Anticancer potential of Carica papaya Linn black seed extract against human colon cancer cell line: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Since cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, further studies are needed to identify the effective therapeutic modalities. The second deadliest and third most common cancer is colorectal cancer (CRC). Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) seeds offer anti-cancer properties that can cure various types of cancer, such as liver and prostate cancer. METHODS: The study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of Carica papaya seed extract on colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco-2) and used techniques to assess the anti-cancer potential. The effectiveness of SE on cell proliferation and the viability of HTB-37 Caco-2 and C-166 cells were assessed using the MTT test. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure gene expression levels and evaluate the activity of genes involved in apoptosis, including caspase-3, p53, Cycs, and Bcl-2. Finally, flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis induction by detecting changes in cell morphology and DNA content. RESULTS: The study showed that the MTT reduction assay was dependent on cancer cell type and concentration of SE compared to the control cells and C-166, with a mean IC50 value of 9.734 ug/ml. The cytotoxicity was accompanied by some morphological alterations in the colorectal cancer cell line (Caco-2). The expression of the genes for p53, Cycs, and caspase-3 was substantially up-regulated, while Bcl-2 was dramatically down-regulated compared to control cells. The cell cycle arrested at the G2-M phase and the presence of early and late apoptotic characteristics post-treatment increased the apoptotic profile. CONCLUSION: It concluded that papaya seeds aqueous extract could act as a novel therapeutic option for colorectal cancer (CRC).

Therapeutic potential of camel milk exosomes against HepaRG cells with potent apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis effects for colostrum exosomes.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effect of camel milk exosomes derived from colostrum, early, mid, and late lactation periods on liver cancer HepaRG cells. These exosomes showed cytotoxicity on HepaRG while being safer on normal human liver THLE-2 cells. Among the four different isolated exosome groups, exosomes isolated from colostrum exhibited the highest apoptotic potential on HepaRG as indicated by highest DNA damage and upregulated expression of Bax and caspase3 expression, but with lowest Bcl2 expression. HepaRG-treated with colostrum-derived exosomes also exhibited the lowest expression of inflammation-related genes (TNFα, NFkB, TGFß1, and Cox2) and the angiogenesis-related gene VEGF. Colostrum-derived exosomes had significantly higher expression of lactoferrin and kappa casein than other milk-derived exosomes. These results indicate that colostrum-derived exosomes have a more potent anti-cancer effect on HepaRG cells than exosomes derived from the early, mid, and lat lactation periods. This effect could be mediated through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of inflammation and angiogenesis. Therefore, these exosomes could be used as safe adjuvants/carriers to deliver chemotherapeutics and to potentiate their anticancer effect on liver cancer cells.

Changes of reproductive indices of the testis due to Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius): Semen picture, hormonal profile, histopathology, oxidative parameters, and hematobiochemical profile.

OBJECTIVE: IThis study was designed for the investigation of the effect of infection by Trypanosoma evansi on the changes of reproductive indices of the testis, causing reproductive failure in dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five bulls were used for monitoring of the changes in the semen characteristics, reproductive hormones, hematobiochemical profiles, histopathological characters in the testis, and oxidative biomarkers. The animals were divided into two groups. Group A represented the uninfected or control group, while group B represented the infected group. Group B was again divided into two subgroups, such as acute and chronic infected animals. RESULTS: Results showed that the semen analysis of infected camels revealed the presence of alterations in the morphology of sperms, especially the heads and tails, as compared to control animals. The hormonal profile indicated a significant decrease in the luteinizing hormone, follicle- stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels, accompanied by the rise in the cortisol level in infected camels compared with the negative control. The histopathology and testicular degeneration were found to be associated with other disorders in infected camels. The oxidative profile and protein oxidation were promoted in infected testicles, indicating the occurrence of harmful effects in the cell. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that T. evansi infection in dromedary bulls causes severe damage to the testicular tissue and decreases the reproductive hormone levels associated with severe morphological disorders in sperms due to oxidative stress resulting from the infection. All these findings indicate that T. evansi can cause reproductive failure and fertility damage.

Synchronization with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) influences oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and mineral profile in summer-stressed anoestrous buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

During the summer season, high ambient temperature in tropical and subtropical countries exposes buffaloes to oxidative stress that have antigonadotropic and antisteroidogenic effects. Uses of hormonal therapy can improve the state of ovarian inactivity caused by heat stress and cause anoestrous buffaloes to come into oestrus and successfully achieve pregnancy. Therefore, this study was designed to detect the role of oxidative stress in production of the anoestrous state in summer heat stressed buffaloes and the effects of treatment by Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) in solving of this problem. Also it monitored the changes in Oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and mineral profile before and after the treatment. Forty buffaloes with no signs of oestrus for more than 120 days after calving were selected. The animals were divided into two groups: the first group (group I, n = 25) was subjected to treatment with CIDR, while the second group (group II) received no treatment and was considered the control group (n = 25). Blood samples were collected before treatment, after treatment and after 45 days of oestrus. The serum level of TAC, MDA, NO, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), P, Cu and Zn were measured. The results showed that 80% of treated buffaloes came into oestrus. The conception rate was 75%. TAC concentrations were significantly higher in group I than in group II. There were significant decreases in the mean values of MDA, NO and ascorbic acid in the buffaloes in oestrus, but these values increased when the buffaloes became pregnant. In contrast there were no significant differences in the mean values of MDA, NO or ascorbic acid in the buffaloes that came into oestrus but failed to conceive. The mean serum P, Cu and Zn values were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the buffaloes that came into oestrus compared to the control animals. The levels of P and Zn significantly increased when the buffaloes became pregnant and remained unchanged when they failed to conceive. In conclusion, known physiological and pathological variations in the oxidant/antioxidant parameters and mineral profile of summer anoestrous buffaloes may help to understand this problem of infertility.