Association of combined low physical activity and low dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling Japanese older adults.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between the combination of low physical activity and low dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Japanese adults. Methods: Data from 600 older adults (mean age 74.1 ± 6.4 years; 62.0% women) were analyzed. We evaluated dietary variety based on the Food Frequency Score (FFS) (maximum 30 points) by assessing the one-week consumption frequencies of ten foods. An FFS of ≤ 16 indicated low dietary diversity. We assessed MCI using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG) Functional Assessment Tool. Physical activity levels was determined based on participant responses to two questions: "Do you engage in moderate levels of physical exercise or sports aimed at health?" and "Do you engage in low levels of physical exercise aimed at health?". Participants who responded "No" to both questions were classified as having low physical activity levels. We classified the participants into robust, low-dietary diversity, low-physical activity, and coexistence groups. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 20.7%, with rates in the robust, low dietary diversity, low physical activity, and coexistence groups of 17.7%, 24.7%, 25.0%, and 41.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low dietary diversity and physical activity were associated with MCI in older adults (odds ratio [OR] 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-6.28). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated the association of the co-occurrence of low dietary diversity and low physical activity with MCI. Older adults with both risk factors may require early detection, as well as physical activity and dietary interventions.

Home blood pressure-lowering effect of a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, esaxerenone, versus trichlormethiazide for uncontrolled hypertension: the EXCITE-HT randomized controlled study.

The EXCITE-HT study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone versus thiazide diuretics (trichlormethiazide) as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension. This was a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was confirmed if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) change between groups was below 3.9/2.1 mmHg. A total of 295 and 290 patients were included in the esaxerenone and trichlormethiazide groups, respectively. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was demonstrated: least squares mean change differences in morning home SBP/DBP at end of treatment (EOT) were -2.2 (95% CI, -3.6, -0.8) mmHg for SBP/-0.6 (-1.4, 0.2) mmHg for DBP. Morning home, bedtime home, and office BP significantly decreased (all p < 0.001) from baseline to EOT in both groups. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level decreased from baseline to Week 12 in both groups, with no notable intergroup difference. Serum potassium elevations occurred more frequently with esaxerenone, while serum potassium reductions occurred more with trichlormethiazide. Uric acid elevations were observed in both groups, but more frequently with trichlormethiazide than esaxerenone. No cases of gout occurred in this study. Reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate were similarly observed in both groups. EXCITE-HT is the first randomized controlled study to demonstrate evidence that esaxerenone is non-inferior to trichlormethiazide as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension, with no new safety concerns. The EXCITE-HT study demonstrated the non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide in its morning home blood pressure lowering effect and safety profile in Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension who were previously treated with an angiotensin II receptor blocker or calcium channel blocker.

Association between Estimated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Occurrence of New Lesions after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Japanese Patients with Stable Angina and Receiving Statin Therapy.

Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the most important risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Although lipid-lowering therapy using high-intensity statins for patients with stable CAD is one of the cornerstones of medication therapy, there is still a risk of residual cardiovascular events, even after controlling for LDL-C. Recently, attention has focused on the association between small dense LDL-C as a residual risk factor for CAD, and it has been reported that a formula can be used to calculate the small LDL-C. Methods: We investigated the association between estimated small dense LDL-C (Esd LDL-C) and the occurrence of new lesions with myocardial ischemia ≤ 2 years after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in 537 patients with stable angina who underwent PCI. In this study, all patients had been prescribed statins. This study was based on previously reported data regarding the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and stable angina pectoris after PCI. Results: Revascularization, including new lesions and in-stent restenosis, and new lesions appeared in 130 and 90 patients, respectively, ≤ 2 years after PCI. Age, diabetes mellitus (DM), LDL-C, and Esd LDL-C were associated with the occurrence of revascularization and new lesions ≤ 2 years after PCI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis models revealed that Esd LDL-C [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.004-1.048, p = 0.020; and OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.009-1.057, p = 0.007, respectively] were associated with the revascularization and occurrence of new lesions ≤ 2 years after PCI. Conclusions: As well as total cholesterol and LDL-C, Esd LDL-C was an independent risk factor for the revascularization and occurrence of new lesions ≤ 2 years after PCI for stable angina in Japanese patients receiving statin therapy. In patients with stable angina who are on lipid-lowering therapy with statins, calculating the Esd LDL-C may provide useful information for predicting revascularization and the occurrence of new lesions.

Clinical impact of Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding-Risk scores on clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

High bleeding risk (HBR), as defined by the Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk (ARC-HBR) criteria, has been recently reported to be associated with an increased risk of major bleeding events and cardiovascular events. We investigated the association between the ARC-HBR score and clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We assessed 328 consecutive patients with stable CAD who underwent PCI between January 2017 and December 2020. We scored the ARC-HBR criteria by assigning 1 point to each major criterion and 0.5 points to each minor criterion. Patients were stratified into low (ARC-HBR score < 1), intermediate (1 ≤ ARC-HBR score < 2), and high (ARC-HBR score ≥ 2) bleeding-risk groups. The primary outcome measure was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. We compared the discriminative abilities of the ARC-HBR score with the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2°P) and ARC-HBR score with Coronary Revascularization Demonstrating Outcome Study in Kyoto (CREDO-Kyoto) thrombotic risk score. The mean patient age was 70.1 ± 10.2 years (males, 76.8%). During the median follow-up period of 983 (618-1338) days, 44 patients developed MACE. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that a stepwise significant increase in the cumulative incidence of MACE as the ARC-HBR score increased (log-rank p < 0.001). In the time-dependent receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis for predicting MACE within 2 years, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ARC-HBR score was significantly higher than that of the TRS2°P (AUC: 0.825 vs. 0.725, p value for the difference = 0.023) and similar to that of CREDO-Kyoto thrombotic risk score (AUC: 0.825 vs. 0.813, p value for the difference = 0.627). Conclusions: The ARC-HBR score adequately stratified future risk of MACE in patients with stable CAD who underwent PCI. The ARC-HBR score showed a higher discriminative ability for predicting mid-term MACE than the TRS2°P.

Incidence and predictors of persistent iatrogenic atrial septal defect following catheter ablation.

BACKGROUND: The left atrium approach for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation requires an atrial transseptal puncture that may cause an iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD). This study aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of iASD in catheter ablation, assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), a relatively non-invasive technique frequently employed in follow-up. METHODS: This retrospective study included 639 patients (489 male; 60.2±10.7years) who underwent initial catheter ablation for AF between May 2005 and June 2018. All patients underwent preprocedural transesophageal echocardiography (pre-TEE), preprocedural TTE (pre-TTE), and TTE one day after the procedure (post-TTE). iASD incidence after 6months (6M), preprocedural characteristics, and procedure methods were evaluated. RESULTS: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) was diagnosed in 42 patients (6.6%) using pre-TEE and in 11 patients using pre-TTE (26.2% of the patients with PFO in pre-TEE). Among the 597 patients without PFO, 497 underwent 6M-TTE. iASD was observed in 59.6% of patients using post-TTE and 4.6% using 6M-TTE. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, the total diameter of the sheath through the septum (odds ratio 1.15, p<0.001) or two sheaths through a single puncture (odds ratio 4.17, p=0.001) were independent risk factors on iASD incidence in 6M-TTE. iASD was also more likely to occur via cryoballoon ablation using a larger sheath than radiofrequency catheter ablation. CONCLUSIONS: iASD was not a rare complication. A larger sheath diameter or two sheaths through a single puncture were associated with the incidence of iASD.

Smartphone Proficiency in Community-Dwelling Older Adults is Associated With Higher-Level Competence and Physical Function: A Population-Based Age-Specific Cross-Sectional Study.

With the rapid development of information and communication technology, smartphone ownership has increased among older adults. While previous research has examined the impact of smartphone use on the health of older adults, this study focuses on the less-explored relationship between smartphone use, proficiency, and health-related outcomes including higher-level competence. The study was a cross-sectional survey of 208 community-dwelling older adults who used smartphones daily. Smartphone use, including years of use and applications, was assessed and categorized by age group. Health-related outcomes were measured, including cognitive and psychological function, higher-level competence, basic daily abilities, and physical function. The results indicated that smartphone proficiency decreased with age, with older adults primarily using basic smartphone applications. Notably, higher smartphone proficiency was positively associated with higher-level competence and physical functions. The study underscores the importance of considering smartphone proficiency when assessing older adults' life skills and physical performance in our digital society.

Effect of Oral Care on Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Periodontitis is a common chronic infection and is associated with cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated whether basic oral care for periodontal disease could improve endothelial function in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).This study enrolled 54 patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to Kagoshima City Hospital and who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilatation (FMD) was measured before discharge (initial FMD) and at 8 months after percutaneous coronary intervention (follow-up FMD). The following periodontal characteristics were measured: periodontal pocket depth (PPD, mm), plaque control record (%), and bleeding on probing (%). All patients received basic oral care instructions from dentists. The oral health condition was generally poor in the participants and there were 24 patients (44.4%) who had severe PPD. Despite the intervention of basic oral care, the periodontal characteristics did not improve during the study period; initial FMD and follow-up FMD did not significantly differ (4.38 ± 2.74% versus 4.56 ± 2.51%, P = 0.562). However, the follow-up FMD was significantly lower in patients with severe PPD (≥ 6.0 mm, n = 24) than in patients without severe PPD (≤ 5.0 mm, n = 30) (FMD: 3.58 ± 1.91% versus 5.37 ± 2.67%, P = 0.007). FMD tended to be worse in patients with severe PPD than in patients without severe PPD (ΔFMD: -0.55 ± 2.12 versus 0.81 ± 2.77 %, P = 0.055). In conclusion, during the use of basic oral care, endothelial function improved in patients without severe PPD, while it worsened in patients with severe PPD.

Associations of eating out and dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment among in community-dwelling older adults.

Background: Dementia is a critical later life health issue that occurs among members of aging societies. This study examined the relationships between eating out, dietary diversity, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We analyzed data from 597 older adults (median age 73.0 years [interquartile range 69.0-78.0] and 62.6% females). We applied the Food Frequency Score (FFS) to evaluate diet variety and the weekly consumption frequencies of ten food items were determined. The Functional Assessment Tool from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology was used to evaluate MCI. Finally, we asked the participants how often they ate out each month; those who replied 'none' were categorized into the "non-eating out" group. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 122 (20.4%), with a higher prevalence in the low dietary diversity group than in the high dietary diversity group (28.6% vs. 18.6%). After adjusting for covariates, the participants who self-described as not eating out were independently associated with low dietary diversity (odds ratio [OR]: 1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-3.20), while low dietary diversity was associated with MCI (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.02-2.87). Structural equation models revealed that not eating out had no direct effect on MCI but was associated with MCI via low dietary diversity (root mean square error of approximation = 0.030, goodness-of-fit index=0.999, and adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.984). Conclusions: Although non-eating out may not have a direct effect on MCI, an indirect relationship may exist between eating-out habits and MCI via dietary diversity status.

Simple risk scoring using sinus rhythm electrocardiograms predicts the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the general population.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmic disease. Prediction of AF development in healthy individuals is important before serious complications occur. We aimed to develop a risk prediction score for future AF using participants' data, including electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements and information such as age and sex. We included 88,907 Japanese participants, aged 30-69 years, who were randomly assigned to derivation and validation cohorts in a ratio of 1:1. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis and obtained the standardised beta coefficient of relevant factors and assigned scores to them. We created a score based on prognostic factors for AF to predict its occurrence after five years and applied it to validation cohorts to assess its reproducibility. The risk score ranged from 0 to 17, consisting of age, sex, PR prolongation, QT corrected for heart rate prolongation, left ventricular hypertrophy, premature atrial contraction, and left axis deviation. The area under the curve was 0.75 for the derivation cohort and 0.73 for the validation cohort. The incidence of new-onset AF reached over 2% at 10 points of the risk score in both cohorts. Thus, in this study, we showed the possibility of predicting new-onset AF using ECG findings and simple information.

Machine learning approach using 18F-FDG-PET-radiomic features and the visibility of right ventricle 18F-FDG uptake for predicting clinical events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the usefulness of machine learning (ML) models using pretreatment 18F-FDG-PET-based radiomic features for predicting adverse clinical events (ACEs) in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 47 patients with CS who underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan before treatment. The lesions were assigned to the training (n = 38) and testing (n = 9) cohorts. In total, 49 18F-FDG-PET-based radiomic features and the visibility of right ventricle 18F-FDG uptake were used to predict ACEs using seven different ML algorithms (namely, decision tree, random forest [RF], neural network, k-nearest neighbors, Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, and support vector machine [SVM]) with tenfold cross-validation and the synthetic minority over-sampling technique. The ML models were constructed using the top four features ranked by the decrease in Gini impurity. The AUCs and accuracies were used to compare predictive performances. RESULTS: Patients who developed ACEs presented with a significantly higher surface area and gray level run length matrix run length non-uniformity (GLRLM_RLNU), and lower neighborhood gray-tone difference matrix_coarseness and sphericity than those without ACEs (each, p < 0.05). In the training cohort, all seven ML algorithms had a good classification performance with AUC values of > 0.80 (range: 0.841-0.944). In the testing cohort, the RF algorithm had the highest AUC and accuracy (88.9% [8/9]) with a similar classification performance between training and testing cohorts (AUC: 0.945 vs 0.889). GLRLM_RLNU was the most important feature of the modeling process of this RF algorithm. CONCLUSION: ML analyses using 18F-FDG-PET-based radiomic features may be useful for predicting ACEs in patients with CS.

Effects of ipragliflozin on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A sub-analysis of the PROTECT trial.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on diastolic function might depend on baseline left ventricular (LV) systolic function. METHODS: To investigate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on LV diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we conducted a post-hoc sub-study of the PROTECT trial, stratifying the data according to LV ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline. After excluding patients without echocardiographic data at baseline or 24 months into the PROTECT trial, 31 and 38 patients with T2DM from the full analysis dataset of the PROTECT trial who received ipragliflozin or no SGLT2 inhibitor (control), respectively, were included. The primary endpoint was a comparison of the changes in echocardiographic parameters and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels from baseline to 24 months between the two groups stratified according to baseline LVEF. RESULTS: Differences in diastolic functional parameters (e' and E/e') were noted between the two groups. Among the subgroups defined according to median LVEF values, those with higher LVEF (≥60 %) who received ipragliflozin appeared to have a higher e' and lower E/e' than did those who received the standard of care with no SGLT2 inhibitor, indicating longitudinal improvements between baseline and follow up (p = 0.001 and 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ipragliflozin generally improved LV diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes, the extent of this improvement might appear to vary with LV systolic function.

Independent Association between Cognitive Frailty and Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Although arterial stiffness has been suggested to be associated with poor physical function and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), its association with cognitive frailty (CF), a comorbidity of both, is unclear. This study aims to examine the association between CF and arterial stiffness in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 511 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older (mean age 73.6 ± 6.2 years, 63.6% women), who participated in a community cohort study (Tarumizu Study, 2019), was conducted. Poor physical function was defined as either slowness (walking speed <1.0 m/s) or weakness (grip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women). MCI was defined by the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool as a decline of at least 1.5 standard deviation from age- and education-adjusted baseline values in any one of the four cognitive domains (memory, attention, executive, and information processing). CF was defined as the combination of poor physical function and MCI. Arterial stiffness was measured using the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), and the average of the left and right sides (mean CAVI) was used. RESULTS: Multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates was performed with the four groups of robust, poor physical function, MCI, and CF as dependent variables and mean CAVI as an independent variable. Using the robust group as reference, the poor physical function and MCI groups showed no significant relationship with the mean CAVI. The mean CAVI was significantly higher in the CF group (odds ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-2.29). CONCLUSION: A significant association was found between CF and the higher CAVI (progression of arterial stiffness). Careful observation and control of CAVI, which is also an indicator of arterial stiffness, may be a potential target for preventive interventions for CF.

Comparison of Discriminative Ability of Bleeding Risk Criteria and Scores for Predicting Short- and Mid-Term Major Bleeding Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background: This study aimed to compare the discriminative ability of the Japanese Version of High Bleeding Risk (J-HBR), Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk (ARC-HBR), and Predicting Bleeding Complications in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation and Subsequent Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) scores for predicting major bleeding events. Methods and Results: Between January 2017 and December 2020, 646 consecutive patients who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. We scored the ARC-HBR and J-HBR criteria by assigning 1 point to each major criterion and 0.5 point to each minor criterion. The primary outcome was major bleeding events, defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 or 5 bleeding events. According to the J-HBR, ARC-HBR, and PRECISE-DAPT scores, 428 (66.3%), 319 (49.4%), and 282 (43.7%) patients respectively had a high bleeding risk. During the follow-up period (median, 974 days), 44 patients experienced major bleeding events. The area under the curve (AUC) using the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve for major bleeding events was 0.84, 0.82, and 0.83 within 30 days and 0.86, 0.83, and 0.80 within 2 years for the J-HBR, ARC-HBR, and PRECISE-DAPT scores, respectively. The AUC values did not differ significantly among the 3 bleeding risk scores. Conclusions: The J-HBR score had a discriminative ability similar to the ARC-HBR and PRECISE-DAPT scores for predicting short- and mid-term major bleeding events.

Association between weight gain following smoking cessation and development of hypertension in the future.

Although quitting smoking lowers the risk of developing chronic conditions, it usually leads to weight gain. Literature on the association between weight gain after quitting smoking and the future development of hypertension is scarce. Among 234 596 individuals who visited our health center, 856 who had quit smoking for whom data were available at least 6 years after smoking cessation were included. We evaluated changes in blood pressure and antihypertensive drug prescription rate at 1 and 6 years after smoking cessation. We also compared weight and blood pressure between the smoking cessation and continued smoking groups after 6 years. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures using covariates affecting blood pressure. Since a median weight gain of 1.8 kg was observed at 1 year after smoking cessation, we divided the participants into high and low-weight gain groups. No significant intergroup difference in the antihypertensive drug prescription rate was observed after 6 years. The high weight gain group showed significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures after 6 years. Multiple regression analyses revealed that systolic blood pressure was affected by age and high weight gain, while diastolic blood pressure was affected by high weight gain. Our findings suggest that weight gain following smoking cessation leads to blood pressure elevation: the smoking cessation group gained more weight and had higher blood pressure than the continued smoking group. Therefore, weight loss guidance may be useful for individuals who want to quit smoking. Participants in the high weight gain group showed significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 6 years after smoking cessation that were significantly different from those observed in participants in the low weight gain group and the continued smoking group.

Relationship between defecation status and blood pressure level or blood pressure variability.

Blood pressure variability is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Defecation status has also been associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure variability and defecation status. A total of 184 participants who could measure their home blood pressure for at least 8 days monthly, both at baseline and 1 year later, were included in this study. All participants had their home blood pressure measured using HEM-9700T (OMRON Healthcare). Day-to-day variability of systolic blood pressure was assessed using the coefficient of variation of home systolic blood pressure during 1 month. Data on defecation status was obtained using a questionnaire survey. Eighty-nine patients had an elevated coefficient of variation at 1 year. The proportion of participants with elevated coefficient of variation at 1 year was significantly higher in the no daily bowel movement group than in the daily bowel movement group (72% vs. 42%, P = 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis with the elevated coefficient of variation at 1 year as the objective variable and age, sex, no daily bowel movement, taking medications, including antihypertensive drugs, laxatives, and intestinal preparations, and coefficient of variation at baseline as independent variables, no daily bowel movement was independently associated with the elevated coefficient of variation at 1 year (odds ratio: 3.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.64-8.87, P = 0.0019). In conclusion, no daily bowel movement was independently associated with elevated day-to-day blood pressure variability at 1 year. Relationship between defecation status and blood pressure level or blood pressure variability.

Association between anthropometric indices and 5-year hypertension incidence in the general Japanese population.

No existing reports demonstrate the association between anthropometric indices (body mass index, waist circumference, body roundness index, a body shape index) and hypertension according to sex and age in the general Japanese population. This retrospective analysis involved individuals aged 30-69 years who underwent annual medical checkups at Kagoshima Koseiren Hospital in 2005-2019, and who did not meet hypertension criteria at baseline. The outcome was hypertension incidence after 5 years, and its association with baseline anthropometric indices was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis by sex and age. In 41,902 participants (age 52.3 ± 10.2 years, 47.7% men), 7622 individuals (18.2%) developed hypertension after 5 years. Body mass index, waist circumference, and body roundness index were significantly associated with the development of hypertension in both men and women across all age categories from 30 s to 60 s. In the population with a body mass index <25 kg/m2, waist circumference and body roundness index were significantly associated with hypertension after 5 years. A body shape index was significantly associated with the development of hypertension in men in their 40 s and 50 s but not in women of any age group. The area under the curve values were lower for a body shape index than for body mass index, waist circumference, and body roundness index in both men and women of all age groups. A body shape index was not a stronger indicator for 5-year hypertension incidence than body mass index, waist circumference, or body roundness index in both men and women across age groups from their 30s-60 s. The results of this study will help to more efficiently identify populations at high risk of developing hypertension and provide preventive interventions. A total of 41,902 participants from health checkup programs were stratified by gender and age to investigate the association between baseline anthropometric indices and hypertension incidence over a 5-year period. BMI, WC, and BRI were almost equally effective and showed a better association with risk of developing hypertension in women and young adults compared to men and old adults. Conversely, ABSI showed no greater association than BMI or WC in any age group in both men and women. ABSI, a body shape index; AUC, area under the curve from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; WC, waist circumference.

Triglyceride-glucose index predicts future chronic kidney disease development in all populations, including normotensive and isolated diastolic hypertension.

Hypertension and insulin resistance are established risk factors for chronic kidney disease. However, the association between chronic kidney disease and insulin resistance in detailed hypertension pattern groups such as isolated diastolic hypertension remains unclear. Triglyceride-glucose index has been noted as an indicator of insulin resistance. This study investigated the association between the triglyceride-glucose index and chronic kidney disease in four blood pressure groups: isolated diastolic hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, systolic diastolic hypertension, and normotension. Using a database of 41,811 middle-aged men who had two or more annual health checkups from 2007 to 2019, those with chronic kidney disease at the first visit, antihypertensive/diabetes/dyslipidemia medication users, and incomplete data were excluded. Four groups were categorized using the 140/90 mmHg threshold. A COX proportional hazards model was used to assess the triglyceride-glucose index with incident chronic kidney disease. Participants were divided: isolated diastolic hypertension: 2207 (6.72%), isolated systolic hypertension: 2316 (7.06%), systolic-diastolic hypertension: 3299 (10.05%), normal: 24,996 (76.17%). The follow-up period was 6.78 years. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per unit increase in triglyceride-glucose index: isolated diastolic hypertension (HR = 1.31, 95% CI (1.06-1.62)), isolated systolic hypertension (HR = 1.36, 95% CI (1.12-1.64)), systolic-diastolic hypertension (HR = 1.40, 95% CI (1.19-1.64)), normal (HR = 1.18, 95% CI (1.09-1.28)). Triglyceride-glucose index is relevant for predicting chronic kidney disease development in all subtypes of hypertension. The results may lead to early prediction and prevention of the development of chronic kidney disease.

Association of delayed diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension with its prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Currently, pulmonary hypertension-targeted therapy has been shown to improve the survival of patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the importance of early diagnosis has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether a delayed diagnosis of PAH is associated with its prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 66 consecutive untreated patients were diagnosed with PAH from January 2008 to December 2021 at the Kagoshima University Hospital. The time from symptom onset to diagnosis correlated with brain natriuretic peptide levels (p < 0.001), right ventricle (RV) Tei index (p < 0.001), and the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio (p = 0.003). These findings suggest that in patients with PAH, RV function declines with increasing time from symptom onset to diagnosis. Furthermore, older patients with PAH appeared to have a longer time from symptom onset to diagnosis. Next, patients were divided into delayed diagnosis (>3 months) and early diagnosis (≤3 months) groups based on the time from symptom onset to diagnosis. Patients were categorized into three groups according to the European Society of Cardiology (or the European Respiratory Society) risk stratification guidelines. Patients diagnosed with PAH within 3 months of symptom onset were significantly in the low- or intermediate-risk groups (p < 0.001). A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative event-free rate was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the delayed diagnosis group than in the early diagnosis group. A delayed diagnosis was significantly associated with a worse outcome than an early diagnosis, after adjusting for different sets of confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: A delayed PAH diagnosis is associated with a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis of PAH may lead to a low-risk treatment. Furthermore, older patients need more careful screening for PAH.