Boosting wound healing in diabetic rats: The role of nicotinamide riboside and resveratrol in UPR modulation and pyroptosis inhibition.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes-related skin ulcers provide a substantial therapeutic issue, sometimes leading to amputation, needing immediate practical treatments for efficient wound care. While the exact mechanisms are unknown, pyroptosis and deregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are known to exacerbate inflammation. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Resveratrol (RV), which are known for their Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, are being studied as potential treatments. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and explore the medical application of NR and RV in diabetic wound healing. METHODS: 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into control, diabetic (DM), Gel Base, DM-NR, DM-RV, and DM-NR + RV. Rats were orally administered 50 mg/kg/day of RV and 300 mg/kg/day of NR for 5 weeks. Following diabetes induction, their wounds were topically treated with 5 % NR and RV gel for 15 days. The wound closure rate, body weight, and serum lipid profiles were examined. Gene expression study evaluated UPR and pyroptosis-related genes (BIP, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, sXBP1, CHOP, NLRP3, caspase-1, NFκB, and IL1-ß) in wound tissues, alongside histological assessment of cellular changes. RESULTS: NR and RV treatments greatly enhanced wound healing. Molecular investigation demonstrated UPR and pyroptosis marker modifications, suggesting UPR balance and anti-inflammatory effects. Histological investigation demonstrated decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization. The combination of NR and RV therapy had better results than either treatment alone. CONCLUSION: This study shows that NR and RV have therapeutic promise in treating diabetic wounds by addressing UPR dysregulation, and pyroptosis. The combination therapy is a viable strategy to improving the healing process, providing a multimodal intervention for diabetic skin ulcers. These findings pave the way for additional investigation and possible therapeutic applications, giving hope for better outcomes in diabetic wound care.

Quercetin declines LPS induced inflammation and augments adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes SIRT-1 dependently.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is an important factor contributing to obesity-induced metabolic disorders. Different investigations confirm that local inflammation in adipose issues is the primary reason for such disorder, resulting in low-grade systemic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and epigenetic modification are among the varied properties of Quercetin (QCT) as a natural flavonoid. OBJECTIVE: The precise molecular mechanism followed by QCT to alleviate inflammation has been unclear. This study explores whether the anti-inflammatory effects of QCT in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes may rely on SIRT-1. METHODS: The authors isolated 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells and exposed them to varying concentrations of QCT, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a selective inhibitor of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1) called EX-527. After determining the optimal dosages of QCT, LPS, and EX-527, they assessed the mRNA expression levels of IL-18, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, SIRT-1, and adiponectin using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: The study showed considerable cytotoxic effects of LPS (200 ng/mL) + QCT (100 µM) + EX-527 (10 µM) on 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes after 48 h of incubation. QCT significantly upregulated the expression levels of adiponectin and SIRT-1 (p < 0.0001). However, introducing SIRT-1 inhibitor (p < 0.0001) reversed the impact of QCT on adiponectin expression. Additionally, QCT reduced SIRT-1-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that QCT treatment reduced crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and increased adiponectin levels following LPS treatment. This finding implies that SIRT-1 may be a crucial factor for the anti-inflammatory activity of QCT.

Adjusting UV-Vis Spectrum of Alizarin by Insertion of Auxochromes.

First synthesized in 1868, alizarin became one of the first synthetic dyes and was widely used as a red dye in the textile industry, making it more affordable and readily available than the traditional red dyes derived from natural sources. Despite extensive both experimental and computational analyses on the electronic effects of substituents on the shape of the visible spectrum of alizarin and alizarin Red S, no previous systematic work has been undertaken with the aim to fine tune the dominant absorption region defining its color by introducing other electron-withdrawing or electron-donor groups. For such, we have performed a comprehensive study of electronic effects of substituents in position C3 of alizarin by means of a time dependent DFT approach. These auxochromes attached to the chromophore are proven to alter both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. It is shown that the introduction of an electron-donor group in alizarin causes the transition bands to be significantly red-shifted whereas electron-withdrawing groups cause a minor blue-shifting.

Brownmillerite Calcium Ferrite, a Promising Perovskite-Related Material in the Degradation of a Tight Dye under Ambient Conditions.

Evaluation of effective and low-cost materials as catalysts to combat the threat of pollution is a significant and growing trend. With this aim, we have synthesized calcium ferrite brownmillerite by wet preparation approach as a catalyst for pollution. The structural analysis is established by the X-ray diffraction of Ca2 Fe2 O5 , whereas the tetrahedral and octahedral sites band stretching for ferrite specimen has been deduced using FTIR. The bandgap energy has been estimated by the Tauc relation (2.17 eV). Ca2 Fe2 O5 brownmillerite exhibits a BET surface area of 10 m2 /g and a BJH pore volume of 0.121 cm3 /g with the average particle size of 70 nm. Importantly, the alizarin Red S dye degradation has been studied using the prepared ferrite catalyst, under dark ambient conditions and without the presence of any acidic or basic additives. Degradation is also supported by both FTIR and TOC analysis. Surface properties of brownmillerite Ca2 Fe2 O5 have been characterized using electronic spectroscopy and CO2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analysis and revealed that the basic surface of brownmillerite Ca2 Fe2 O5 offers active sites that are suitable for degradation processes. All results show that the preparation of brownmillerite Ca2 Fe2 O5 via the Pechini method is suitable to produce fine surfaces and pores with nanosized particles.

Natural and anthropogenic forcings lead to contrasting vegetation response in long-term vs. short-term timeframes.

Understanding vegetation response to natural and anthropogenic forcings is vital for managing watersheds as natural ecosystems. We used a novel integrated framework to separate the impacts of natural factors (e.g. drought, precipitation and temperature) from those of anthropogenic factors (e.g. human activity) on vegetation cover change at the watershed scale. We also integrated several datasets including satellite remote sensing and in-situ measurements for a twenty-year time period (2000-2019). Our results show that despite no significant trend being observed in temperature and precipitation, vegetation indices expressed an increasing trend at both the control and treated watersheds. The vegetation cover was not significantly affected by the natural factors whereas the watershed management practice (as a human activity) had significant impacts on vegetation change in the long-term. Further, the vegetation cover long-term response to watershed management practice was mainly linear. We also found that the vegetation indices values in the 2011-2019 period (as the treated period in treated watershed) were significantly higher than those in the 2000-2010 period. In the short-term, however, the drought condition and decreased precipitation (as natural factors) explained the majority of the change in vegetation cover. For example, the majority of the breakpoints occurred in 2008, and it was related to a widespread extreme drought in the area. The watershed management practice as a human activity along with extreme climatic events could explain a large part of the vegetation changes observed in the treated and control watersheds.