Successful Administration of Kampo Medicine and Acupuncture Treatment to Improve Erythromelalgia: A Case Report.

Erythromelalgia is a rare disease characterized by a triad of recurrent burning pain, redness with pain, and hot flashes in the legs during attacks. We report the case of a 40-year-old woman who suffered from refractory erythromelalgia for 15 years and was successfully managed with Kampo medicine and acupuncture. Her pain was refractory to seven types of oral medications and intravenous lidocaine injections. Byakkokaninjinto was also administered for concomitant polydipsia in addition to acupuncture, unseiin, orengedokuto, and sokeikakketsuto. Because erythromelalgia has no established treatment, traditional Kampo medicine combined with acupuncture may help improve the quality of life of affected patients.

Sugar-binding profiles of the mesothelial glycocalyx in frozen tissues of mice revealed by lectin staining.

The mesothelium is a non-adhesive protective surface that lines the serosal cavities and organs within the body. The glycocalyx is a complex structure that coats the outer layer of the mesothelium. However, due to the limitations of conventional fixation techniques, studies on glycans are limited. In this study, lectin staining of frozen tissues was performed to investigate the diversity of glycans in the glycocalyx of mesothelial cells in mice. Datura stramonium lectin (DSL), which recognizes lactosamine and binds to Galectin-3 and -1, was broadly bound to the mesothelial cells of the visceral and parietal peritoneum but not to the pancreas, liver, intestine, or heart. Furthermore, human mesothelial cells in the omentum and parietal peritoneum were positive for DSL. Erythrina cristagalli lectin binding was specific to mesothelial cells in the parietal peritoneum, that is, the pleura, diaphragm, and peritoneum. Intriguingly, surface sialylation, the key element in reducing peritoneal dissemination and implantation, and promoting ascites formation by ovarian carcinoma cells, was much higher in the parietal peritoneum than in the omentum. These findings revealed slight differences in the glycans of mesothelial cells of different organs, which may be related to clinical diseases. These results also suggest that there may be differences in the functions of parietal and visceral mesothelial cells.

Successful Therapeutic Leukapheresis for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Identified by Persistent Erection: A Case Report.

Cytoreduction in leukostasis can be achieved using leukapheresis. We report a case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) identified by a persistent erection, which was successfully treated using the Spectra Optia®ï¸Ž apheresis system. A 29-year-old male presented with an erection for 12 hours without identified triggers and no improvement despite penile corpus cavernosum puncture. His white blood cell count was 458,930/µL. A diagnosis of CML-induced persistent erection with secondary hyperleukocytosis was established. Following an emergency bilateral penile corpus cavernosum incision (distal shunting), he received hydroxyurea and febuxostat. Persistent erection resolved after leukapheresis for two consecutive days. Rapid leukocyte count reduction can effectively address leukostasis in CML without major complications.

Treatment strategy for compartment syndrome at multiple regions due to injuries caused by a tree fall: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Compartment syndrome commonly occurs in patients with forearm and lower leg fractures. Compartment syndromes of the gluteal and thigh muscles are less common. It is imperative that compartment syndrome be diagnosed and treated with fasciotomy as soon as possible. However, there are few reports on the diagnosis and treatment strategies for compartment syndromes that occur simultaneously in multiple anatomical regions or in the ipsilateral gluteal region and thigh. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on a 76-year-old man who was obliquely crushed under a tree extending from the right forearm to the left groin. He was brought to our emergency room, where he was diagnosed with compartment syndrome of the right forearm and left lower leg and crush syndrome. Emergency fasciotomy was performed. On the day after admission, swelling and tightness of the left gluteal thigh became apparent, and intracompartmental pressures were elevated, which led to an additional diagnosis of these compartment syndromes. A fasciotomy was performed, the gluteal skin incision was made according to the Kocher-Langenbeck approach (one of the posterior approaches for hip fractures), and the thigh was approached by extending the incision laterally. This surgical approach enabled the decompression of the compartments through a single incision and allowed for easier wound treatment and closure. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndrome in four anatomical regions. Extension of the Kocher-Langenbeck approach to the lateral thigh can be a useful surgical approach for ipsilateral gluteal and thigh compartment syndrome.

Tissue damage between barbed suture and conventional sutures in animal laboratory model using scanning electron microscopy.

This study aimed to compare the tissue damage caused by barbed sutures and conventional sutures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Porcine myocardium was incised and sutured using different thread types: barbed suture, (STRATAFIX® Spiral PDS PLUS) and conventional sutures, (VICRYL® and PDS Plus®). Needle hole shapes were examined at magnifications of 30×-100×. VICRYL® suture damaged the tissue and created large gaps around the needle holes. The tissue around the needle holes was smoother and less damaged in the single suture ligations with PDS®; however, a large gap had formed. In the continuous suture with STRATAFIX®, the tissue around the needle holes was significantly smoother and minimally damaged, with no noticeable gaps around the needle holes. Barbed sutures reduced the load on needle holes and minimised tissue damage owing to the dispersion of traction forces by the barbs compared with conventional sutures.

Effectiveness of early high-flow nasal oxygen therapy after extubation of patients in the intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of early high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) therapy initiation using a pre-determined respiratory rate­oxygenation (ROX) index on reducing reintubation rates and duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in post-extubated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled a total of 145 extubated patients (mean age: 67.1 ± 12.9 years; sex: 96 male and 49 female; acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score: 18.4 ± 6.8 points) classified into two groups: 71 patients admitted to the ICU before establishing extubation criteria and 74 patients after criteria implementation, over a 6-month period. We compared the HFNO reintubation rates and ROX index at 2 h post-extubation before and after implementing early HFNO criteria. RESULTS: The utilization rate of HFNO pre- and post-establishment of early HFNO criteria did not differ significantly (19.7% vs. 17.6%). However, the reintubation rate significantly decreased (11.3% vs. 4.1%, P < 0.05) with early HFNO use. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the total intubation period (5.2 ± 7.0 vs. 2.5 ± 2.7 days, P < 0.05) and ICU duration (8.6 ± 9.7 vs. 5.8 ± 5.6 days, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early initiation of HFNO guided by the ROX index threshold post-extubation in patients admitted to ICU is associated with reduced reintubation rates and shorter ICU stays.

Mouse Brain Tissue Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to observe the surface structure of an object by irradiating an electron beam onto the sample and detecting the reflected and emitted electrons. Because of its large depth of focus, SEM can provide the three-dimensional structure of small surfaces that cannot be observed using an optical microscope. Furthermore, the cross-sectional structure of the tissue can be observed by freeze-cracking. Observing the ultrastructure of organisms that contain large amounts of water in their bodies while maintaining high resolution is challenging; however, this has recently become possible. Here, we explain the fixation and freeze-cracking method for mouse brain samples.

Nafamostat mesylate decreases skin flap necrosis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes by protecting the endothelial glycocalyx.

The success rate of flap tissue reconstruction has increased in recent years owing to advancements in microsurgical techniques. However, complications, such as necrosis, are still more prevalent in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic individuals, presenting an ongoing challenge. To address this issue, many previous studies have examined vascular anastomoses dilation and stability, primarily concerning surgical techniques or drugs. In contrast, in the present study, we focused on microvascular damage of the peripheral microvessels in patients with diabetes mellitus and the preventative impact of nafamostat mesylate. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on glycocalyx (GCX) levels in mice with type 2 diabetes. We examined the endothelial GCX (eGCX) in skin flap tissue of 9-12-week-old type 2 diabetic mice (db/db mice) using a perforator skin flap and explored treatment with nafamostat mesylate. The growth rates were compared after 1 week. Heterotype (db/+) mice were used as the control group. Morphological examination of postoperative tissues was performed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-surgery. In addition, db/db mice were treated with 30 mg/kg/day of nafamostat mesylate daily and were evaluated on postoperative day 7. Seven days after surgery, all db/db mice showed significant partial flap necrosis. Temporal observation of the skin flaps revealed a stasis-like discoloration and necrosis starting from the contralateral side of the remaining perforating branch. The control group did not exhibit flap necrosis, and the flap remained intact. In the quantitative assessment of endothelial glycans using lectins, intensity scoring showed that the eGCX in the db/db group was significantly thinner than that in the db/+ group. These results were consistent with the scanning electron microscopy findings. In contrast, treatment with nafamostat mesylate significantly improved the flap engraftment rate and suppressed eGCX injury. In conclusion, treatment with nafamostat mesylate improves the disrupted eGCX structure of skin flap tissue in db/db mice, potentially ameliorating the impaired capillary-to-venous return in the skin flap tissue.

Right subclavian artery injury during catheter insertion into the right internal jugular vein treated with endovascular stent graft placement after balloon occlusion test: A case report.

Subclavian artery injuries during internal jugular vein puncture when attempting central venous catheter insertion are rare. A 60-year-old man undergoing treatment for neuromyelitis optica with paralysis and sensory loss developed a complication during catheter placement into his right internal jugular vein for plasmapheresis. His previous physician felt resistance and discontinued the procedure. The patient later developed mild dyspnea and dysphagia. Computed tomography scans indicated thrombus formation and tracheal deviation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans showed right subclavian artery injury with extravasation and a large pseudoaneurysm. Following transferal to our hospital, he was stable and asymptomatic; however, contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans showed a pseudoaneurysm located proximal to the right subclavian artery. Considering challenges with compression hemostasis and the invasiveness of open surgery, endovascular treatment was selected using a VIABAHN stent graft. A balloon occlusion test of the right vertebral artery was performed to assess stroke risk. Prophylactic embolization of the right vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk were performed to prevent a type 2 endoleak. On hospital day 5, our patient showed no postoperative complications and was transferred to the referring hospital. Follow-up imaging showed the graft was intact with no pseudoaneurysm, confirming successful treatment. Endovascular treatment with a stent graft is highly effective for peripheral artery injuries. Using a balloon occlusion test to assess collateral blood flow and stroke risk is essential pretreatment, especially when a graft might occlude the vertebral artery. Balloon occlusion tests are recommended when planning treatment for iatrogenic and other types of subclavian artery injuries.

Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein levels may be associated with the occurrence of acute kidney injury induced by trauma.

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI), with a fatality rate of 8.6%, is one of the most common types of multiorgan failure in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, AKI should be diagnosed early, and early interventions should be implemented. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) could aid in the diagnosis of AKI. Methods: In this prospective, single-center, observational study, we included 100 patients with trauma. Urinary L-FABP levels were measured using a semi-quantitative rapid assay kit 6 and 12 h after injury. Negative, weakly positive, and strongly positive urinary L-FABP levels were examined using two protocols. Using protocol 1, measurements were performed at 6 h after injury negative levels were considered "negative," and weakly positive and strongly positive levels were considered "positive." Using protocol 2, strongly positive levels at 6 h after injury were considered "positive," and negative or weakly positive levels at 6 h after injury were considered "positive" if they were weakly positive or positive at 12 h after injury. Results: Fifteen patients were diagnosed with AKI. Using protocol 1, the odds ratio (OR) was 20.55 (p = 0.001) after adjustment for the injury severity score (ISS), contrast media use, and shock index. When the L-FABP levels at 6 and 12 h were similarly adjusted for those three factors, the OR was 18.24 (p < 0.001). The difference in ORs for protocols 1 and 2 was 1.619 (p = 0.04). Discussion: Associations between urinary L-FABP and AKI can be examined more precisely by performing measurements at 6 and 12 h after injury than only one time at 6 h.

Association between loss of hypercoagulable phenotype, clinical features and complement pathway consumption in COVID-19.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) features a hypercoagulable state, but therapeutic anticoagulation effectiveness varies with disease severity. We aimed to evaluate the dynamics of the coagulation profile and its association with COVID-19 severity, outcomes, and biomarker trajectories. Methods: This multicenter, prospective, observational study included patients with COVID-19 requiring respiratory support. Rotational thromboelastometry findings were evaluated for coagulation and fibrinolysis status. Hypercoagulable status was defined as supranormal range of maximum clot elasticity in an external pathway. Longitudinal laboratory parameters were collected to characterize the coagulation phenotype. Results: Of 166 patients, 90 (54%) were severely ill at inclusion (invasive mechanical ventilation, 84; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 6). Higher maximum elasticity (P=0.02) and lower maximum lysis in the external pathway (P=0.03) were observed in severely ill patients compared with the corresponding values in patients on non-invasive oxygen supplementation. Hypercoagulability components correlated with platelet and fibrinogen levels. Hypercoagulable phenotype was associated with favorable outcomes in severely ill patients, while normocoagulable phenotype was not (median time to recovery, 15 days vs. 27 days, P=0.002), but no significant association was observed in moderately ill patients. In patients with severe COVID-19, lower initial C3, minimum C3, CH50, and greater changes in CH50 were associated with the normocoagulable phenotype. Changes in complement components correlated with dynamics of coagulation markers, hematocrit, and alveolar injury markers. Conclusions: While hypercoagulable states become more evident with increasing severity of respiratory disease in patients with COVID-19, normocoagulable phenotype is associated with triggered by alternative pathway activation and poor outcomes.

Adjunct Acupuncture Improved Respiratory Status and Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation After Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia.

Background: A patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia had adjunctive acupuncture to improve respiration and facilitate weaning off prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). Case: A man in his 40s with COVID-19 was in an advanced critical-care center on symptom day 5 for respiratory failure due to pneumonia requiring MV therapy. He received high-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy, antiviral agents, and multiple antibiotics for complicated bacterial pneumonia and bacteremia. Repeated MV weaning attempts failed, although his pneumonia gradually improved. Then, acupuncture 4 times per week was started to improve his respiration and facilitate MV weaning from day 49 of his symptoms' onset. Results: His weaning-related indices improved, including reductions in respiratory rate and Rapid Shallow Breath Index. His O2 saturation increased immediately after each acupuncture treatment. The day after the first acupuncture treatment, his MV support was reduced by changing ventilation mode from synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mode during the day without exacerbation of respiratory status. After 3 days of acupuncture, this patient was on CPAP support alone. MV therapy was discontinued completely after 8 days of acupuncture (6th acupuncture treatment). Conclusions: Acupuncture improved respiration and facilitated MV weaning in a patient with respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. Adjunctive acupuncture may benefit such patients and others after severe pneumonia. Large cohort studies are needed.

Recombinant antithrombin attenuates acute kidney injury associated with rhabdomyolysis: an in vivo animal study.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by the destruction and necrosis of skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI). Recombinant antithrombin (rAT) has DNA repair and vascular endothelial-protection properties. Herein, we investigated whether rAT therapy has beneficial effects against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Ten-week-old male B6 mice were injected with 5 mL/kg of 50% glycerol intramuscularly in the left thigh after 24 h of fasting to create a rhabdomyolysis mouse model. Further, 750 IU/kg rAT was injected intraperitoneally at 24 and 72 h after the rhabdomyolysis model was established. The mice were euthanized after 96 h for histological analysis. Saline was administered to mice in the control group. RESULTS: Blood tests show elevated serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in rhabdomyolysis. Loss of tubular epithelial cell nuclei and destruction of the tubular luminal surface structure was observed in the untreated group, which improved with rAT treatment. Immunostaining for Ki-67 showed increased Ki-67-positive nuclei in the tubular epithelial cells in the rAT group, suggesting that rAT may promote tubular epithelial cell regeneration. The microvilli of the brush border of the renal tubules were shed during rhabdomyolysis, and rAT treatment reduced this injury. The vascular endothelial glycocalyx, which is usually impaired by rhabdomyolysis, became functional following rAT treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with rAT suppressed rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, suggesting that rAT therapy may be a novel therapeutic approach.

Endothelial Glycocalyx in the Peripheral Capillaries is Injured Under Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy.

Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based anticancer drug, is associated with peripheral neuropathy (oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, OIPN), which can lead to worsening of quality of life and treatment interruption. The endothelial glycocalyx, a fragile carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of endothelial cells, acts as an endothelial gatekeeper and has been suggested to protect nerves, astrocytes, and other cells from toxins and substances released from the capillary vessels. Mechanisms underlying OIPN and the role of the glycocalyx remain unclear. This study aimed to define changes in the three-dimensional ultrastructure of capillary endothelial glycocalyx near nerve fibers in the hind paws of mice with OIPN. The mouse model of OPIN revealed disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx in the peripheral nerve compartment, accompanied by vascular permeability, edema, and damage to the peripheral nerves. To investigate the potential treatment interventions, nafamostat mesilate, a glycocalyx protective agent was used in tumor-bearing male mice. Nafamostat mesilate suppressed mechanical allodynia associated with neuropathy. It also prevented intra-epidermal nerve fiber loss and improved vascular permeability in the peripheral paws. The disruption of endothelial glycocalyx in the capillaries that lie within peripheral nerve bundles is a novel finding in OPIN. Furthermore, these findings point toward the potential of a new treatment strategy targeting endothelial glycocalyx to prevent vascular injury as an effective treatment of neuropathy as well as of many other diseases. PERSPECTIVE: OIPN damages the endothelial glycocalyx in the peripheral capillaries, increasing vascular permeability. In order to prevent OIPN, this work offers a novel therapy approach that targets endothelial glycocalyx.

Impact of augmented renal clearance on anticoagulant therapy in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the impact of augmented renal clearance (ARC) on anticoagulation therapy in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with severe COVID-19 with ARC who had been treated at our hospital between 2020 and 2021. We measured the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (eGFRCKD-EPI) every morning, and ARC condition was defined as eGFRCKD-EPI ≥ 130 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multivariate regression analysis with Huber-White sandwich estimator was performed to examine the association of unfractionated heparin (UH) dosage between blood test timings with activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) compared with and without ARC. RESULTS: We identified 38 enrolled patients: seven and 31 in the ARC and non-ARC groups, respectively. In the ARC coexisting condition, a higher dose of UH, which corresponded to the total dose in 24 h from the previous day, was required to achieve the same APTT prolongation, with a significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that careful monitoring and consideration of higher UH doses in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is necessary because anticoagulation failure can occur during ARC.

Prevention of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy by protecting the endothelial glycocalyx shedding.

Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) adversely affects the quality of life and treatment continuity of patients. The endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) protects nerves from harmful substances released from the capillary vessels, but its role in peripheral neuropathy remains unclear. We investigated the impact of eGCX protection on VIPN. Using a murine model of VIPN, we administered nafamostat mesylate to protect the eGCX shedding, and analyzed the eGCX integrity and manifestation of peripheral neuropathy. Nafamostat treatment suppressed allodynia associated with neuropathy. Additionally, nafamostat administration resulted in the suppression of increased vascular permeability in capillaries of peripheral nerves, further indicating its positive influence on eGCX in VIPN model mice. This study provided the importance of eGCX in VIPN. With the potential for rapid clinical translation through drug repositioning, nafamostat may be a new promising treatment for the prevention of VIPN.

Delayed diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019: importance of comprehensive oral and neck examination - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Given the widespread prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), oral and neck examinations tend to be avoided in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This might delay the diagnosis of conditions such as Lemierre's syndrome, which involves symptoms resembling COVID-19-related throat manifestations. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old man without any underlying conditions was diagnosed with COVID-19 7 days before presentation. He was admitted to another hospital 1 day before presentation with severe COVID-19 and suspected bacterial pneumonia; accordingly, he was started on treatment with remdesivir and meropenem. Owing to bacteremic complications, the patient was transferred to our hospital for intensive care. On the sixth day, the patient experienced hemoptysis; further, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed new pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms. Successful embolization was performed to achieve hemostasis. In blood cultures conducted at the previous hospital, Fusobacterium nucleatum was isolated, suggesting a cervical origin of the infection. A neck CT scan confirmed a peritonsillar abscess and left internal jugular vein thrombus; accordingly, he was diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome. The treatment was switched to ampicillin/sulbactam, based on the drug susceptibility results. After 6 weeks of treatment, the patient completely recovered without complications. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the significance of thorough oral and neck examinations in patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 for the detection of throat and neck symptoms caused by other conditions.

Decreased neutrophil counts prolong inflammation in acute pancreatitis and cause inflammation spillover to distant organs.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Acute pancreatitis is an aseptic inflammation caused by pathologically activated pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory mediators produced secondarily by neutrophils and other inflammatory cells and is one of the most difficult diseases to treat. This study aimed to investigate the role of neutrophils in pancreatitis by examining tissue dynamics. METHODS: We created a model of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in 12-week-old male granulocyte colony-stimulating factor knockout mice (G-CSF-KO) and wild-type littermate control mice (six intraperitoneal injections of caerulein [80 µg/kg body weight] at hourly intervals for 2 days). Mice were sacrificed 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 168 h after caerulein administration and examined histologically. RESULTS: The survival rate after one week of caerulein administration was 100 % in the control mice, whereas it was significantly lower (10 %) in the G-CSF-KO mice. Histological examination revealed significant hemorrhage and inflammatory cell migration in the G-CSF-KO mice, indicating prolonged inflammation. CONCLUSION: Prolonged inflammation was observed in the G-CSF-KO mice. Tissue cleanup by neutrophils during the acute phase of inflammation may influence healing through the chronic phase.

The endothelial glycocalyx-All the same? No, it is not.

The endothelial glycocalyx covers the lumen of blood vessels throughout the body and plays an important role in endothelial homeostasis. Advances in electron microscopy techniques have provided clues to better understand the structure and composition of identical vascular endothelial glycocalyx. The morphology and thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx differ from organ to organ. The content of the endothelial glycocalyx covering the vascular lumen differs even in the brain, heart, and lungs, which have the same continuous capillaries. Various types of inflammation are known to attenuate the endothelial glycocalyx; however, we found that the morphology of the glycocalyx damaged by acute inflammation differed from that damaged by chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation breaks the endothelial glycocalyx unevenly, whereas chronic inflammation leads to the overall shortening of the endothelial glycocalyx. The same drug has different effects on the endothelial glycocalyx, depending on the location of the target blood vessels. This difference in response may reflect not only the size and shape of the endothelial glycocalyx but also the different constituents. In the cardiac tissue, the expression of glypican-1, a core protein of the endothelial glycocalyx, was enhanced. By contrast, in the pulmonary tissue, the expression of heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 and endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 significantly increased in the treatment group compared with that in the no-treatment group. In this review, we present the latest findings on the evolution of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx and consider the microstructural differences.

Corrigendum: Retrospective cohort study to determine the effect of preinjury antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy on mortality in patients with major trauma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1089219.].