels of actual and perceived motor competence are purported to lead to participation in physical activity (PA). Whereas considerable work has been published regarding motor and perceived competence and body mass index (BMI), much less is known about the association of these variables considering PA and engagement in physical education settings-the focus of the present study. METHOD: In 600 children (aged 3-10 y), PA during physical education lessons, locomotor skills, object control skills, perceived competence, and BMI (study 1) were assessed. In a subsample of 149 children, PA, engagement, and health-related fitness were assessed (study 2). RESULTS: Structural equation model showed that in study 1, locomotor skills were the strongest variable in the early years, and object control skills were the strongest later, in explained PA. The regression analysis, in study 2, showed that BMI, object control skills, and engagement were significantly associated with PA and that appropriate motor engagement was the best predictor of PA. CONCLUSION: The authors extended previous research by providing evidence that motor competence varies across childhood in explaining participation in PA, and appropriate motor engagement plays a critical role in being active during lessons and was the strongest predictor of PA. BMI and self-perception were not significant in the models.

Evidences of construct validity, criteria and validation of the motor competence assessment batery of tests in preschoolers / Evidências de validade de construto, critério e fidedignidade da motor competence assessment em pré-escolares

ABSTRACT The literature has evidenced the need for validation studies of motor tests to assess motor competence (MC). Luz et al (2016) proposed a battery of tests, that is, the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) to evaluate MC in Portuguese children and adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the evidences of this MCA validity in a sample of Brazilian preschoolers, in addition to assess the correlation between the MC results obtained through MCA and the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). 251 male and female preschool-age children from six reference Centers in Early Childhood Education in the city of João Pessoa-PB participated in study. Data were collected by using MCA and TGMD-2. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed two models, one of them with appropriate adjustment indexes. The interclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.77 and 0.96, which indicates an excellent reliability; the correlation between MCA and TGMD-2 was significant with a moderate magnitude (r = 0.57, p <0.01). The structure of three latent variables of the MC construct in the MCA was confirmed by the CFA. However, a two-dimensional model is suggested. MCA and TGMD-2 seemed to measure similar aspects of MC. Reliability enabled us to conclude that the MCA protocol applied to preschoolers maintains temporal stability.

RESUMO A literatura tem evidenciado a necessidade de estudos de validação de testes motores para avaliação da competência motora (CM). Assim, Luz e colaboradores propuseram uma bateria de testes Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) para avaliação da CM em crianças e adolescentes portugueses. Objetivou-se investigar as evidências de validade da MCA em uma amostra de pré-escolares brasileiros e testar a correlação entre resultados da CM avaliados com a MCA e o Test of Gross Motor Development -2 (TGMD-2). Participaram 251 pré-escolares de ambos os sexos, de seis Centros de Referência em Educação Infantil de João Pessoa-PB. Os dados foram coletados por meio da MCA e do TGMD-2. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) mostraram dois modelos, um com índices de ajuste adequados; Os coeficientes de correlação interclasse variaram entre 0,77 e 0,96, indicando confiabilidade excelente; a correlação entre a MCA e o TGMD-2 foi significante com magnitude moderada (r = 0,57, p<0,01). A estrutura de três variáveis latentes do construto CM na MCA foi confirmada pela AFC. Entretanto, sugere-se um modelo bidimensional. A MCA e o TGMD-2 parecem medir aspectos semelhantes da CM. A confiabilidade permitiu concluir que o protocolo da MCA aplicado a pré-escolares mantém estabilidade temporal.

Self-perception of competence: concept, changes in childhood, and gender and age-group differences / Autopercepção de competência: conceito, mudanças características na infância e diferenças entre gênero e faixas etárias

ABSTRACT The objectives of this narrative review were to describe: 1) the concept of self-perception of competence and the relationship with the concept of the self; 2) the characteristic changes in self-perceived competence that occur during childhood using a developmental theoretical perspective as the main reference; 3) the results of studies on the self-perceived competence of boys and girls of different ages. Methods: Studies published in electronic databases, studies identified by manually searching the references of the published studies, and the main theoretical bases of the self-concept in childhood were reviewed. Considering the theoretical basis adopted, self-perception is the judgment of individuals about their own competencies to satisfy the requirements of a task. In childhood, self-perception is an important indicator of the self, since children naturally describe themselves taking the judgment about their own competencies as a parameter. Several cognitive changes and diversity in experiences are observed between 5 and 10 years of age that guide children to move from internal and general parameters in their judgments to external sources of information in the different domains of competence with increasing age. The results of the studies suggest a plateau in the self-perceptions of competence in relation to age and higher self-perception in boys, which result respectively from the lack of experiences to optimize development and from the beliefs of gender-specific roles.

RESUMO Esta revisão narrativa tem como objetivos descrever: 1) o conceito de auto-percepção de competência e a relação com o conceito de self; 2) as mudanças características na auto-percepção de competência na infância tendo como principal referência uma perspectiva teórica desenvolvimentista; 3) os resultados de pesquisa sobre autopercepçōes de competência de meninos e meninas de diferentes idades. Método: Foram revisadas pesquisas em bases de dados, busca manual nas referências de estudos publicados e as principais bases teóricas do auto-conceito na infância. Considerando a base teórica adotada, a auto-percepção é compreendida como o julgamento dos indivíduos sobre suas competências para satisfazer exigências de uma tarefa. Na infância, a auto-percepção é um importante indicador do self, pois as crianças naturalmente descrevem a si mesmas tendo como parâmetros o julgamento sobre as suas próprias competências. Entre os 5 e 10 anos de idade, ocorrem várias mudanças cognitivas e as experiências se diversificam guiando as crianças a transitarem de parâmetros mais internos e generalistas nos seus julgamentos para, com o avanço da idade, usar fontes externas de informações nos diferentes domínios de competência. Os resultados das pesquisas sugerem platô nas percepções de competência em relação as idades e percepções mais elevadas em meninos decorrentes, respectivamente, de poucas experiências potencializadoras de desenvolvimento e de crenças de papéis específicos para os gêneros.

Intervenção motora e desenvolvimento infantil: uma revisão narrativa envolvendo programas sem abordagens motivacionais e com o clima de motivação para a maestria / Motor intervention and child development: a narrative review involving programs without motivational approaches and mastery motivational climate programs / Intervención motora y desarrollo infantil: una revisión narrativa que involucra programas sin enfoques motivacionales y con clima de motivación para la maestría

O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar na literatura as pesquisas que implementaram programas interventivos sem abordagens motivacionais, e aquelas que utilizaram o clima de motivação para a maestria. Foram consultadas as bases Scientific Electronic Library Online, Sportdiscus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe, Pubmed, Google acadêmico e Periódicos Capes, além de busca manual nas referências dos estudos publicados. Os programas interventivos mostraram impacto positivo sobre aspectos do desenvolvimento de crianças. O clima de motivação para a maestria apresentou maior impacto em comparação a outras estratégias interventivas.

The aim of this article was to review the researches in literature that implemented motor intervention programs with motivational approaches and those that included the mastery motivational climate. Scientific Electronic Library Online, Sportdiscus, Caribbean Latin American Literature, Pubmed, Academic Google and Capes Periodicals were consulted. In addition, the references of published studies were also conducted. Intervention programs have shown positive impact in important aspects of child development. The mastery motivational climate has shown a greater impact than other intervention.

El objetivo fue revisar el referencial teórico de las investigaciones que desarrollaron programas de intervención motora, principalmente aquellos que sirven de motivación para la maestría. Fueron consultadas las bases Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Sportdiscus, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe, Pubmed, Google académico y Periódicos Capes, además de búsqueda manual en las referencias de los estudios publicados. Los programas de intervención mostraron un impacto positivo con relación a aspectos del desarrollo de los niños. El clima de motivación para la maestría tuvo un gran impacto en comparación con otras estrategias de intervención.