Oral Toxicities Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Meta-Analyses of Clinical Trials.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment; however, their oral toxicity profile is not well elucidated. This review aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral toxicities including xerostomia, mucositis/stomatitis, dysgeusia, dysphagia, oral/oropharyngeal pain, oral infections, angular cheilitis, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, and oral mucosal reactions with ICIs. A review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023391674). A systematic search of ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted as of April 10, 2022. Studies were selected, assessed, and data extracted using PRISMA guidelines. Oral toxicity data were extracted from study arms using a single immunotherapy drug. Meta-analyses were conducted to summarize prevalence of oral toxicities using random-effects models. Of 750 screened records, 95 trials were included in the meta-analysis with published results. Time between study completion and first publication on ClinicalTrials.gov was 1 to 146 months (mean = 20.3, SD = 18.4). Weighted pooled prevalence was 5% (95% CI: 4-6%) for xerostomia, 3% (95% CI: 3-4%) for mucositis/stomatitis, 3% (95% CI: 2-3%) for dysgeusia, 2% (95% CI: 1-2%) for dysphagia, 3% (95% CI: 2-4%) for oropharyngeal/oral pain, 2% (95% CI: 1-3%) for oral candidiasis, and 2% (95% CI: 0-4%) for angular cheilitis. Subgroup differences based on ICI drugs were minimal. No trials reported lichenoid or pemphigoid mucosal reactions. Meta-analysis results revealed low prevalence of oral toxicities with ICIs; however, data reporting was limited and inconsistent. Limitations of study dataset reveal a significant need for systematic collection of oral morbidity data as well as improved consistency and compliance of reporting results on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Impact of age >70 years on oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of age on oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study analysing patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG at our institution from 2000 to 2020. Adequate BCG was defined as per United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines as being receipt of at least five of six induction BCG instillations with a minimum of two additional doses (of planned maintenance or of re-induction) of BCG instillations within a span of 6 months. The study's primary outcome was to determine if age >70 years was associated with progression to MIBC cancer or distant metastasis. The cumulative incidence method and the competing-risk regression analyses were used to investigate the association of advanced age (>70 years) with progression, high-grade (HG) recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS: Overall, data from 632 patients were analysed: 355 patients (56.2%) were aged ≤70 years and 277 (43.8%) were >70 years. Age >70 years did not adversely affect either cumulative incidence of progression or HG recurrence (P = 0.067 and P = 0.644, respectively). On competing-risk regression analyses, age >70 years did not emerge as an independent predictor of progression or HG recurrence (sub-standardised hazard ratio [SHR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-2.81, P = 0.134; and SHR 1.05, 95% CI 0.77-1.44, P = 0.749). Not unexpectedly, patients in the older group did have higher overall mortality (P < 0.001) but not CSM (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: Age >70 years was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients receiving adequate intravesical BCG for NMIBC. BCG should not be withheld from older patients seeking for bladder sparing options.

Oncological Outcomes for Patients with European Association of Urology Very High-risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin or Early Radical Cystectomy.

BACKGROUND: European Urology Association (EAU) guidelines recommend immediate radical cystectomy (early RC) for patients with very high-risk (VHR) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) recommended only for those who refuse or are unfit for RC. OBJECTIVE: To describe oncological outcomes following BCG or early RC in a contemporary cohort of patients with VHR NMIBC (EAU criteria). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients diagnosed with VHR NMIBC between 2000 and 2020 were identified from our institutional NMIBC registry. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). Secondary outcomes were the progression rate and high-grade recurrence (HGR) rate for patients receiving BCG. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We identified 235 patients with VHR NMIBC, of whom 157 (67%) received BCG and 78 (33%) underwent early RC. The median follow-up was 52.8 mo. OS and CSM rates were 80.2% and 5.3% in the BCG group, and 88.1% and 4.9% in the early RC group, respectively with no significant difference in OS (p = 0.6) or CSM (p = 0.8) between the two groups. Among the patients treated with BCG, 5-yr HGR and progression rates were 41.9% and 17.4%, respectively; 39 patients (25%) underwent delayed RC after BCG. No significant difference in CSM emerged when comparing patients treated with delayed RC (after BCG) with those undergoing early RC (p = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that intravesical BCG can be offered to patients as a resonable alternative to early RC for selected patients with VHR NMIBC. PATIENT SUMMARY: We evaluated outcomes for patients with very high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) versus early surgical removal of the bladder and found no differences in survival. We conclude that BCG could be offered to selected patients with this type of bladder cancer as a reasonable alternative to early bladder removal.

Bladder-sparing Treatment in Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-unresponsive Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Analysis of Long-term Survival Outcomes.

Background: Data for bladder-sparing treatment (BST) in bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients report short-term outcomes limited to 1-2 yr. Objective: To assess long-term survival outcomes of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients treated with BST. Design setting and participants: BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients diagnosed between January 2000 and September 2021 from an institutional NMIBC registry were evaluated. Intervention: Long-term survival outcomes for patients receiving BST, early radical cystectomy (RC), and delayed RC were compared. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Results and limitations: In total, 114 patients with a median follow-up of 71.2 mo (interquartile range: 32.6-132.2) were analyzed. There were no significant differences in OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-2.89, p = 0.4) or CSS (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.22-3.55, p = 0.9) between patients undergoing early RC (n = 38) and BST (n = 76). At 60 mo, BST patients had a high-grade recurrence-free rate, muscle-invasive disease/metastasis progression-free rate, and avoidance of RC rate of 37%, 83%, and 58%, respectively. Current smoker status (HR: 4.44, 95% CI: 1.41-13.97, p = 0.011) was the only variable predictive of high-grade recurrence following a multivariable analysis. The median time to RC from BCG-unresponsive date was 2.1 and 11.7 mo for those undergoing early RC and delayed RC (after BST), respectively. Patients treated with early RC had a higher incidence of cT1 disease (53% vs 36%, p = 0.049) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI; 11% vs 0%, p = 0.011) compared to patients treated with BST. Survival outcomes were similar between groups: 10-yr OS-58% versus 50% (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.68-2.89, p = 0.4), and 10-yr CSS-81% versus 85% (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.22-3.55, p = 0.9). Conclusions: An analysis of long-term survival of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients receiving BST suggests that it may be safe in patients without LVI and/or variant histology and nonsmokers. Survival outcomes for patients treated with BST may not be inferior to those receiving early RC. Patient summary: Bladder-sparing treatment can be offered to appropriately selected patients who have bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Long-term outcomes may not be inferior to those for patients who opt for early radical cystectomy.

Feasibility and Safety of Personalized, Multi-Target, Adoptive Cell Therapy (IMA101): First-in-Human Clinical Trial in Patients with Advanced Metastatic Cancer.

IMA101 is an actively personalized, multi-targeted adoptive cell therapy (ACT), whereby autologous T cells are directed against multiple novel defined peptide-HLA (pHLA) cancer targets. HLA-A*02:01-positive patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors expressing ≥1 of 8 predefined targets underwent leukapheresis. Endogenous T cells specific for up to 4 targets were primed and expanded in vitro. Patients received lymphodepletion (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide), followed by T-cell infusion and low-dose IL2 (Cohort 1). Patients in Cohort 2 received atezolizumab for up to 1 year (NCT02876510). Overall, 214 patients were screened, 15 received lymphodepletion (13 women, 2 men; median age, 44 years), and 14 were treated with T-cell products. IMA101 treatment was feasible and well tolerated. The most common adverse events were cytokine release syndrome (Grade 1, n = 6; Grade 2, n = 4) and expected cytopenias. No patient died during the first 100 days after T-cell therapy. No neurotoxicity was observed. No objective responses were noted. Prolonged disease stabilization was noted in three patients lasting for 13.7, 12.9, and 7.3 months. High frequencies of target-specific T cells (up to 78.7% of CD8+ cells) were detected in the blood of treated patients, persisted for >1 year, and were detectable in posttreatment tumor tissue. Individual T-cell receptors (TCR) contained in T-cell products exhibited broad variation in TCR avidity, with the majority being low avidity. High-avidity TCRs were identified in some patients' products. This study demonstrates the feasibility and tolerability of an actively personalized ACT directed to multiple defined pHLA cancer targets. Results warrant further evaluation of multi-target ACT approaches using potent high-avidity TCRs. See related Spotlight by Uslu and June, p. 865.

Challenges and opportunities associated with the MD Anderson IMPACT2 randomized study in precision oncology.

We investigated the challenges of conducting IMPACT2, an ongoing randomized study that evaluates molecular testing and targeted therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02152254). Patients with metastatic cancer underwent tumor profiling and were randomized between the two arms when eligibility criteria were met (Part A). In Part B, patients who declined randomization could choose the study arm. In Part A, 69 (21.8%) of 317 patients were randomized; 78.2% were not randomized because of non-targetable alterations (39.8%), unavailability of clinical trial (21.8%), other reasons (12.6%), or availability of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for the indication (4.1%). In Part B, 32 (20.4%) of 157 patients were offered randomization; 16 accepted and 16 selected their treatment arm; 79.0% were not randomized (patient's/physician's choice, 29.3%; treatment selection prior to genomic reports, 16.6%; worsening performance status/death, 12.7%; unavailability of clinical trials, 6.4%; other, 6.4%; non-targetable alterations, 5.7%; or availability of FDA-approved drugs for the indication, 1.9%). In conclusion, although randomized controlled trials have been considered the gold standard for drug development, the execution of randomized trials in precision oncology in the advanced metastatic setting is complicated. We encountered various challenges conducting the IMPACT2 study, a large precision oncology trial in patients with diverse solid tumor types. The adaptive design of IMPACT2 enables patient randomization despite the continual FDA approval of targeted therapies, the evolving tumor biomarker landscape, and the plethora of investigational drugs. Outcomes for randomized patients are awaited.

All High-Grade Ta Tumors Should Be Classified as High Risk: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Response in High-Grade Ta Tumors.

PURPOSE: There is variation amongst guidelines with respect to risk stratification of Ta tumors, specifically high-grade (HG) Ta tumors. We sought to investigate the response of all Ta tumors to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and compare response rates based on European Association of Urology (EAU) classification as intermediate- (IR) or high-risk (HR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review of all patients who received adequate BCG from 2000-2018 was conducted. EAU 2021 prognostic risk groups were used to stratify patients including by the newly proposed adverse risk factors. RESULTS: When patient with Ta tumors were stratified into IR and HR, 37 (16%) had IR low-grade (LG) Ta, 92 (40%) had IR HG Ta and 101 (44%) had HR HG Ta tumors. BCG unresponsiveness developed in 13% of HR HG Ta tumors and 14% of IR HG Ta tumors compared to 0.0% of IR LG Ta tumors (p=0.003). While no patients with IR LG Ta tumors progressed, progression rates were similar in HR HG Ta and IR HG Ta tumors (≥T2: 5.9% and 6.5%; [Formula: see text]T1: 13% and 13%, respectively). Rates of recurrence, BCG unresponsiveness and progression were similar, irrespective of number of EAU risk factors present (p=0.9, p=0.8 and p=0.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: All HG Ta tumors, regardless of EAU risk stratification, have inferior response to BCG and increased rates of progression compared to IR LG Ta tumors. EAU clinical risk factors did not improve prediction of oncologic outcomes among HG Ta patients who received adequate BCG. These data support consideration of all HG tumors as high risk.

Patient-Reported Bowel and Urinary Function in Long-Term Survivors of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus Treated With Definitive Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy And Concurrent Chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Definitive radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy is curative for nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA). However, the true effect of chemoradiation on long-term functional outcomes is poorly understood owing to limited follow-up and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). METHODS AND MATERIALS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 248 patients with SCCA treated with definitive intensity modulated radiation and concurrent chemotherapy from 2010 to 2018 who were alive and without recurrence. PRO measures were collected, including Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G7), Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQoL), Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS), and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaires (ICIQ). Models were used to determine the association between demographic, tumor, treatment, and dosimetric data with PROs. RESULTS: One hundred twelve (45%) patients completed PROs. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] time from radiation completion to survey was 51 [37-85] months. The median scores [IQR] for FACT-G7, FIQoL, and LARS were 21 [15-24], 14 [11-16], and 32 [25-37], respectively. For men, median subscores [IQR] for ICIQ voiding and incontinence subscores were 5 [2-6] and 1 [1-3], respectively. For women, median subscores [IQR] for ICIQ voiding, incontinence, and filling were 1 [1-3], 5 [3-8], and 4 [2-5], respectively. Higher (better) FIQoL scores were associated with higher (better) FACT-G7 scores (ß = 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-1.09; P < .001), and higher (worse) LARS scores were associated with lower (worse) FACT-G7 scores (ß = -0.22; 95% confidence interval, -0.31 to -0.13; P < .001). A separate multivariable analysis revealed higher bowel bag D1% was associated with lower (worse) FIQoL (P = .001) and higher (worse) LARS (P = .003) scores. Higher bladder V40 Gy was associated with increased (worse) ICIQ voiding subscore (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with modern chemoradiation for SCCA experience significant long-term bowel toxic effects with considerable effect on quality of life. Minimizing bowel hotspots and bladder V40 Gy may improve bowel and urinary function. Other interventions to reduce long-term toxic effects and improve quality of life are needed.

Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab, or Nivolumab in Combination with BBI608 in Patients with Advanced Cancers Treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Background: BBI608 is an investigational reactive oxygen species generator that affects several molecular pathways. We investigated BBI608 combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancers. Methods: BBI608 (orally twice daily) was combined with ipilimumab (3 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks); pembrolizumab (2 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks); or nivolumab (3 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks). We assessed the safety, antitumor activity and the pharmacokinetic profile of BBI combined with immunotherapy. Results: From 1/2017 to 3/2017, 12 patients were treated (median age, 54 years; range, 31-78; 6 men). Treatment was overall well tolerated. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. The most common adverse events were diarrhea (5 patients: grade (G)1-2, n = 3; G3, n = 2) and nausea (4 patients, all G1). Prolonged disease stabilization was noted in five patients treated with BBI608/nivolumab lasting for 12.1, 10.1, 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4 months. The median progression-free survival was 2.73 months. The median overall survival was 7.56 months. Four patients had prolonged overall survival (53.0, 48.7, 51.9 and 48.2 months). Conclusions: Checkpoint inhibitors combined with BBI608 were well tolerated. Several patients had prolonged disease stabilization and overall survival. Prospective studies to elucidate the mechanisms of response and resistance to BBI608 are warranted.

Predictors of Survival in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma and Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus is a complex procedure with significant morbidity. Patient selection is critical to determining whether the benefits of the procedure outweigh the risks. In this study, we identified and stratified the risk factors that were associated with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients undergoing surgical resection of RCC with IVC thrombus. METHODS: We identified all patients with RCC with IVC tumor thrombus (stages cT3b and cT3c) who had undergone radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombectomy between December 1, 1993 and June 30, 2009. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and RFS. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between risk factors and OS. Patients were stratified into 3 groups based on the number of risk factors present at diagnosis. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-four patients were included in the study. A total of 45.3% of patients had metastasis at presentation, 84.5% had cT3b, and 90.2% had clear cell RCC. cT3c, cN1, and cM1 were significantly associated with the risk of death. Group 1 patients (0 risk factors) had a median OS duration of 77.6 months (95% CI 50.5-90.4), group 2 (1 risk factor) 26.0 months (95% CI 19.5-35.2), and group 3 (≥2 risk factors) 8.9 months (95% CI 5.2-12.9; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Stratification of patients with RCC and IVC thrombus by risk factors allowed us to predict survival duration. In patients with ≥2 risk factors, new treatment strategies with preoperative systemic therapy may improve survival.

Ibrutinib-rituximab followed by R-HCVAD as frontline treatment for young patients (≤65 years) with mantle cell lymphoma (WINDOW-1): a single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Induction with ibrutinib and rituximab provides an opportunity to minimise chemotherapy exposure, because upfront use of these targeted therapies could result in remission without chemotherapy and allow for consolidation with only four cycles of chemotherapy instead of the conventional eight. We aimed to determine the activity and safety of ibrutinib-rituximab induction followed by shortened chemoimmunotherapy (four cycles) with rituximab plus hyper-fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (R-HCVAD) alternating with methotrexate-cytarabine in previously untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma. METHODS: We did a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial in previously untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Eligible patients were aged 65 years or younger and had serum bilirubin of less than 1·5 mg/dL, creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min or more, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or less, and cardiac ejection fraction 50% or more by echocardiogram. Patients received 12 cycles of ibrutinib-rituximab induction (part A; oral ibrutinib 560 mg daily and intravenous rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for the first 4 weeks and then on day 1 of cycles 3-12). As soon as patients had a complete response, four cycles of R-HCVAD alternating with methotrexate-cytarabine (part B) were administered. If they did not have a complete response or had a partial response, patients received two cycles of R-HCVAD alternating with methotrexate-cytarabine followed by reassessment, up to a total of eight cycles. Patients were taken off study if they had stable disease or progression during R-HCVAD. The primary outcome was the overall response rate after part A. The analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02427620. FINDINGS: 131 patients were enrolled between June 12, 2015, and Dec 6, 2018. The median age was 56 years (IQR 49-60). 58 (50%) of 117 patients had high Ki-67 (≥30%). 129 (98%, 95% CI 95-100) of 131 patients had an overall response in part A. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were lymphocytopenia (19 [14%] of 131), skin rash (16 [12%]), thrombocytopenia (12 [9%]), infections (11 [8%]), and fatigue (ten [8%]) in part A and lymphocytopenia (96 [73%]), leukocytopenia (42 [32%]), thrombocytopenia (40 [30%]), and neutropenia (26 [20%]) in part B. There was one on-study death, which was not deemed to be treatment-related. INTERPRETATION: Induction with ibrutinib-rituximab in the frontline treatment of young patients with mantle cell lymphoma is active and safe. This approach allowed minimisation of the number of chemotherapy cycles, thereby reducing the adverse events associated with chemotherapy. Newer trials bringing the next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors into the frontline setting might obviate the need for chemotherapy altogether in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. FUNDING: Pharmacyclics, Janssen.

Implications of Guideline-based, Risk-stratified Restaging Transurethral Resection of High-grade Ta Urothelial Carcinoma on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Guideline indications for restaging transurethral resection (reTUR) for high-grade (HG) Ta bladder tumors vary due to a paucity of data. OBJECTIVE: To investigate guideline-based, risk-adapted approaches to reTUR for HG Ta lesions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An institutional review of HG Ta patients who received adequate bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) from 2000 to 2019 was conducted. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Guideline criteria for reTUR were used to stratify patients. Kaplan-Meier product limits estimated survival. Cox regression and log-rank tests identified association of variables with survival. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of the 209 patients with HG Ta bladder cancer, 104 (50%) underwent reTUR, which identified residual disease in 39 patients (38%). Only one patient (1%) was upstaged to pT1 on reTUR. In all unstratified HG Ta patients, reTUR was associated with improved progression-free survival (p = 0.050) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; p = 0.003). The 5-yr RFS for patients who underwent versus those who did not undergo reTUR based on AUA guidelines was 73% (95% confidence interval 63-81%) versus 52% (40-62%), and for those who underwent versus those who did not undergo reTUR based on EAU guidelines was 76% (61-86%) versus 22% (4-49%). In 45 patients meeting both AUA high-risk criteria (large, multifocal tumors) and EAU criteria (lack of detrusor muscle) for reTUR, lack of restaging was associated with over a two-fold increase in recurrence (67% vs 15%, p = 0.002) and progression (25% vs 6%, p = 0.109). Data were limited by selection bias unaccounted for in selecting candidates for reTUR. CONCLUSIONS: Restaging TUR in all HG Ta patients, regardless of risk stratification, was associated with improved outcomes. The benefit of reTUR was most notable in high-risk patients without muscle in the index specimen, consistent with components of both AUA and EAU guidelines. These data support a non-risk-adapted approach to reTUR for all HG Ta lesions. PATIENT SUMMARY: Restaging bladder tumor resection improves outcomes in patients with high-grade Ta tumors treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Updated European Association of Urology (EAU) Prognostic Factor Risk Groups Overestimate the Risk of Progression in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

BACKGROUND: The 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines contain updated prognostic factor risk groups for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). These groups are based on the following predictors of progression: tumour stage, grade, number, and size; concomitant carcinoma in situ; and age. However, the groups were derived from datasets excluding patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of the updated EAU prognostic factor risk groups in patients with NMIBC treated with BCG. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed patients treated with BCG at our institution between 2000 and 2018. Patients were analysed according to the receipt of "at least induction" and "adequate" BCG (as defined by the US Food and Drug Administration). Risk groups were assigned according to the 2021 EAU NMIBC risk calculator (https://nmibc.net/). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the risks of progression at 1 and 5 yr. Probabilities of progression obtained with the updated prognostic factor risk groups in our series were compared with those reported by the EAU. Discrimination was assessed using the concordance index (c-index). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 529 patients received at least induction BCG with a median follow-up of 47.3 mo (interquartile range 25.3-86.9). Of these patients, 494 received adequate BCG. We found lower progression rates at 1 yr in the very-high-risk group patients receiving at least induction (6.9%) and adequate BCG (4.0%) versus 16.0% for the EAU predicted rates. Additionally, progression rates were also lower at 5 yr in the high-risk group-7.4% for at least induction and 5.3% for adequate BCG versus 9.6% for EAU predicted rates; the rates in the very-high-risk group were as follows: 16.7% for at least induction and 14.9% for adequate BCG versus 40.0% for EAU predicted rates. The c-index in our series was lower than that reported by the EAU (0.63 vs 0.80). Of interest, our multivariable analysis identified grade, stage, and age (p < 0.02) to be the predictors of progression after BCG therapy. CONCLUSIONS: While the 2021 EAU prognostic factor risk groups successfully stratified progression risks in our cohort, treatment with BCG reduced their discriminative ability. Furthermore, the groups overestimate progression risks in BCG-treated patients. These findings should be used in conjunction with the updated risk groups to counsel patients with higher-risk NMIBC about their risk of progression with and without BCG. PATIENT SUMMARY: Although the updated European Association of Urology prognostic factor risk groups are able to stratify patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer according to their risk of progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, this risk is overestimated in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Should patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer discontinue fibrin clot inhibitors during bacille Calmette-Guérin?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of fibrin clot inhibitor (FCI) use on oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an Institutional Review Board-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate intravesical BCG, at our institution between 2000 and 2018. FCI use at the time of BCG therapy was recorded for each patient. Patients were stratified according to use of FCI medication. Recurrence- and progression-free survival were analysed using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Overall, 226 of 526 patients (43.0%) used a FCI: aspirin (205), clopidogrel (38), warfarin (18) and novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC; seven). The use of FCIs did not adversely affect either recurrence- or progression-free survival (P = 0.385 and P = 0.131, respectively). These results did not change when the impact of aspirin, clopidogrel or warfarin/NOAC use on recurrence and progression was evaluated separately. On multivariate analysis, FCI use was neither associated with tumour recurrence nor progression. CONCLUSION: The use of FCIs was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients receiving adequate intravesical BCG for NMIBC. Based on these results, FCIs may be safely continued during BCG immunotherapy.

Ibrutinib With Rituximab in First-Line Treatment of Older Patients With Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Most patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are older. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of a chemotherapy-free combination with ibrutinib and rituximab (IR) in previously untreated older patients with MCL (age ≥ 65 years). METHODS: We enrolled 50 patients with MCL in this single-institution, single-arm, phase II clinical trial (NCT01880567). Patients with Ki-67% ≥ 50% and blastoid morphology were excluded. Ibrutinib was administered with rituximab up to 2 years with continuation of ibrutinib alone. The primary objective was to assess the overall response rate and safety of IR. In evaluable samples, whole-exome sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing from baseline tissue samples were performed. RESULTS: The median age was 71 years (interquartile range 69-76 years). Sixteen percent of patients had high-risk simplified MCL international prognostic index. The Ki-67% was low (< 30%) in 38 (76%) and moderately high (≥ 30%-50%) in 12 (24%) patients. The best overall response rate was 96% (71% complete response). After a median follow-up of 45 months (interquartile range 24-56 months), 28 (56%) patients came off study for various reasons (including four progression, 21 toxicities, and three miscellaneous reasons). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were not reached, and 3-year survival was 87% and 94%, respectively. None of the patients died on study therapy. Notably, 11 (22%) patients had grade 3 atrial fibrillation. Grade 3-4 myelosuppression was seen in < 5% of patients. Differential overexpression of CCND1, BIRC3, BANK1, SETBP1, AXIN2, and IL2RA was noted in partial responders compared with patients with complete response. CONCLUSION: IR combination is effective in older patients with MCL. Baseline evaluation for cardiovascular risks is highly recommended. Randomized trial is needed for definitive conclusions.

Reduced-dose bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in an era of BCG shortage: real-world experience from a tertiary cancer centre.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of one-third-dose (1/3D) bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate BCG (as defined by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)) in a real-world setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an institutional review board-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG at our institution between 2000 and 2020. Patients were stratified according to whether they had received 1/3D BCG or full-dose (FD) BCG. Time to recurrence, time to progression and cancer-specific survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: Of 563 patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG, 150 (26.6%) received 1/3D and 413 (73.4%) received FD. The use of 1/3D BCG did not adversely affect time to recurrence (P = 0.449) or time to progression (P = 0.716), and this remained consistent when patients were stratified by individual 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) prognostic factor risk groups. Cancer-specific survival was similar in patients receiving 1/3D and those receiving FD BCG (P = 0.320). CONCLUSION: The use of 1/3D BCG was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients receiving adequate BCG for intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC. Based on this real-world experience, risk-stratified split-vial dosing may represent a valuable approach for other institutions facing BCG shortages whilst also providing reassurance to patients who may be concerned about suboptimal outcomes.

Outcomes of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer who progress on first restaging imaging.

BACKGROUND: Objective responses to first-line systemic chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients are seen in less than one third of cases. Unfortunately, a significant amount will have disease progression (PD) on their first restaging imaging. With patients' short life expectancy, it is crucial for clinicians to be prudent when deciding whom and when to treat. Our study aimed to evaluate outcomes of patients that progressed on their first restaging imaging on 1st line therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed between 2010-2017 whose first restaging imaging demonstrated PD. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) from metastatic diagnosis date to death. Patients who were lost to follow-up were excluded. RESULTS: Out of 262 total patients reviewed, 98 patients (37%) were included. Sixty-five (66%) received 2nd line therapy, and 33 (34%) did not. Reasons patients did not pursue 2nd line therapy were performance status (PS) decline, organ dysfunction, or patient choice for alternative therapy. Median ages for patients who did and did not receive 2nd line therapy were 61 and 67, respectively (P<0.001). More patients had a poor PS at the time of initial diagnosis in the non-2nd line therapy group (7.5% vs. 31.0%, P=0.021). Median OS for those receiving 2nd line therapy was 9 months (95% CI: 7-11 months) compared to 4 months (95% CI: 3-5 months) for those not receiving 2nd-line therapy (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although likely biased due to better performance status and younger age, our patients who progressed rapidly on 1st line therapy showed an OS benefit if they received 2nd line therapy. These results suggest that patients maintaining a good PS after immediate progression on 1st line therapy should be offered 2nd line therapy.