Analgesia use in trauma patients at a university teaching hospital in Kigali, Rwanda.

Introduction: While trends in analgesia have been identified in high-income countries, little research exists regarding analgesia administration in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study evaluates analgesia administration and clinical characteristics among patients seeking emergency injury care at University Teaching Hospital-Kigali in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study utilized a random sample of emergency center (EC) cases accrued between July 2015 and June 2016. Data was extracted from the medical record for patients who had an injury and were ≥ 15 years of age. Injury-related EC visits were identified by presenting complaint or final discharge diagnosis. Sociodemographic information, injury mechanism and type, and analgesic medications ordered and administered were analyzed. Results: Of the 3,609 random cases, 1,329 met eligibility and were analyzed. The study population was predominantly male (72%) with a median age of 32 years and range between 15 and 81 years. In the studied sample, 728 (54.8%) were treated with analgesia in the EC. In unadjusted logistic regression, only age was not a significant predictor of receiving pain medication and was excluded from the adjusted analysis. In the adjusted model, all predictors remained significant, with being male, having at least one severe injury, and road traffic accident (RTA) as injury mechanism being significant predictors of analgesia administration. Conclusion: In the study setting of injured patients in Rwanda, being male, involved in RTA or having more than one serious injury was associated with higher odds of receiving pain medication. Approximately half of the patients with traumatic injuries received pain medications, predominantly opioids with no factors predicting whether a patient would receive opioids versus other medications. Further research on implementation of pain guidelines and drug shortages is warranted to improve pain management for injured patients in the LMIC setting.

Cross-sectional survey of treatments and outcomes among injured adult patients in Kigali, Rwanda.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic injuries and their resulting mortality and disability impose a disproportionate burden on sub-Saharan countries like Rwanda. An important facet of addressing injury burdens is to comprehend injury patterns and aetiologies of trauma. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of injuries, treatments and outcomes at the University Teaching Hospital-Kigali (CHUK). METHODS: A random sample of Emergency Centre (EC) injury patients presenting during August 2015 through July 2016 was accrued. Patients were excluded if they had non-traumatic illness. Data included demographics, clinical presentation, injury type(s), mechanism of injury, and EC disposition. Descriptive statics were utilised to explore characteristics of the population. RESULTS: A random sample of 786 trauma patients met inclusion criteria and were analysed. The median age was 28 (IQR 6-50) years and 69.4% were male. Of all trauma patients 49.4% presented secondary to road traffic injuries (RTIs), 23.9% due to falls, 10.9% due to penetrating trauma. Craniofacial trauma was the most frequent traumatic injury location at 36.3%. Lower limb trauma and upper limb trauma constituted 35.8% and 27.1% of all injuries. Admission was required in 68.2% of cases, 23.3% were admitted to the orthopaedic service with the second highest admission to the surgical service (19.2%). Of those admitted to the hospital, the median LOS was 6 days (IQR 3-14), in the subset of patients requiring operative intervention, the median LOS was also 6 days (IQR 3-16). Death occurred in 5.5% of admitted patients in the hospital. CONCLUSION: The traumatic injury burden is borne more proportionally by young males in Kigali, Rwanda. Blunt trauma accounts for a majority of trauma patient presentations; of these RTIs constitute nearly half the injury mechanisms. These findings suggest that this population has substantial injury burdens and prevention and care interventions focused in this demographic group could provide positive impacts in the study setting.

Ascariasis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a surprising ultrasound finding in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: We report the ultrasound finding of ascariasis in a patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Although ascariasis is common in low-resource settings, there has been no previous report associating ascariasis with HHS. CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old Rwandan man was admitted to the emergency department in coma, with a glycemia of 600 mg/dl. He was resuscitated with fluids, intubated and ventilated, and treated with insulin and antibiotics. On day 3, an ascaris worm was passed via his nasogastric tube, and abdominal ultrasound revealed a heavy worm load. He was treated with albendazole and eventually made a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of ascariasis as a potential cause of HHS, and we recommend that emergency practitioners consider early abdominal ultrasound in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies in areas with a high prevalence of ascariasis.