Different levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet that do not change the risk of breast cancer in western women

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm in women globally. Healthy eating, a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet (MD), has been associated with a lower risk of developing BC, although this relationship remains inconclusive. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between MD adherence and the risk of BC development. A case-control study was carried out with 181 women divided into two groups: with BC (n= 90) and without breast cancer (WBC) (n= 91). Clinical and reproductive aspects were investigated through interviews, and food consumption was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Adherence to the MD was evaluated using the MD score. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® software, with p<0.05. The results showed that the main type of breast carcinoma was invasive ductal carcinoma, positive for oestrogen or progesterone receptors. The mean MD score was 4.08 ± 1.61 and 4.22 ± 1.69 among women with BC and without BC, respectively, with no difference between the groups. The risk assessment of BC with respect to adherence to MD showed no significant difference after adjustments were made in the logistic regression models. In conclusion, this study showed that women with and without breast cancer had "medium adherence" to MD, with no difference between the groups. In the group of women investigated, adherence to MD did not affect the risk of developing the disease.

El cáncer de mama (CM) es la neoplasia más frecuente entre las mujeres del mundo, y la alimentación saludable, característica del patrón de la dieta mediterránea (DM), se ha asociado con un menor riesgo de desarrollar CM, aunque esta relación sigue sin ser concluyente. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la adherencia a la DM y el riesgo para el desarrollo de CM. Estudio de casos y controles realizados con 181 mujeres divididas en dos grupos: con cáncer de mama (n=90) y sin cáncer de mama (SCM; n= 91). Los aspectos clínicos y reproductivos se evaluaron a través de una entrevista; consumo de alimentos a través del cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) y adherencia a la dieta mediterránea evaluada según la puntuación de DM. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software SPSS®, considerando valores significativos de p<0,05. Los resultados mostraron que el principal tipo de carcinoma de mama fue el carcinoma ductal invasivo, positivo para el receptor de estrógenos y progesterona. La puntuación media de DM fue de 4,08 ± 1,61 entre las mujeres con CM y de 4,22 ± 1,69 entre las que no tenían la enfermedad, sin diferencia entre los grupos. La evaluación del riesgo de CM en relación con la adherencia a la DM mostró que, después de ajustes en los modelos de regresión logística, no hubo diferencia significativa. En conclusión, el estudio muestra que las mujeres con y sin CM tuvieron "adherencia media" a la DM, sin diferencia entre los grupos. También mostró que, en el grupo de mujeres investigadas, la adherencia a la DM no influyó en el riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Antioxidant action and enzyme activity modulation by bioaccessible polyphenols from jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels).

Jambolan is rich in antioxidant polyphenols; however, the bioactivity of these compounds remains poorly investigated. We compared changes in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays of jambolan pulp during in vitro digestion and chemical extraction and evaluated the effects of these changes on oxidative stress in wild and mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion and chemical extraction were performed with enzyme saline solutions, deionized water, and 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone solution. Caffeic, quinic, gallic, and ellagic acids, isomers of myricetin, catechin, and anthocyanins are bioaccessible during gastric digestion. In the duodenum, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins remained stable when the pH changed from acidic to neutral/alkaline, whereas anthocyanins were degraded when exposed to pH 7. In the colon, anthocyanins were not identified. The antioxidant activity of bioaccessible fractions is correlated with non-anthocyanin flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, reflected in the modulation of antioxidant enzymes of S. cerevisiae. The digestion process favors the release of bio-polyphenols from jambolan with preventive, scavenger, and reparative antioxidant action. They also stimulate the production and activity of Sod and Cat, strengthening the endogenous antioxidant system.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the glycemic control of pre-diabetic individuals: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: research shows the potential effect of vitamin D supplementation with an improvement in the glycemic profile of pre-diabetic patients. Objective: this study evaluates the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals. Methods: we analyzed studies published over the last ten years, and indexed in the Science Direct, PubMed, and LILACS databases. We searched studies using health descriptors related to vitamin D, pre-diabetes, and glycemic control markers. We considered randomized controlled trials eligible for inclusion. All phases of selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by two independent evaluators. Results: we identified 309 articles, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 3 studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation does not alter glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals. Only one study showed a positive effect after supplementation with 60,000 IU/month of vitamin D3 for 12 months, with a significant reduction in the concentrations of glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and two-hour postprandial glucose. Conclusion: there is insufficient scientific evidence to confirm the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control markers in pre-diabetic individuals.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las investigaciones muestran el efecto potencial de la suplementación con vitamina D con una mejora del perfil glucémico de los pacientes prediabéticos. Objetivo: este estudio evalúa los efectos de la suplementación con vitamina D sobre los marcadores de control glucémico en personas prediabéticas. Métodos: analizamos los estudios publicados en los últimos diez años e indexados en las bases de datos Science Direct, PubMed y LILACS. Se realizaron búsquedas de estudios mediante descriptores de salud relacionados con la vitamina D, la prediabetes y los marcadores de control glucémico. Los ensayos controlados y aleatorizados se consideraron elegibles para su inclusión. Todas las fases de selección, extracción de datos y evaluación del riesgo de sesgos fueron realizadas por dos evaluadores independientes. Resultados: identificamos 309 artículos, de los que 4 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. De estos, 3 estudios demostraron que la suplementación con vitamina D no altera los marcadores de control glucémico en las personas prediabéticas. Solo un estudio mostró un efecto positivo después de la suplementación de 60.000 UI/mes de vitamina D3 durante 12 meses, con una reducción significativa de las concentraciones de hemoglobina glucosilada, glucosa en ayunas y glucosa posprandial a las dos horas. Conclusión: no hay evidencia científica suficiente para confirmar los efectos beneficiosos de la suplementación de vitamina D sobre los marcadores de control glucémico en las personas prediabéticas.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and diet: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To gather scientific evidence on the role of diet in inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS: Integrative review with studies published in the last 10 years in national and international journals. Original studies developed with adult human beings aged ≥18 years were included and articles published before 2010, literature reviews, and those that did not focus on elements that answered the guiding question were excluded. RESULTS: 14 articles were selected that addressed important dietary elements in inflammatory bowel disease such as fermentable carbohydrates and polyols, foods of animal origin, foods rich in omega 3, consumption of fruits and vegetables, use of probiotic supplements, whey proteins and soy. CONCLUSION: The diet, as a potentially modifiable environmental factor, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The reduction in the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and polyols combined with the increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as the exclusion of products of animal origin such as beef, pork, milk and eggs can help control inflammation and improve the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The use of probiotics increases food tolerance and, whey and soy proteins, can alter body composition and reduce inflammation.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and diet: an integrative review

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To gather scientific evidence on the role of diet in inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS: Integrative review with studies published in the last 10 years in national and international journals. Original studies developed with adult human beings aged ≥18 years were included and articles published before 2010, literature reviews, and those that did not focus on elements that answered the guiding question were excluded. RESULTS: 14 articles were selected that addressed important dietary elements in inflammatory bowel disease such as fermentable carbohydrates and polyols, foods of animal origin, foods rich in omega 3, consumption of fruits and vegetables, use of probiotic supplements, whey proteins and soy. CONCLUSION: The diet, as a potentially modifiable environmental factor, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The reduction in the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and polyols combined with the increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as the exclusion of products of animal origin such as beef, pork, milk and eggs can help control inflammation and improve the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The use of probiotics increases food tolerance and, whey and soy proteins, can alter body composition and reduce inflammation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Reunir evidências científicas sobre o papel da dieta nas doenças inflamatórias intestinais. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa com estudos publicados nos últimos 10 anos em periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Foram incluídos estudos originais desenvolvidos com seres humanos adultos com idade ≥18anos e excluídos artigos publicados antes de 2010, revisões de literatura, e os que não apresentassem como foco elementos que respondessem a pergunta norteadora. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 14 artigos que abordaram elementos dietéticos importantes na doença inflamatória intestinal como carboidratos e polióis fermentáveis, alimentos de origem animal, alimentos ricos em ômega 3, consumo de frutas e vegetais, uso de suplementos com probióticos, proteínas do soro do leite e soja. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta, como fator ambiental potencialmente modificável desempenha importante papel na prevenção e tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinas. A redução no consumo de carboidratos e polióis fermentáveis aliado ao aumento do consumo de frutas e vegetais como também a exclusão de produtos de origem animal como carne bovina, carne suína, leite e ovo podem auxiliar no controle da inflamação e melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais. O uso de probióticos aumenta a tolerância alimentar e, proteínas do soro do leite e soja, podem alterar a composição corporal e reduzir a inflamação.

Relationship between selenium status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Crohn disease (CD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and various factors involved in its pathogenesis including oxidative stress. The oxidative stress in CD may compromise antioxidant nutrients, such as selenium. The aim of this study was to assess the status of selenium and its relationship with markers of oxidative stress in patients with CD in comparison to controls. METHODS: The study included 47 patients with CD (20 with active disease and 27 in remission) and 25 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasma and erythrocyte selenium concentrations using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Selenoprotein P (SepP) was evaluated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) activity was assessed by using an automatic biochemistry analyzer, and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured. Comparative analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. For correlations, Pearson's coefficient test was used. The determinants for CD and lipid peroxidation were indicated by odds ratio. RESULTS: Plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels and SepP concentrations were lower in the CD patient groups than in the healthy group. GPx1 activity and the concentration of TBARS were significantly higher in the CD groups. In the univariate analysis, plasma and erythrocyte selenium and TBARS were associated with CD. CONCLUSION: Patients with CD have impaired selenium status, which is related to the increased oxidative stress observed in these patients.

Zinc gluconate supplementation impacts the clinical improvement in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the mucous membrane of the colon. The pathogenesis is not clear, but there is evidence of a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. In this regard, we highlight the role of zinc in the immune system and probable control of the disease. This study evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation on the inflammatory response in patients with ulcerative colitis. A blind interventional study involving 41 patients of both sexes, who underwent either zinc gluconate supplementation (n = 23), or treatment with a placebo (corn starch) (n = 18). Patients were evaluated for dietary zinc intake, plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations, and serum levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 type cytokines at baseline (T0) and 30 (T1) and 60 (T2) days after intervention. Patients in the zinc supplementation group had a lower probability of having an adequate zinc intake than placebo. In this same group, there was a significant difference between plasma zinc concentrations (T1 in relation to T0, T2 in relation to T1, and T2 in relation to T0) and erythrocyte zinc (T1 in relation to T0 and T2 in relation to T1). Zinc supplementation resulted in significant changes in the concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 without differences in the other interleukins. Zinc gluconate intervention in patients with ulcerative colitis improves the nutritional status of this mineral in these patients and positively influences their clinical outcome, reinforcing the role of zinc as an important dietary component in disease control.

No Relation Between Zinc Status and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescent Judokas.

This study aimed to assess the relation between zinc status and inflammation biomarkers in adolescent judokas. This cross-sectional study included 52 male adolescents, aged between 14 and 19 years, who were subdivided into two groups: judoka group (n = 25) and control group (n = 27). Zinc intake was monitored using 3-day food records and the NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analysis of cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) was performed. The mean values of zinc concentration in the diet were found to be higher than those recommended (11.0±3.9 mg/day and 20.3±11.9 mg/day for control group and judokas, respectively) although there was no significant difference between the groups. The mean plasma concentrations of zinc were below the reference range (71.4±16.0 µg/dL and 71.9±13.8 µg/dL for control group and judokas, respectively), without a significant difference between the groups. The mean concentrations of zinc erythrocyte were within the reference range (41.2±8.6 µg/gHb and 42.6±11.3 µg/gHb for control group and judokas, respectively), without a significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference in the inflammatory biomarkers between the judokas and controls. There was not a significant correlation between biochemical parameters of zinc and inflammation biomarkers in adolescent judokas. Regarding the data found in the study, it can be concluded that the athletes evaluated have low plasma zinc concentrations, normal erythrocyte values, and high dietary intake of zinc. Moreover, the study don't show a relationship between zinc parameters and inflammatory markers evaluated.

Consumption of nutrients with antioxidant action and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between diet and health has aroused scientific interest, especially the consumption of antioxidant nutrients naturally present in foods, because of its action against the deleterious effects of free radicals in the body. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the intake of antioxidant nutrients and its relationship with lipid profile and oxidative stress in student users of a university restaurant in comparison with non-users. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 145 university students divided into two groups: users of the university restaurant (group 1, n = 73) and non-users (group 2, n = 72). We measured body mass index and waist circumference, and estimated the intake of antioxidant micronutrients. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Intake of copper, zinc, selenium, and vitamin C were within the recommendations in both groups, and vitamins A and E were below the reference values. There was a correlation between the intake of vitamin C and triglycerides. Group 1 members had better dietary patterns in relation to antioxidant micronutrients, reflecting less atherogenic lipid profile and lower exposure to oxidative stress compared to group 2.

Mineral status and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in Alzheimer's disease.

The study evaluated the dietary intake of zinc and copper, as measured by plasma and erythrocyte concentrations, the Cu/Zn ratio and measure the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase enzyme (eSOD) activity and the relationship between these markers and the degree of dementia in elderly individuals with and without Alzheimer's Disease (AD). A total of 93 elderly people aged 60-94 years were divided into two groups: with AD (n=44) and without AD (n=49). The NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were used for diagnosing AD, and dementia staging was determined using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. The dietary intake of Zn and Cu was obtained from a standard 3-day food record. Plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of the minerals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by measuring eSOD activity in an automatic biochemical analyzer. The results showed dietary intake of Zn and Cu above the reference values with no differences observed between the two groups (p>0.05). Plasma and erythrocyte normocupremia as well as alteration in the Zn pool, with its reduced plasma concentrations and high in the erythrocytes, were observed in both groups (p>0.05). The plasma Cu/Zn ratio were not significantly different in patients with and without AD (p>0.05). The eSOD activity was high in both patient groups (p>0.05). However, among elderly patients with AD there was a positive correlation between this marker and dementia severity. According to our study results, we conclude that plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of Cu and Zn, as well as Cu/Zn ratio among elderly individuals is not related to Alzheimer's Disease. However, antioxidant activity of eSOD is associated with dementia severity.

Status do Zinco e sua Relação com Biomarcadores de Risco Cardiovascular / Zinc Status of and its Association to Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers

Fundamento: A ação antioxidante de alguns nutrientes é importante na proteção vascular. O zinco, em particular, tem sido associado a um risco reduzido de aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral e trombose.Objetivo: O estudo avaliou o status do zinco e sua relação com biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em adultos saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 186 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, selecionados através de amostra por conveniência. As medições dos biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular incluíram o perfil lipídico, o índice de Castelli I e II e circunferência da cintura. O zinco dietético foi avaliado por registro alimentar de três dias utilizando o programa NutWin versão 1.6.0.7. As concentrações plasmáticas e de eritrócitos do mineral foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama. O perfil lipídico foi determinado pelo método enzimático colorimétrico. Resultados: Os valores médios do consumo de zinco estavam superiores à NME (Necessidade Média Estimada) em ambos os sexos. Os participantes apresentaram concentrações médias de zinco no plasma e eritrócitos inferiores aos pontos de corte. Os valores médios do perfil lipídico, índice de Castelli I e II, e circunferência da cintura estavam adequados. Houve correlação negativa entre o zinco dietético e colesterol total e triglicérides. Conclusões: Os participantes têm uma ingestão elevada de zinco e apresentam concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias reduzidas do mineral. Além disso, esse estudo revelou uma associação negativa entre a ingestão de zinco dietético e o colesterol total e triglicérides, biomarcadores do risco cardiovascular, sugerindo a importância do zinco na proteção contra doenças cardiovasculares

Background: The antioxidant action of some nutrients is important in vascular protection. Zinc, particularly, has been associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis, stroke and thrombosis. Objective: The study evaluated zinc status and its association to cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 186 university students of both genders, aged between 20 and 30 years, selected using the convenience sampling method. The cardiovascular risk biomarker measurements included the lipid profile, Castelli index I and II, and waist circumference. Zinc analysis was performed by a three-days food record using NutWin program version 1.6.0.7. Plasma and erythrocyte mineral concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The lipid profile was determined by enzymatic colorimetric methods. Results: The mean values of zinc intake were higher than the EAR in both genders. Participants had mean plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations lower than the cutoff points. The mean values of the lipid profile, Castelli index I and II, and waist circumference were adequate. There was a negative correlation between dietary zinc and total cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusions: The participants have a high dietary zinc intake and reduced plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of this mineral. Additionally, this study showed a negative association between zinc dietary intake and total cholesterol and triglycerides, biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, suggesting the importance of zinc in protecting against cardiovascular disease

Estado nutricional relativo ao ferro e zinco de mães de recém-nascidos de risco / Nutritional status of iron and zinc in mothers of medium risk newborns

Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou o estado nutricional relativo ao ferro e zinco em m�es de beb�s de risco. M�todos: Foi conduzido em 125 mulheres, que se encontravam no per�odo puerperal, com tempo m�dio de 10,2 dias. O estado nutricional do ferro foi avaliado por meio das concentra��es de hemoglobina, pelo m�todo da cianometahemoglobina, e da ferritina, por ensaio imunoenzim�tico. O zinco foi determinado no plasma e nos eritr�citos, por espectrofotometria de absor��o at�mica. O consumo diet�tico para macronutrientes, ferro e zinco, foi analisado no programa Dietsys, vers�o 4.01. Para compara��o das m�dias, foi utilizado o teste T student, adotando- se 5% como n�vel de signific�ncia. Resultados: A m�dia de hemoglobina nas m�es foi de 10,03�2,31 g/dL. A mediana da ferritina encontrada foi de 38,29 ng/mL, variando de 3,49 a 413,09 ng/mL. A m�dia do zinco plasm�tico foi de 56,20�13,10 ?gZn/dL e, nos eritr�citos, de 49,56�16,48 ?gZn/gHb, sendo, nestes �ltimos, mais elevada nas m�es de beb�s a termo do que nas m�es de prematuros (p = 0,001). Quanto ao consumo alimentar, as m�dias di�rias para energia, zinco e ferro foram de 2043,05�889,64 kcal, 10,73�6,89 mg e 17,66�8,40 mg, respectivamente. O consumo abaixo do recomendado para o per�odo gestacional foi identificado em 56,0% e 73,6% das mulheres, em rela��o ao zinco e ferro, respectivamente. Conclus�es: As baixas concentra��es de hemoglobina encontradas nas pu�rperas n�o refletiram na idade gestacional e no peso ao nascer. As m�dias de zinco nos eritr�citos estavam dentro dos valores de normalidade, sendo mais elevadas nas m�es de rec�m-nascidos a termo do que nas m�es de prematuros.

Objective: The present study assessed the nutritional status of iron and zinc in mothers of infants at risk. Methods: The study was conducted on 125 women, who were in the postpartum period, with a mean of 10.2 days. The nutritional status of iron was evaluated by means of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method and ferritin by enzyme immunoassay. Zinc was determined in plasma and erythrocytes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dietary intake of macronutrients, iron and zinc was analyzed using the Dietsys program, version 4.01. The T student test, adopting a 5% significance level, was used for comparison of means. Results: The mean hemoglobin in mothers was 10.03 � 2.31 g / dL. The median ferritin was 38.29 ng / mL, ranging from 3.49 to 413.09 ng / ml. The means of zinc were 56.20 � 13.10 ?gZn / dL in plasma and 49.56 � 16.48 ?gZn / gHb in erythrocytes, with the latter being higher in mothers of term infants compared with mothers of preterm infants (p = 0.001). As for food intake, the daily averages for energy, zinc and iron were 2043.05 � 889.64 kcal, 10.73 � 6.89 mg, and 17.66 � 8.40 mg, respectively. Consumption below recommendations for pregnancy was identified in 56.0% and 73.6% of the women investigated for zinc and iron, respectively. Conclusions: The low hemoglobin concentrations found in the mothers assessed did not affect gestational age and birth weight. The mean of zinc in erythrocytes was within normal range, being higher in mothers of newborns at term than in mothers of preterm newborns.

Biochemical parameters of zinc and markers of oxidative stress in soccer players / Parâmetros Bioquímicos do Zinco e Marcadores do Estresse Oxidativo em Jogadores deFutebol

The high intensity physical exercise induces to excessive formation of oxygen reactive species as well as changes in the metabolism of antioxidant nutrients. The zinc, particularly, which is a cofactor of enzymes of antioxidant defense system, seems to have alterations in its metabolic behavior in athletes. This study evaluated the effect of physical exercise on biochemical parameters of zinc and oxidative stress biomarkers of soccer players. A transectional, analytical and experimental study was performed with 20 players from the youth team (basis category sub20) in the first division of the brazilian championship with age between 17 and 19 years, male gender. The analysis of zinc intake, plasmatic and erythrocyte zinc, the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme, and the plasma malondialdehyde were carried out before and after the match. Players showed zinc intake superior to recommendation. The mean plasmatic zinc was 77.6 ± 9.9 μg/dl pre-match and 68.9 ± 8.2 μg/dl post-match (p<0.05). The mean of erythrocyte zinc did not show significant difference after exercise (p>0.05). The mean plasmatic malondialdehyde was 1.1 ± 0.3 nmol/ml, and 5.5 ± 1.4 nmol/ml pre and post–exercise, respectively (p<0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme did not change after 48 hours of the soccer match (p>0.05). High performance athlets like soccer players, show a reduction in zinc concentration and an increase in the plasmatic malondialdehyde. Further investigations using other biomarkers of oxidative stress and/or of inflammation may better clarify the alterations in the metabolic behavior of antioxidant nutrients in soccer players.

O exercício físico de alta intensidade favorece a formação excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio assim como distúrbios no metabolismo de nutrientes antioxidantes. O zinco, em particular, que é cofator de enzimas do sistema de defesa antioxidante, parece sofrer alterações no seu comportamento metabólico em atletas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do exercício físico sobre parâmetros bioquímicos do zinco e marcadores do estresse oxidativo em jogadores de futebol. Estudo transversal, analítico e experimental realizado com 20 jogadores de futebol do time de juniores (categoria de base sub-20) da primeira divisão do campeonato brasileiro com idade entre 17 e 19 anos, do gênero masculino. Foram realizadas análises da ingestão de zinco, zinco plasmático e eritrocitário, atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase e malondialdeído plasmático antes e após a partida. Os jogadores de futebol mostraram ingestão de zinco superior à recomendação. Os valores médios de zinco plasmático foram de 77,6 ± 9,9 μg/dL no período pré-partida e de 68,9 ± 8,2 μg/dL no pós-partida (p<0,05). A média de zinco eritrocitário não mostrou diferença significativa após o exercício (p>0,05). A média do malondialdeído plasmático nos jogadores de futebol foi 1,1 ± 0,3 nmoL/mL e 5,5 ± 1,4 nmoL/mL no pré e pós-exercício, respectivamente (p<0,05). A atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase não alterou após 48 horas da partida de futebol (p>0,05). Atletas de alto rendimento, como jogadores de futebol, apresentam aumento de malondialdeído no plasma e redução nas concentrações de zinco no plasma. Novas investigações utilizando outros biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo e/ou da inflamação podem melhor esclarecer as alterações no comportamento metabólico de nutrientes antioxidantes em jogadores de futebol.

Oxidative stress and immunological alteration in women with preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and of inflammatory markers in women with preeclampsia. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 50 preeclamptic and 50 healthy pregnant women. The concentrations of MDA were determined by the method of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Markers of inflammation were determined by the multiplex method. RESULTS: The concentrations of MDA did not differ between groups (p > 0.05) and the preeclampsia group had significantly higher IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-6/IL-10 ratio, compared to those with normal pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The MDA is a nonspecific marker for oxidative stress in preeclampsia, and the gestantes with preeclampsia have immune dysfunction.

Educação nutricional e sua contribuição para mudança nos indicadores de saúde dos funcionários de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) / Nutritional education and its contribution for change in health indicators of the employees of a nutrition and food unit

The aim of this study was to contribute to changes in clinical, biochemical and anthropometric parameters of employees of a nutrition and food unit (NFU). This was a longitudinal, quasi-experiment, in which participants were their own controls. The sample included 39 employees of a NFU, both male and female, aged 28 to 68. Phase I comprised an individual interview approached the sociodemographic and behavioral situation, family and personal history of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral vascular diseases and diabetes. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), Total cholesterol concentration (TCC), cholesterol fractions and triglyceride concentration (TG) were measured. In phase II, intervention in nutritional education, assistance and individual care was given. In Phase III, the BMI, WC, BP, FBS, TCC, cholesterol fractions and TG were measured. A simple frequency distribution for the variables of interest was constructed, and a paired t-test to compare the means of two groups was carried out. Among the participants, 71.8% were men, 28.2% were women, 2/3 were married, 61.6% had elementary educational level, 34.6% smoked, 33.6% drank and 33.3% had a sedentary lifestyle and 41.2% had at least one CNCD. The mean values for BMI before intervention did not present any statistically signifi cant difference after the intervention for the women; however, for the men who were diagnosed overweight before the intervention, the results were signifi cant. There was no statistically signifi cant difference in the mean value of WC, BP, FBS and TCC and fractions and TG for the women while for the men there was a statistically signifi cant difference for the WC, TCC, LDL cholesterol and TG. It was concluded that the men benefi ted from the intervention in nutritional education more than the women did.

O trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para mudança nos parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e clínico dos funcionários de uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição (UAN). Consistiu de estudo longitudinal, quase experimento, sendo, os participantes, seus próprios controles. A amostra foi constituída pelos 39 funcionários da UAN, de ambos os sexos, idadeentre 28 e 68 anos. O protocolo de estudo foi desenvolvido em três fases. Fase I, entrevista individual sobre a situação sociodemográfica ecomportamental, os antecedentes pessoais e familiares de hipertensão arterial, doenças cardiovasculares, acidentes vasculares cerebraise diabetes. Estimativa dos valores do Índice de Massa Corporal(IMC), circunferência da cintura(CC), pressão arterial(PA) glicemia dejejum(GJ), colesterol total(CT) e frações, e triglicerídeos(TG); Fase II, intervenção em educação nutr icional , atendimento e acompanhamento individual; Fase III, estimativa dos valores do IMC, CC, PA, GJ, CT e frações, e TG. Realizou-se a distribuição de frequência simplesdas variáveis de interesse e teste "t" pareado, utilizado para comparar médias de dados emparelhados. Os participantes, 71,8% homens e 28,2% mulheres, 2/3 casados, 61,6% tinham nível fundamental de escolaridade, 34,6% fumavam, 33,6% bebiam e 33,3% eram sedentários e 41,2% já tinham diagnóstico de pelo menos uma DANT. Valores médios do IMC antes da intervenção, não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa após a intervenção para as mulheres,porém foi significativa para os homens diagnosticados com sobrepeso antes da intervenção. Valores médios da CC, PA, GJ, CT e frações, e TG não expressaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para as mulheres, enquanto para os homens houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para CC, CT, LDL colesterol e TG. Os homens se benefi ciaram mais do que as mulheres da intervenção em educação nutricional.

El objetivo del estudio fue contribuir para cambios en los parámetros antropométricos, bioquímicos y clínicos de los funcionarios de una unidad de alimentación y nutrición (UAN). Con esa finalidad se hizo un estudio longitudinal, casi-experimento en el cual los participantes eran sus propios controles. La muestra estaba constituida por los 39 funcionarios de la UAN, de ambos sexos y con edades entre 28 y 68 años. La fase I consistió en entrevista individual sobre las condiciones sociodemográficas y de comportamiento, los antecedentes personales y familiares de hipertensión arterial, enfermedades cardiovasculares, accidentes vasculares cerebrales y diabetes. Se determinaron los valores del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), presión arterial(PA), glicemia de ayuno (GA), colesterol total (CT) y sus fracciones, y triglicéridos (TG). Durante la fase II se realizó la intervención en educaciónnutricional, con atención y acompañamiento individual. En la fase III se determinaron los valores de IMC, CC, PA, GA, CT y sus fracciones, y TG. Fue realizada una distribución de frecuencia simple de las variables de interés y el teste "t" pareado fue usado para comparar las medias de datosemparejados. Los participantes del grupo eran 71,8% hombres y 28,2% mujeres, 2/3 eran casados, 61,6% tenían nivel básico de escolaridad, 34,6% fumaban, 33,6% bebían, 33,3% eran sedentarios y 41,2% ya tenían diagnóstico de por lo menos una enfermedad no transmisible. Los valores medios del IMC anteriores y posteriores a la intervención, nopresentaron diferencia estadística signifi cativa en el caso de las mujeres pero si para los hombres diagnosticados con sobrepeso antes de la intervención. Los valores medios de CC, PA, GA, CT y sus fracciones, y TG no mostraron diferencia estadística signifi cativa para las mujeres. Para los hombres hubo diferencia signifi cativa para CC, CT, LDL colesterol y TG. Concluimos que los hombres se beneficiaron más...

Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone metabolism of adolescents with Down syndrome.

Studies have evidenced that zinc metabolism is altered in the presence of Down syndrome, and zinc seems to have a relationship with the metabolic alterations usually present in this syndrome. In this work, the effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone metabolism was evaluated in adolescents with Down syndrome. A prospective study was carried out on 16 adolescents with Down syndrome (age: 10-19 years) who were randomized for treatment with 30 mg zinc daily for 4 weeks. Diet evaluation was accomplished y using a 3-day dietary record, and the analysis was performed by the NutWin program, version 1.5. Anthropometric measurements were performed for evaluation of body composition. The Zn-related nutritional status of the groups was evaluated by means of zinc concentration determinations in plasma and erythrocytes using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the thyroid hormone was obtained by radioimmunoassay. The diet of patients with Down syndrome, before and after the intervention presented reduced energy level and adequate zinc concentrations. Mean plasma zinc values were 59.2 +/- 13.2 and 71.0 +/- 21.9 microg/dL before and after the intervention, respectively. Erythrocyte concentrations of the mineral before supplementation, instead, were 51.5 microg/dL +/- 11.1 microg Zn/gHb, and at the end of the experiment, they were 42.9 +/- 8/5 microg Zn/gHb, with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). Serum concentrations of T(4) hormone before and after zinc supplementation were 1.26 +/- 0.20 and 1.54 +/- 0.63 pg/mL, respectively. Mean T(3) values before intervention were 2.47 +/- 037 pg/mL and, after supplementation, 2.25 +/- 0.67 pg/mL, without significant statistical difference (p > 0.05). Intervention with zinc showed to be effective in the stabilization of the concentrations of this mineral in plasma and erythrocytes, but had no influence on the metabolism of thyroid hormones.

Concentrações de hemoglobina e ferritina sérica em escolares da rede pública municipal de Teresina, Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil / Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations in public school children from Teresina, in the State of Piauí, in Northeast Brazil

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro em escolares de instituições públicas de ensino de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: corte transversal, envolvendo amostra aleatória, selecionada em duas etapas, de 747 escolares (7-11 anos), de ambos os sexos, no período de agosto / setembro de 2000. A anemia foi rastreada em 747 escolares e para o diagnóstico adotou-se a concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) <11,5g/dL. As reservas corporais de ferro foram estimadas em 207 escolares, mediante análise das concentrações de ferritina sérica (FerS), considerando-se baixas reservas valores <15 µg/L. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de concentrações inadequadas de Hb (< 11,5g/dL) foi de 14,3% (IC95% 12,2-17,4) e de reservas inadequadas de ferro (FerS< 15,0µg/L) de 20,3% (IC95% 15,2-26,6). A prevalência de anemia foi semelhante entre os sexos (p=0,60) e as faixas etárias (p=0,85). Comportamento distributivo similar foi observado no que diz respeito às reservas inadequadas de ferro, frentes às variáveis sexo (p=0,19) e idade (p=0,24). As concentrações de FerS não mostraram correlação (r=0,1; p=0,168) com as de Hb. A prevalência de anemia ferropênica (Hb< 11,5 g/dL e FerS< 15,0 µg/L) foi de 26,3% (IC95% 17,3-37,5). CONCLUSÕES: em Teresina, a deficiência de ferro e a anemia em escolares devem ser consideradas como um problema de saúde pública que requer efetivo programa de prevenção e controle. No entanto, a anemia parece não ser explicada apenas pela deficiência de ferro; outros fatores etiológicos devem, portanto, ser considerados, a exemplo da deficiência de outros micronutrientes, infecções/infestações parasitárias, distúrbios hereditários e exposição a poluentes ambientais.

OBJECTIVES: to assess iron nutritional status of public school children in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 747 school children of both sexes, aged between seven and eleven years, who were randomly selected using a two-step sampling procedure, in August/September 2000. Children with hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations less than 11.5 g/dL were evaluated as anemic and low body iron (Sfer< 15µg/L) was evaluated in 207 children. RESULTS: the prevalence of anemia was 14.3% (95% CI 12.2-17.4) and of low body iron 20.3% (95% CI 15.2-26.6). Anemia and body iron depletion were not correlated with gender (p=0.60; p=0.96, respectively) or age group (p=0.85; p=0.53, respectively). SFer was not correlated (r=0.1; p=0.168) with Hb concentrations. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (Hb< 11.5g/dL and SFer< 15.0µg/L) was 26.3% (95% CI 17.3-37.5). CONCLUSIONS: iron deficiency and anemia seem to be a public health problem among school children in Teresina. Concerted action to prevent and control these conditions is strongly recommended. However, all anemia cannot be explained by iron deficiency. Therefore, it may be wise to consider other etiologies, such as micronutrient status, parasite infestation, hereditary disorders and exposure to environmental pollutants.

[Plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations in elderly patients with and without senile cataract in a tertiary eye care center at Teresina-Piauí]. / Concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias de zinco em idosos portadores e não-portadores de catarata senil em um serviço oftalmológico especializado de Teresina-Piauí

PURPOSE: To determine plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations in elderly with and without senile cataract in a tertiary eye care center at Teresina-Piauí. METHODS: A quantitative, transversal and controlled study was developed at the Hospital de Olhos Francisco Vilar, Piauí, Brasil. Fifty-six elderly subjects (37 females, 19 males) with no known conditions that modify zinc blood levels or increase risk of cataract were included. A score >II was used to define cataract, according to Lens Opacities Classification System II. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical tests included Student's t and chi-square tests, with a probability level of 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Senile cataract was present in 58.9% of the subjects. The most common type was nuclear (51.8%), followed by cortical (26.8%) and posterior subcapsular (8.9%). Zinc deficiencies in plasma (<70 microg/dL) and erythrocyte (<40 microg/gHb) were found in 49.1% and 30.4% of participants, respectively. There were no significant differences between elderly with or without cataract, regardless of type, in relation to plasma (p=0.165) or erythrocyte (p=0.426) zinc concentrations. CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency in plasma or erythrocyte were common among the elderly. However, the data suggest that no significant differences exist between elderly with or without senile cataract, regardless of type, in relation to the referred parameters of zinc evaluation.

Concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias de zinco em idosos portadores e não-portadores de catarata senil em um serviço oftalmológico especializado de Teresina-Piauí / Plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations in elderly patients with and without senile cataract in a tertiary eye care center at Teresina-Piauí

OBJETIVO: Determinar as concentrações plasmáticas e eritrocitárias de zinco em idosos portadores e não-portadores de catarata senil em um serviço oftalmológico especializado, em Teresina-Piauí. MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e controlado, realizado no Hospital de Olhos Francisco Vilar, Piauí, Brasil. Participaram 56 idosos (37 mulheres, 19 homens) sem condições associadas a modificações nos níveis de zinco ou aumento do risco de catarata. Escore > II foi utilizado para definir a presença de catarata, de acordo com o Lens Opacities Classification System II. As concentrações de zinco foram determinadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama. Análise estatística incluiu os testes t de Student e qui-quadrado e 0,05 como nível de significância. RESULTADOS: Catarata senil foi identificada em 58,9 por cento dos participantes, predominando o tipo nuclear (51,8 por cento), seguido pelo cortical (26,8 por cento) e subcapsular posterior (8,9 por cento). Deficiência de zinco no plasma (<70 μg/dL) e no eritrócito (<40 μg/gHb) foi constatada em 49,1 por cento e 30,4 por cento dos idosos, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre portadores e não-portadores de catarata, independente do tipo, quanto às concentrações de zinco plasmático (p=0,165) ou eritrocitário (p=0,426). CONCLUSÃO: Deficiência de zinco no plasma ou eritrócito foi comum entre os idosos; porém, os dados indicam não haver diferenças significativas nos referidos parâmetros quanto à presença de catarata senil, independente do tipo.

PURPOSE: To determine plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations in elderly with and without senile cataract in a tertiary eye care center at Teresina-Piauí. METHODS: A quantitative, transversal and controlled study was developed at the Hospital de Olhos Francisco Vilar, Piauí, Brasil. Fifty-six elderly subjects (37 females, 19 males) with no known conditions that modify zinc blood levels or increase risk of cataract were included. A score >II was used to define cataract, according to Lens Opacities Classification System II. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical tests included Student's t and chi-square tests, with a probability level of 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Senile cataract was present in 58.9 percent of the subjects. The most common type was nuclear (51.8 percent), followed by cortical (26.8 percent) and posterior subcapsular (8.9 percent). Zinc deficiencies in plasma (<70 μg/dL) and erythrocyte (<40 μg/gHb) were found in 49.1 percent and 30.4 percent of participants, respectively. There were no significant differences between elderly with or without cataract, regardless of type, in relation to plasma (p=0.165) or erythrocyte (p=0.426) zinc concentrations. CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency in plasma or erythrocyte were common among the elderly. However, the data suggest that no significant differences exist between elderly with or without senile cataract, regardless of type, in relation to the referred parameters of zinc evaluation.

Erythrocytary zinc and the infant growth profile in northeast Brazil.

This study evaluated nutritional status linked to zinc levels in 239 randomly selected children at crèches in Teresina, Brazil, aged 3 to 6. Blood samples were collected after fasting of 10 h. Erythrocytary zinc levels were determined through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc deficiency was determined as below 40 microg Zn/g Hb. Infant linear growth was evaluated measuring weight and height, and nutritional status by height/age, weight/height, and weight/age indices, expressed as Z scores, in line with the National Center for Health Statistics. The mean zinc concentration was 35.50 +/- 10.95 microg Zn/g Hb. Zinc distribution in the 10, 50, 75, and 90 percentiles was 24.73 microg Zn/g Hb, 35.45 microg Zn/g Hb, 40.73 microg Zn/g Hb and 52.77 microg Zn/g Hb, respectively. Based on this distribution, normal values were found only from the 75th percentile and above. Since the cutoff point adopted was 40 microg Zn/g Hb, the prevalence of zinc deficiency was 74.3%. As for growth profile, 8.4% were chronically malnourished, although the statistical association between linear impairment and nutritional status regarding zinc was insignificant. The study revealed that an important segment of the infant population was mineral deficient; however, the degree of deficiency did not influence growth profiles.