Uniparental genetic markers to investigate hybridization in wild-born marmosets with a mixed phenotype among Callithrix aurita and invasive species.

The native marmoset of the Southeastern Atlantic Forest in Brazil is among the 25 most endangered primates of the world. Hybridization with alien species is one of its main threats registered since the early 2000s based on phenotype, so far, without genetic confirmation. Using uniparental molecular markers, we analyzed 18 putative hybrids, captured from 2004 to 2013 in different localities of the Atlantic Forest. A nine base pair deletion in the SRY gene of C. aurita was used to investigate paternal ancestry. Maternal ancestry was assessed by DNA sequencing of ca. 455 bp from the COX2 gene. Hybridization was confirmed for 16 out of the 18 marmosets since they inherited COX2 haplotypes of the alien C. penicillata or C. jacchus and the SRY deletion specific to C. aurita. Two individuals inherited both parental lineages of C. aurita, which is probably related to backcrossing or hybrid interbreeding. The direction of hybridization of females with the matrilineal lineage of invasive species with males descending from the native lineage was predominant in our sampling. This is the first time that hybridization between C. aurita and invasive species has been confirmed through genetic analysis.

Genetic analysis of an insular population of Sapajus nigritus (Primates: Cebidae) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

The black-horned capuchin (Sapajus nigritus) is a neotropical primate with wide distribution from southeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina. Although this species has been described with coat pattern variation, even with intrapopulational differences, and characterized as having the greatest genetic diversity among Sapajus species, there are still few studies on natural populations that contribute to the knowledge of this intraspecific variability. We examined individuals from an as yet unstudied population of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, Brazil, compared with published data for S. nigritus. We sought to confirm the species through phenotypic and genetic characterization using C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with #11qHe+/21WCP probes for chromosomal constitutive heterochromatin (He+) patterns, and cytochrome c oxidase I and II gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis. The coat presented two color patterns, varying from brown to blackish on the body, yellow to brown on the chest, and white to yellow on the face, besides the presence and shape of the tufts on the head, corresponding to S. nigritus. He+ was identified in pairs 4, 12, 13 and 17, and less consistently in pairs 6, 19 and 21, already described for this species. While most Sapajus species have a large He+ block, here pair 11 was identified without extracentromeric He+, the same as reported for S. nigritus from Argentina. Molecular analysis showed divergence of this population from other S. nigritus sequences, reinforcing a trend already demonstrated when samples from RJ are compared with the rest of the distribution, which may represent an evolutionary deviation.

Chlamydia psittaci in captive blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in a triage center of wild animals in Brazil / Chlamydia psittaci em araras-canindé (Ara ararauna) cativas em um Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres no Brasil

Chlamydia psittaci infection stands out due to its zoonotic potential. It was detected in several orders, being Psittaciformes its main reservoir. Our objective was to investigate the occurrence of C. psittaci infection by clinical and environmental examination, as well as agent detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from choanal and cloacal swabs in 46 blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) allocated at the Triage Center of Wild Animals, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The frequency of positive detection of the bacteria found was 50% (23/46) by cloacal swab. In this percentual, 26.09% (12/23) were also positive by choanal swab, being the probability of detection 2.83 times higher for cloacal swabs when compared to choanal ones (p<0.05). There was no association between body condition, temperature variations and PCR positivity for C. psittaci, being 34.78% of positive individuals asymptomatic to this disease. Therefore, our findings show agent's dispersion at the squad and high frequency of asymptomatic birds. Considering the possibility of contagion to workers and free living birds, the quarantine in wildlife conservation and support centers, as well as the care with hygiene and individual protection for humans who deal with the animals, should be strictly followed even in the absence of clinical signs.

Infecções por Chlamydia psittaci destacam-se devido ao seu potencial zoonótico. Tal agente foi detectado em diversas ordens, sendo Psittaciformes seu principal reservatório. Objetivando-se demonstrar a ocorrência de tal processo infeccioso, procedeu-se investigação clínica e ambiental, associada à detecção do agente etiológico por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), a partir de swabs de coana e cloaca de 46 araras-canindés (Ara ararauna) pertencentes ao Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Renováveis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Obteve-se uma frequência de detecção de 50% (23/46) a partir de swabs de cloaca. Entre esses, 26.09% (12/23) foram também positivos por meio de swab de coana, sendo a probabilidade de detecção 2,83 vezes maior a partir de swabs de cloaca que de coana (p<0.05). Não houve associação entre condição corporal, variação de temperatura e detecção do agente por PCR, sendo 34,78% dos indivíduos positivos assintomáticos. Portanto, nossos resultados demonstram a dispersão do agente no plantel e alta frequência de assintomáticos. Devido à possibilidade de contágio para trabalhadores e aves de vida livre, a quarentena nos centros de suporte e conservação da vida silvestre, assim como os cuidados com higiene e proteção individual para com os trabalhadores que lidam com os animais devem ser seguidas rigidamente, mesmo na ausência de sinais ou sintomas nas aves

Carcinoma de células basais em periquito australiano(Melopsittacus undulatus): relato de caso / Basal cell carcinoma in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): case report

As neoplasias do sistema tegumentar são relativamente comuns em aves de cativeiro. Os tumores localizados na derme, emaves de estimação, podem ser de origem epitelial e mesenquimal, sendo que os carcinomas de células basais parecem serextremamente raros em aves. Um periquito macho adulto foi encaminhado a uma clínica particular apresentando uma massatumoral na epiderme, e localizada na região medial do úmero direito. Optou-se pela amputação da asa afetada e o diagnósticode carcinoma de células basais foi feito pela histopatologia.

Tumors of the integumentary system are relatively common in captive birds. Dermal tumors in pet birds can be epithelial andmesenchymal in origin. Basal cells carcinomas appear seem to be extremely rare in birds. An adult male budgerigar wasexamined exhibiting a tumor mass situated at the epidermis and in the medial region of the right humerus. The wing wasamputated and histopathology diagnosis identified basal cell carcinoma.

Iris colour as an indicator of age feature in female Brazilian tanagers (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) confirmed by a molecular sexing technique.

The Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius is an endemic species from Brazil that is sexually dimorphic in adult plumage. Young males are similar to adult and young females until their second year. Adults and young females are not distinguishable in plumage. We tested whether iris colour can be used to separate adult females from immature females. We used for the first time the molecular sexing technique based on CHD-genes to confirm the sex of the individuals classified as "female plumage with red iris", and to identify the sex of individuals classified as "female plumage and brown iris". The adult males were used as a positive control. DNA samples from 190 individuals were analysed. The sizes of the PCR products were identified as 350 base pairs (bp) for CHD-Z and 388 bp for CHD-W. We confirmed that adult females have a red iris and the young females a brown iris. We could also separate young males and females which present the same iris colour and plumage. Although there are indications that the iris colour can be used by birds to identify the adults in co-operative breeding species such as the Brazilian tanager, more behavioural data are required to understand the role of iris coloration in this species.

The karyotype of the critically endangered Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte 1856 (Aves, Psittaciformes)

We used conventional chromosomal staining to describe the karyotype of the critically endangered Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte 1856. A diploid number of 2n = 70 and a karyotype similar to that of its congener Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus suggests that chromosomal rearrangements were not the main evolutionary mechanism in the genus.