Contrast Enhancement Method Using Region-Based Dynamic Clipping Technique for LWIR-Based Thermal Camera of Night Vision Systems.

In the autonomous driving industry, there is a growing trend to employ long-wave infrared (LWIR)-based uncooled thermal-imaging cameras, capable of robustly collecting data even in extreme environments. Consequently, both industry and academia are actively researching contrast-enhancement techniques to improve the quality of LWIR-based thermal-imaging cameras. However, most research results only showcase experimental outcomes using mass-produced products that already incorporate contrast-enhancement techniques. Put differently, there is a lack of experimental data on contrast enhancement post-non-uniformity (NUC) and temperature compensation (TC) processes, which generate the images seen in the final products. To bridge this gap, we propose a histogram equalization (HE)-based contrast enhancement method that incorporates a region-based clipping technique. Furthermore, we present experimental results on the images obtained after applying NUC and TC processes. We simultaneously conducted visual and qualitative performance evaluations on images acquired after NUC and TC processes. In the visual evaluation, it was confirmed that the proposed method improves image clarity and contrast ratio compared to conventional HE-based methods, even in challenging driving scenarios such as tunnels. In the qualitative evaluation, the proposed method demonstrated upper-middle-class rankings in both image quality and processing speed metrics. Therefore, our proposed method proves to be effective for the essential contrast enhancement process in LWIR-based uncooled thermal-imaging cameras intended for autonomous driving platforms.

Disruptive Effects of Two Curcuminoids (Demethoxycurcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin) on the Larval Development of Drosophila melanogaster.

Juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect development, reproduction, and various physiological functions. Curcuminoids generally exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and insecticidal, and they exhibit insect growth inhibitory effects. However, research on insecticidal properties of curcuminoids has been limited. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, studies on JHs of insects and curcuminoids are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the substances that act as JH disruptors (JHDs) from edible plants. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), two curcuminoids from the turmeric plant Curcuma longa L. inhibited the formation of a methoprene-tolerant (Met)-Taiman (Tai) heterodimer complex in Drosophila melanogaster, as shown through in vitro yeast two-hybrid assays. An artificial diet containing 1% (w/v) DMC or BDMC significantly reduced the number of D. melanogaster larvae in a concentration-dependent manner; larval development was disrupted, preventing the progression of larvae to pupal stages, resulting in an absence of adults. Building on the results obtained in this study on curcuminoids, researchers can use our study as a reference to develop eco-friendly pesticides.

Reporting Quality of Research Studies on AI Applications in Medical Images According to the CLAIM Guidelines in a Radiology Journal With a Strong Prominence in Asia.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the reporting quality of research articles that applied deep learning to medical imaging. Using the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM) guidelines and a journal with prominence in Asia as a sample, we intended to provide an insight into reporting quality in the Asian region and establish a journal-specific audit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 38 articles published in the Korean Journal of Radiology between June 2018 and January 2023 were analyzed. The analysis included calculating the percentage of studies that adhered to each CLAIM item and identifying items that were met by ≤ 50% of the studies. The article review was initially conducted independently by two reviewers, and the consensus results were used for the final analysis. We also compared adherence rates to CLAIM before and after December 2020. RESULTS: Of the 42 items in the CLAIM guidelines, 12 items (29%) were satisfied by ≤ 50% of the included articles. None of the studies reported handling missing data (item #13). Only one study respectively presented the use of de-identification methods (#12), intended sample size (#19), robustness or sensitivity analysis (#30), and full study protocol (#41). Of the studies, 35% reported the selection of data subsets (#10), 40% reported registration information (#40), and 50% measured inter and intrarater variability (#18). No significant changes were observed in the rates of adherence to these 12 items before and after December 2020. CONCLUSION: The reporting quality of artificial intelligence studies according to CLAIM guidelines, in our study sample, showed room for improvement. We recommend that the authors and reviewers have a solid understanding of the relevant reporting guidelines and ensure that the essential elements are adequately reported when writing and reviewing the manuscripts for publication.

Development and validation of an automatic classification algorithm for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using a high-performance interpretable deep learning network.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate an automatic classification algorithm for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study evaluated a high-performance interpretable network algorithm (TabNet) and compared its performance with that of XGBoost, a widely used classifier. Brain segmentation was performed using a commercially approved software. TabNet and XGBoost were trained on the volumes or radiomics features of 102 segmented regions for classifying subjects into AD, MCI, or cognitively normal (CN) groups. The diagnostic performances of the two algorithms were compared using areas under the curves (AUCs). Additionally, 20 deep learning-based AD signature areas were investigated. RESULTS: Between December 2014 and March 2017, 161 AD, 153 MCI, and 306 CN cases were enrolled. Another 120 AD, 90 MCI, and 141 CN cases were included for the internal validation. Public datasets were used for external validation. TabNet with volume features had an AUC of 0.951 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.947-0.955) for AD vs CN, which was similar to that of XGBoost (0.953 [95% CI, 0.951-0.955], p = 0.41). External validation revealed the similar performances of two classifiers using volume features (0.871 vs. 0.871, p = 0.86). Likewise, two algorithms showed similar performances with one another in classifying MCI. The addition of radiomics data did not improve the performance of TabNet. TabNet and XGBoost focused on the same 13/20 regions of interest, including the hippocampus, inferior lateral ventricle, and entorhinal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: TabNet shows high performance in AD classification and detailed interpretation of the selected regions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Using a high-performance interpretable deep learning network, the automatic classification algorithm assisted in accurate Alzheimer's disease detection using 3D T1-weighted brain MRI and detailed interpretation of the selected regions. KEY POINTS: • MR volumetry data revealed that TabNet had a high diagnostic performance in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) from cognitive normal cases, which was comparable with that of XGBoost. • The addition of radiomics data to the volume data did not improve the diagnostic performance of TabNet. • Both TabNet and XGBoost selected the clinically meaningful regions of interest in AD, including the hippocampus, inferior lateral ventricle, and entorhinal cortex.

Reusable Electronic Tongue Based on Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Nanodisc-Conjugated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for a Spiciness-Related Pain Evaluation.

The sense of spiciness is related to the stimulation of vanilloid compounds contained in the foods. Although, the spiciness is commonly considered as the part of taste, it is more classified to the sense of pain stimulated on a tongue, namely, pungency, which is described as a tingling or burning on the tongue. Herein, first, a reusable electronic tongue based on a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) nanodisc conjugated graphene field-effect transistor is fabricated and spiciness-related pain evaluation with reusable electrode is demonstrated. The pungent compound reactive receptor TRPV1 is synthesized in the form of nanodiscs to maintain stability and reusability. The newly developed platform shows highly selective and sensitive performance toward each spiciness related vanilloid compound repeatably: 1 aM capsaicin, 10 aM dihydrocapsaicin, 1 fM piperine, 10 nM allicin, and 1 pM AITC. The binding mechanism is also examined by simulation. Furthermore, the elimination of the burning sensation on the tongue after eating spicy foods is not investigated. Based on the synthesis of micelles composed of casein protein (which is contained in skim milk) that remove pungent compounds bound to TRPV1 nanodisc, the deactivation of TRPV1 is investigated, and the electrode is reusable that mimics electronic tongue.

Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a novel diagnostic biomarker for human bladder cancer in urinary extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from urine are promising tools for the diagnosis of urogenital cancers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are considered potential biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) because urine is in direct contact with the BC tumor microenvironment and thus reflects the current state of the disease. However, challenges associated with the effective isolation and analysis of uEVs complicate the clinical detection of uEV-associated protein biomarkers. Herein, we identified uEV-derived alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2M) as a novel diagnostic biomarker for BC through comparative analysis of uEVs obtained from patients with BC pre- and post-operation using an antibody array. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of uEVs isolated from patients with BC (n=60) and non-cancer control subjects (n=23) validated the significant upregulation of a2M expression in patient uEVs (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in whole urine a2M levels between patients with BC and controls (p=0.317). We observed that compared to classical differential centrifugation, ExoDisc, a centrifugal microfluidic tangential flow filtration device, was a significantly more effective separation method for uEV protein analysis. We expect that our approach for EV analysis will provide an efficient route for the identification of clinically meaningful uEV-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.

Inducible Expression of Several Drosophila melanogaster Genes Encoding Juvenile Hormone Binding Proteins by a Plant Diterpene Secondary Metabolite, Methyl Lucidone.

Juvenile hormones prevent molting and metamorphosis in the juvenile stages of insects. There are multiple genes encoding a conserved juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) domain in a single insect species. Although some JHBPs have been reported to serve as carriers to release hormones to target tissues, the molecular functions of the other members of the diverse JHBP family of proteins remain unclear. We characterized 16 JHBP genes with conserved JHBP domains in Drosophila melanogaster. Among them, seven JHBP genes were induced by feeding the flies with methyl lucidone, a plant diterpene secondary metabolite (PDSM). Induction was also observed upon feeding the juvenile hormone (JH) analog methoprene. Considering that methyl lucidone and methoprene perform opposite functions in JH-mediated regulation, specifically the heterodimeric binding between a JH receptor (JHR) and steroid receptor coactivator (SRC), the induction of these seven JHBP genes is independent of JH-mediated regulation by the JHR/SRC heterodimer. Tissue-specific gene expression profiling through the FlyAtlas 2 database indicated that some JHBP genes are mainly enriched in insect guts and rectal pads, indicating their possible role during food uptake. Hence, we propose that JHBPs are induced by PDSMs and respond to toxic plant molecules ingested during feeding.

ASimOV: A Framework for Simulation and Optimization of an Embedded AI Accelerator.

Artificial intelligence algorithms need an external computing device such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) due to computational complexity. For running artificial intelligence algorithms in an embedded device, many studies proposed light-weighted artificial intelligence algorithms and artificial intelligence accelerators. In this paper, we propose the ASimOV framework, which optimizes artificial intelligence algorithms and generates Verilog hardware description language (HDL) code for executing intelligence algorithms in field programmable gate array (FPGA). To verify ASimOV, we explore the performance space of k-NN algorithms and generate Verilog HDL code to demonstrate the k-NN accelerator in FPGA. Our contribution is to provide the artificial intelligence algorithm as an end-to-end pipeline and ensure that it is optimized to a specific dataset through simulation, and an artificial intelligence accelerator is generated in the end.

A Multi-Core Controller for an Embedded AI System Supporting Parallel Recognition.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology encourage the adoption of AI systems for various applications. In most deployments, AI-based computing systems adopt the architecture in which the central server processes most of the data. This characteristic makes the system use a high amount of network bandwidth and can cause security issues. In order to overcome these issues, a new AI model called federated learning was presented. Federated learning adopts an architecture in which the clients take care of data training and transmit only the trained result to the central server. As the data training from the client abstracts and reduces the original data, the system operates with reduced network resources and reinforced data security. A system with federated learning supports a variety of client systems. To build an AI system with resource-limited client systems, composing the client system with multiple embedded AI processors is valid. For realizing the system with this architecture, introducing a controller to arbitrate and utilize the AI processors becomes a stringent requirement. In this paper, we propose an embedded AI system for federated learning that can be composed flexibly with the AI core depending on the application. In order to realize the proposed system, we designed a controller for multiple AI cores and implemented it on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The operation of the designed controller was verified through image and speech applications, and the performance was verified through a simulator.

DG-LoRa: Deterministic Group Acknowledgment Transmissions in LoRa Networks for Industrial IoT Applications.

In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol, called DG-LoRa, for improving scalability in low power wide area networks. DG-LoRa is backward compatible with legacy LoRaWAN and adds new features, such as group acknowledgment transmissions in the time-synchronized frame structure that supports determinism on channel access. In DG-LoRa, the number of responses to data frames that are transmitted from end devices is maximized by allocating the spreading factor and timeslot in the frame structure. We evaluate the performance of DG-LoRa using the Monte-Carlo simulation and then compare it with the performance of legacy LoRaWAN in terms of data drop rate and the number of retransmissions. Our numerical results show that DG-LoRa supports approximately five times more connections to the LoRa network satisfying a 5% data drop rate. Also, it is observed that DG-LoRa enables low overhead by reducing the number of data frame retransmissions.

Lossless Decompression Accelerator for Embedded Processor with GUI.

The development of the mobile industry brings about the demand for high-performance embedded systems in order to meet the requirement of user-centered application. Because of the limitation of memory resource, employing compressed data is efficient for an embedded system. However, the workload for data decompression causes an extreme bottleneck to the embedded processor. One of the ways to alleviate the bottleneck is to integrate a hardware accelerator along with the processor, constructing a system-on-chip (SoC) for the embedded system. In this paper, we propose a lossless decompression accelerator for an embedded processor, which supports LZ77 decompression and static Huffman decoding for an inflate algorithm. The accelerator is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to verify the functional suitability and fabricated in a Samsung 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The performance of the accelerator is evaluated by the Canterbury corpus benchmark and achieved throughput up to 20.7 MB/s at 50 MHz system clock frequency.

Isolation and characterization of a high iturin yielding Bacillus velezensis UV mutant with improved antifungal activity.

To isolate Bacillus velezensis mutants with improved antifungal activity for use in the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi, wild-type Bacillus velezensis KRF-001 producing iturin, surfactin, and fengycin was irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) rays. The in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of UV mutants and characterization of the cyclic lipopeptides produced by a selected mutant were examined. A mutant strain yielding high levels of iturin showed over 2-fold higher antifungal activity than the wild-type against Fusarium oxysporum. A potent suppressive effect of the mutant was also observed on spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of cucumber gray mold, at different butanol extract concentrations. Further analysis of the mutant by real-time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography revealed increased expression of iturin and surfactin biosynthesis genes as well as enhanced production of iturin and surfactin metabolites. However, the amounts of fengycin obtained from the mutant strain BSM54 were significantly lesser than those of iturin and surfactin. Particularly, iturin A production by the mutant was 3.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type, suggesting that the higher antifungal activity of the mutant against F. oxysporum resulted from the increased expression of biosynthesis genes associated with iturin production. The commercial greenhouse experiment using soil naturally infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (sclerotinia rot) and F. oxysporum (fusarium wilt) showed that the mutant strain reduced sclerotinia rot and fusarium wilt diseases (P = 0.05) more effectively than the wild-type and commercially available product Cillus® in Korea. These results suggest that the mutant with high iturin yield is a potential candidate for the development of a biological control agent in agriculture.

Altered Mitochondrial Functions and Morphologies in Epithelial Cells Are Associated With Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.

PURPOSE: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa. The disease is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, structural changes in the mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study investigated whether there are functional and morphological changes in the mitochondria in the epithelial cells of nasal polyps (NPs) and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB)-stimulated nasal epithelial cells. METHODS: In all, 30 patients with CRSwNP and 15 healthy subjects were enrolled. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and changes in mitochondrial functions and structures were investigated in the uncinate tissue (UT) of healthy controls, the UT or NPs of CRSwNP patients, and human nasal epithelial cells with or without SEB stimulation. RESULTS: Oxidative phosphorylation complexes showed various responses following SEB stimulation in the nasal epithelial cells, and their expressions were significantly higher in the NPs of patients with CRSwNP than in the UT of controls. Generation of mtROS was increased following SEB exposure in nasal epithelial cells and was reduced by pretreatment with MitoTEMPO, which is used as an mtROS scavenger. In the tissues, mtROS was significantly increased in the NPs of CRSwNP patients compared to the UT of controls or CRSwNP patients. The expressions of fusion- and fission-related molecules were also significantly higher in SEB-exposed nasal epithelial cells than in non-exposed cells. In tissues, the expression of fission (fission mediator protein 1)- and fusion (membrane and mitofusin-1, and optic atrophy protein 1)-related molecules was significantly higher in the NPs of CRSwNP patients than in UT of controls or CRSwNP patients. Transmission electron microscopy revealed elongated mitochondria in SEB-exposed nasal epithelial cells and epithelial cells of NPs. CONCLUSIONS: Production of mtROS, disrupted mitochondrial function, and structural changes in nasal epithelial cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Sex-biased gene expression in antennae of Drosophila suzukii.

Drosophila suzukii differs from other members of the genus Drosophila in its host preference and oviposition behavior. The flies are attracted to ripening fruits, and females have a serrated ovipositor enabling eggs to be laid inside the fruit. In addition to its huge economic impact, its unique chemoecological, morphological, and physiological characteristics have garnered considerable research interests. In this study, we analyzed D. suzukii antennal transcriptomes to identify sex-biased genes by comparison of differential gene expressions between male antennae (MA) and female antennae (FA). Among 13,583 total genes of the fly genome, 11,787 genes were expressed in either MA or FA. There are only 132 genes (9 in MA, 7 in FA, and 116 in both, FPKM >1) were expressed in antennae exclusively, and 2,570 genes (9 in MA, 0 in FA, and 2,561 in both) were enriched in antennae containing 185 and 113 sex-biased genes in MA and FA, respectively. Interestingly, many immune-related genes were highly expressed in MA, whereas several chemosensory genes were at high rank in FA. We identified 27 sex-biased chemosensory genes including odorant and gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, ionotropic receptors, and cytochrome P450s, and validated the gene expressions using quantitative real-time PCR. The highly expressed sex-biased genes in antennae are likely involved in the fly specific mating, host-finding behaviors, or sex-specific functions. The molecular results demonstrated here will facilitate to find the unique chemoreception of D. suzukii, as well as on the development of new management strategies for this pest.

Effect of DMPA and Molecular Weight of Polyethylene Glycol on Water-Soluble Polyurethane.

In this study water-soluble polyurethane (WSPU) was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid or dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), butane-1,4-diol (BD), and triethylamine (TEA) using an acetone process. The water solubility was investigated by solubilizing the polymer in water and measuring the contact angle and the results indicated that water solubility and contact angle tendency were increased as the molecular weight of the soft segment decreased, the amount of emulsifier was increased, and soft segment to hard segment ratio was lower. The contact angle of samples without emulsifier was greater than 87°, while that of with emulsifier was less than 67°, indicating a shift from highly hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The WSPU was also analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify the absorption of functional groups and further checked by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The molecular weight of WSPU was measured using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The structure of the WSPU was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The thermal properties of WSPU were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Morphological and functional heterogeneity in olfactory perception between antennae and maxillary palps in the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa.

The morphology and ultrastructure of the olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their responses to five volatile compounds were measured using electroantenogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) techniques in the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki; Diptera: Tephritidae). Male and female B. depressa displayed distinct morphological types of olfactory sensilla in the antennae and maxillary palps, with predominant populations of trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla. Basiconic sensilla, the most abundant type of olfactory sensilla in the antennae, could be further classified into two different types. In contrast, the maxillary palps exhibited predominant populations of a single type of curved basiconic sensilla. High-resolution SEM observation revealed the presence of multiple nanoscale wall-pores on the cuticular surface of trichoid and basiconic sensilla, indicating that their primary function is olfactory. In contrast, coeloconic sensilla displayed several longitudinal grooves around the sensillum peg. The TEM observation of individual antennal olfactory sensilla indicates that the basiconic sensilla are thin-walled, while the trichoid sensilla are thick-walled. The profile of EAG responses of male B. depressa was different from their EPG response profile, indicating that the olfactory function of maxillary palps is different from that of antennae in this species. The structural and functional variation in the olfactory sensilla between antennae and maxillary palps suggests that each plays an independent role in the perception of olfactory signals in B. depressa.

Characterization of Elastic Polymer-Based Smart Insole and a Simple Foot Plantar Pressure Visualization Method Using 16 Electrodes.

In this paper, we propose a smart insole for inexpensive plantar pressure sensing and a simple visualizing scheme. The insole is composed of two elastomeric layers and two electrode layers where the common top electrode is submerged in the insole. The upper elastomeric layer is non-conductive poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) and supports plantar pressure buffering and the lower layer is carbon nano-tube (CNT)-dispersed PDMS for pressure sensing through piezo-resistivity. Under the lower sensing layer are 16 bottom electrodes for pressure distribution sensing without cell-to-cell interference. Since no soldering or sewing is needed the smart insole manufacturing processes is simple and cost-effective. The pressure sensitivity and time response of the material was measured and based on the 16 sensing data of the smart insole, we virtually extended the frame size for continuous and smoothed pressure distribution image with the help of a simple pseudo interpolation scheme.

Long term outcome of antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis B associated decompensated cirrhosis.

AIM: To investigate survival rate and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis in the antiviral era. METHODS: We used the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment. Korea's health insurance system is a public single-payer system. The study population consisted of 286871 patients who were prescribed hepatitis B antiviral therapy for the first time between 2007 and 2014 in accordance with the insurance guidelines. Overall, 48365 antiviral treatment-naïve patients treated between 2008 and 2009 were included, and each had a follow-up period ≥ 5 years. Data were analyzed for the 1st decompensated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and treatment-naïve patients (n = 7166). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 43.5 years. The annual mortality rates were 2.4%-19.1%, and 5-year cumulative mortality rate was 32.6% in 1st decompensated CHB treatment-naïve subjects. But the annual mortality rates sharply decreased to 3.4% (2.4%-4.9%, 2-5 year) after one year of antiviral treatment. Incidence of HCC at first year was 14.3%, the annual incidence of HCC decreased to 2.5% (1.8%-3.7%, 2-5 year) after one year. 5-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 24.1%. Recurrence rate of decompensated event was 46.9% at first year, but the annual incidence of second decompensation events in decompensated CHB treatment-naïve patients was 3.4% (2.1%-5.4%, 2-5 year) after one year antiviral treatment. 5-year cumulative recurrence rate of decompensated events was 60.6%. Meanwhile, 5-year cumulative mortality rate was 3.1%, and 5-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 11.5% in compensated CHB treatment-naïve patients. CONCLUSION: Long term outcome of decompensated cirrhosis treated with antiviral agent improved much, and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality sharply decreased after one year treatment.

Olfactory attraction mediated by the maxillary palps in the striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata: Electrophysiological and behavioral study.

Here, we report that the olfactory attraction of the striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel; Diptera: Tephritidae), a serious pest of pumpkin and other cucurbitaceae plants, to cue lure and raspberry ketone is mediated by the maxillary palps. The antennae, bearing three morphological types (basiconic, trichoid, and coeloconic) of olfactory sensilla, in male and female B. scutellata exhibited significant electroantennogram (EAG) responses to a plant volatile compound, 3-octanone, and methyl eugenol, whereas cue lure, raspberry ketone, and zingerone that are known to attract several other species of Bactrocera fruit flies elicited no significant EAG responses from both sexes. In contrast, maxillary palps, housing one morphological type of basiconic sensilla, displayed the largest electropalpogram (EPG) responses to cue lure followed by raspberry ketone among the five compounds tested in male and female B. scutellata, with only minor EPG responses to 3-octanone, which indicates that the maxillary palps are responsible for detecting cue lure and raspberry ketone in this species. In field trapping experiments, significant number of male B. scutellata were captured in the traps baited with cue lure or raspberry ketone, in which the attractiveness of cue lure was significantly higher than that of raspberry ketone. Methyl eugenol and zingerone were not behaviorally attractive to B. scutellata although they elicited significant EPG responses. Our study indicates that the behavioral attraction of B. scutellata to cue lure and raspberry ketone is mediated by the olfactory sensory neurons present in the maxillary palps.

Species-Specific Interactions between Plant Metabolites and Insect Juvenile Hormone Receptors.

Because juvenile hormone (JH) controls insect development and its analogs are used as insecticides, juvenile hormone disruptors (JHDs) represent potential sources from which novel pesticides can be developed. Many plant species harbor JHD activity, which has previously been attributed plant secondary metabolites (i.e., diterpenes) that disrupt insect development by interfering with the JH-mediated heterodimer formation of insect juvenile receptor complexes. The results of the present study indicate that plant JHD activity is also concentrated in certain plant groups and families and that plant metabolites have insect group-specific activity. These findings suggest that reciprocal diversification has occurred between plants and insects through the evolution of the plant metabolites and JH receptors, respectively, and that plant metabolites could be developed into insect group-specific pesticides with limited effects on non-target species.