Ensuring fidelity: key elements to consider in disseminating a diabetes telemanagement program for underserved Hispanic/Latinos living with type 2 diabetes.

Background: The Hispanic/Latino population has greater risk (estimated >50%) of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and developing it at a younger age. The American Diabetes Association estimates costs of diagnosed diabetes in 2017 was $327 billion; with medical costs 2.3x higher than patients without diabetes. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the methodology utilized in a randomized controlled trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a diabetes telemanagement (DTM) program for Hispanic/Latino patients with T2D. The intent is to provide information for future investigators to ensure that this study can be accurately replicated. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial with 240 participants. Eligible patients (Hispanic/Latino, aged 18+, living with T2D) were randomized to Comprehensive Outpatient Management (COM) or DTM. DTM was comprised of usual care, including routine clinic visits every three months, as well as: Biometrics (a tablet, blood glucose meter, blood pressure monitor, and scale); Weekly Video Visits (facilitated in the patient's preferred language); and Educational Videos (including culturally congruent diabetes self-management education and quizzes). COM consisted of usual care including routine clinic visits every three months. For this study, COM patients received a glucometer, glucose test strips, and lancets. Establishing a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship was a fundamental component of our study for both groups. First contact (post-enrollment) centered on ensuring that patients and caregivers understood the program, building trust and rapport, creating a non-judgmental environment, determining language preference, and establishing scheduling availability (including evenings and weekends). DTM were provided with a tablet which allowed for self-paced education through videos and weekly video visits. The research team and Community Advisory Board identified appropriate educational video content, which was incorporated in diabetes educational topics. Video visits allowed us to assess patient involvement, motivation, and nonverbal communication. Communicating in Spanish, and awareness of diverse Hispanic/Latino backgrounds was critical, as using relevant and commonly-used terms can increase adherence and improve outcomes. Shared decision-making was encouraged to make realistic health care choices. Conclusion: Key elements discussed above provide a framework for future dissemination of an evidence-based DTM intervention to meet the needs of underserved Hispanic/Latino people living with T2D.

Preoperative Noninvasive Cardiac Testing in Older Adults with Hip Fracture: A Multi-Site Study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: For older adults with acute hip fracture, use of preoperative noninvasive cardiac testing may lead to delays in surgery, thereby contributing to worse outcomes. Our study objective was to evaluate the preoperative use of pharmacologic stress testing and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in older adults hospitalized with hip fracture. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Seven hospitals (three tertiary, four community) within a large health system. PARTICIPANTS: Patients, aged 65 years and older, hospitalized with hip fracture (n = 1,079; mean age = 84.2 years; 75% female; 82% white; 36% married). MEASUREMENTS: Data were extracted from electronic medical records. The study evaluated associations between patient factors as well as clinical outcomes (time to surgery [TTS], length of stay [LOS], and in-hospital mortality) and the use of preoperative noninvasive cardiac testing (pharmacologic stress tests or TTE). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Cox regression was performed for both TTS and LOS (evaluated as time-dependent variable); logistic regression was used for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Although 34.3% (n = 370) had a preoperative TTE, .7% (n = 8) underwent a nuclear stress test and none had a dobutamine stress echocardiogram. Median TTS was 1.1 days (IQR [interquartile range] = .8-1.8 days), median LOS was 5.3 days (IQR = 4.2-7.2 days), and in-hospital mortality was 3% (n = 32). Patients admitted to the medical service had 3.5 times greater odds of undergoing a TTE compared with those on the orthopedic service (P < .001). Community hospitals had almost three times greater odds of preoperative TTE than tertiary centers (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, preoperative TTE was significantly associated with increased TTS (P < .001). No difference in mortality was found between patients with and without a preoperative TTE. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high rate of TTE in preoperative assessment of older adults with acute hip fracture. Given the association between TTE and longer TTS, further studies must clarify the role of preoperative TTE in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1690-1697, 2020.

Home Telemonitoring of Community-Dwelling Heart Failure Patients After Home Care Discharge.

Background: Home telemonitoring (HTM) is a promising approach to improve quality of life (QoL) and decrease hospital utilization. Methods: This randomized-controlled study followed 89 community-dwelling Medicare outpatients with heart failure (HF) after discharge from home care for 6 months. Patients were randomized to HTM or comprehensive outpatient management (COM). HTM received weekly (video) televisits with daily vital sign monitoring. COM was contacted weekly by telephone. Outcomes included emergency department (ED) and inpatient utilization and QoL. Results : Average age at enrollment was 81.4 for HTM and 84.9 for COM. Thirty-eight percent of HTM had ≥1 ED visit versus 60% of COM (p = 0.04), while 48% of HTM had ≥1 hospitalization versus 55% of COM (p = 0.47). Length of stay (LOS) (days) was 4.0 for HTM versus 7.4 for COM (p = 0.39). Costs were $38,990 for HTM versus $50,943 for COM (p = 0.91). QoL improved by -9.66 for HTM and -3.56 for COM (p = 0.02). Although HF-related utilization did not differ between groups, HTM patients who were highly adherent obtained better all-cause outcomes than those with low adherence. Conclusions: Significantly improved all-cause ED utilization, LOS, and QoL were found for HTM; other differences were not significant. More research is needed to determine how to best utilize this technology to improve patient outcomes.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Telehealth Self-Management to Standard Outpatient Management in Underserved Black and Hispanic Patients Living with Heart Failure.

Background:Although the American Heart Association promotes telehealth models to improve care access, there is limited literature on its use in underserved populations. This study is the first to compare utilization and quality of life (QoL) for underserved black and Hispanic heart failure (HF) patients assigned to telehealth self-monitoring (TSM) or comprehensive outpatient management (COM) over 90 days.Methods:This randomized controlled trial enrolled 104 patients. Outcomes included emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, QoL, depression, and anxiety. Binary outcomes for utilization were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Poisson or negative binomial regression, repeated-measures analysis of variance, or generalized estimating equations were also used as appropriate.Results:Of 104 patients, 31% were Hispanic, 69% black, 41% women, and 72% reported incomes of <$10,000/year. Groups did not differ regarding binary ED visits (relative risk [RR] = 1.37, confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-2.27), hospitalization (RR = 0.92, CI = 0.57-1.48), or length of stay in days (TSM = 0.54 vs. COM = 0.91). Number of all-cause hospitalizations was significantly lower for COM (TSM = 0.78 vs. COM = 0.55; p = 0.03). COM patients reported greater anxiety reduction from baseline to 90 days (TSM = 50-28%; COM = 57-13%; p = 0.05).Conclusions:These findings suggest that TSM is not effective in reducing utilization or improving QoL for underserved patients with HF. Future studies are needed to determine whether TSM can be effective for populations facing health care access issues.

Cardiac surgery nurse practitioner home visits prevent coronary artery bypass graft readmissions.

BACKGROUND: We designed and tested an innovative transitional care program, involving cardiac surgery nurse practitioners, to improve care continuity after patient discharge home from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations and decrease the composite end point of 30-day readmission and death. METHODS: A total of 401 consecutive CABG patients were eligible between May 1, 2010, and August 31, 2011, for analysis. Patient data were entered prospectively into The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and the New York State Cardiac Surgery Reporting System and retrospectively analyzed with Institutional Review Board approval. The "Follow Your Heart" program enrolled 169 patients, and 232 controls received usual care. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify readmission predictors, and propensity score matching was performed with 13 covariates. RESULTS: Binary logistic regression analysis identified "Follow Your Heart" as the only independently significant variable in preventing the composite outcome (p=0.015). Odds ratios for readmission were 3.11 for dialysis patients, 2.17 for Medicaid recipients, 1.87 for women, 1.86 for non-Caucasians, 1.78 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1.26 for diabetes, and 1.09 for congestive heart failure. Propensity score matching yielded matches for 156 intervention patients (92%). The intervention showed a significantly lower 30-day readmission/death rate of 3.85% (6 of 156) compared with 11.54% (18 of 156) for the usual care matched group (p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: A home transition program providing continuity of care, communication hub, and medication management by treating hospital nurse practitioners significantly reduced the 30-day composite end point of readmission/death after CABG. More targeted resource allocation based on odds ratios of readmission may further improve results and be applicable to other patient groups.

Do residents need end-of-life care training?

OBJECTIVE: As medical education evolves, emphasis on chronic care management within the medical curriculum becomes essential. Because of the consistent lack of appropriate end-of-life care training, far too many patients die without the benefits of hospice care. This study explores the association between physician knowledge, training status, and level of comfort with hospice care referral of terminally ill patients. METHOD: In 2011, anonymous surveys were distributed to physicians in postgraduate years 1, 2, and 3; fellows; hospital attending physicians; specialists; and other healthcare professionals in five hospitals of a large health system in New York. Demographic comparisons were performed using χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Spearman correlations were calculated to determine if professional status and experience were associated with comfort and knowledge discussing end-of-life topics with terminal patients. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 280 participants (46.7% response rate). Almost a quarter (22%) did not know key hospice referral criteria. Although 88% of respondents felt that knowledge of hospice care is an important competence, 53.2% still relinquished advance directives discussion to emergency room (ER) physicians. Fear of patient/family anger was the most frequently reported hospice referral barrier, although 96% of physicians rarely experienced reprisals. Physician comfort level discussing end-of-life issues and hospice referral was significantly associated with the number of years practicing medicine and professional status. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Physicians continue to relinquish end-of-life care to ER staff and palliative care consultants. Exploring unfounded and preconceived fears associated with hospice referral needs to be integrated into the curriculum, to prepare future generations of physicians. Medical education should focus on delivering the right amount of end-of-life care training, at the right time, within the medical school and residency curriculum.

Medical orders for life-sustaining treatment: is it time yet?

OBJECTIVE: As the aging population faces complex end-of-life issues, we studied the intervals between long-term care admission and advance directive completion, and between completion and death. We also sought to determine the interdisciplinary team's compliance with documented wishes. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 182 long-term care residents in two facilities with and without completed medical orders for life-sustaining treatment (MOLST) in the New York Metropolitan area was conducted. Demographic variables included: gender, age, ethnicity, and diagnosis. Measures included: admission date, MOLST execution date, and date of death. Resident advance directive documentation was compared with clinical intervention at time of death, including intubation and mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Of the residents studied, 68.7% were female, 91% were Caucasian and 91.8% were ≥ 65 years of age (mean age: 83). The median time from admission to MOLST signing was 48 days. Median time from admission to MOLST signing for Caucasians was 21 days; for non-Caucasians was 229 days. Fifty-two percent of MOLST were signed by children, and 24% by residents. Of those with signed forms, 25% signed on day of admission, 37% signed within 7 days, and 47% signed within 21 days. Only 3% of residents died the day their MOLST was signed, whereas 12% died within a week, and 22% died within 30 days. Finally, among the 68 subjects who signed a MOLST and died, 87% had their wishes met. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: In this era of growing time constraints and increased regulations, medical directors of long-term care facilities and those team members caring for residents urgently need a clear and simple approach to the goals of care for their residents. The MOLST is an ideal tool in caring for older adults at the end of life, providing concrete guidance, not only with regard to do not resuscitate (DNR) and do not intubate (DNI) orders, but also for practical approaches to daily care for the interdisciplinary team.

Ethnicity, race, and advance directives in an inpatient palliative care consultation service.

OBJECTIVE: Although race and ethnic background are known to be important factors in the completion of advance directives, there is a dearth of literature specifically investigating the effect of race and ethnicity on advance directive completion rate after palliative care consultation (PCC). METHOD: A chart review of all patients seen by the PCC service in an academic hospital over a 9-month period was performed. Data were compiled using gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and primary diagnosis. For this study, advance directives were defined as: "Do Not Resuscitate" (DNR) and/or "Do Not Intubate" (DNI). RESULTS: Of the 400 medical records reviewed, 57% of patients were female and 71.3% documented their religion as Christian. The most common documented diagnosis was cancer (39.5%). Forty-seven percent reported their race as white. White patients completed more advance directives than did nonwhite patients both before (25.67% vs. 12.68%) and after (59.36% vs. 40.84%) PCC. There was a significantly higher proportion of whites who signed an advance directive after a PCC than of nonwhites (p = 0.021); of the 139 whites who did not have an advance directive at admission, 63 signed an advance directive after a PCC compared with 186/60 nonwhites (45% vs. 32%, respectively, p = 0.021). Further analysis revealed that African Americans differed from whites in the likelihood of advance directive execution rates pre-PCC, but not post-PCC. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: This study demonstrates the impact of a PCC on the completion of advance directives, on both whites and nonwhites. The PCC Intervention significantly reduced differences between whites and African Americans in completing advance directives, which have been consistently documented in the end-of-life literature.

A multisite validity study of self-reported anesthesia outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of a multisite anesthesia voluntary adverse event reporting process. A data validation methodology was used through medical chart review on live records at 3 facilities (N = 600). The per-item aggregated error rate among all 42 data items was 0.3%: 0.1% for quality indicators, 1.3% for demographic/status variables, and 1.7% for administrative items. The per-patient error rate among all 42 data items was 6.3%: 3.0% for quality indicators, 1.7% for demographic/status variables, and 3.0% for administrative items. Trends such as better accuracy for more serious events continue, but observed error rates were lower than those found in previous surveys-an indication that, while further study is needed, nonpunitive voluntary reporting may reduce errors in anesthesia care.

The impact of remote patient monitoring (telehealth) upon Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of remote patient monitoring (RPM) upon the most frequent diagnosis in hospitalized patients over 65 years of age-heart failure (HF). We examined the effect of RPM on hospital utilization and Medicare costs of HF patients receiving home care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two studies were simultaneously conducted: A randomized and a matched-cohort study. In the randomized study, 168 subjects were randomly assigned (after hospitalization) to home care utilizing RPM (live nursing visits and video-based nursing visits) or to home care receiving live nursing visits only. In the matched-cohort study, 160 subjects receiving home care with RPM (live nursing visits and video-based nursing visits) were matched with home care subjects receiving live nursing visits only. RESULTS: Regardless of whether outcomes were being analyzed for all subjects (intention to treat) or for hospitalized subjects only, hospitalization rates, time to first admission, length of stay, and costs to Medicare did not differ significantly between groups in either study at 30 or 90 days after enrollment. A notable trend, however, emerged across studies: Although time to hospitalization was shorter in the RPM groups than the control groups, RPM groups had lower hospitalization costs. CONCLUSIONS: RPM, when utilized in conjunction with a robust management protocol, was not found to significantly differ from live nursing visits in the management of HF in home care. Shorter hospitalization times and lower associated costs may be due to earlier identification of exacerbation. These trends indicate the need for further study.