Factors for conversion risk of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has become a widely accepted treatment method for colorectal tumors; however, there are some persistent problems. This multi-center study aimed to characterize the risk factors for incomplete resection and perforation in standardized colorectal ESD procedures. METHODS: This study included 2423 consecutive patients who underwent ESD for 2592 colorectal tumors between August 2013 and December 2018 at 11 institutions (1 academic hospital and 10 affiliated hospitals) from the Hiroshima GI Endoscopy Research Group. We evaluated the risk factors for interruption, piecemeal resection, and perforation of standardized colorectal ESD in relation to clinicopathologic and endoscopic characteristics. RESULTS: The incidences of interruption, piecemeal resection, and perforation were 0.7%, 2.9%, and 3.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified the following risk factors for interruption: perforation during the procedure, deep submucosal invasion (> 1000 µm), poor scope operability, and severe submucosal fibrosis. The risk factors for piecemeal resection included poor scope operability, severe submucosal fibrosis, and procedure time (≥ 85 min). The risk factors for perforation during the procedure were severe submucosal fibrosis, poor scope operability, procedure time (≥ 85 min), and tumor size (≥ 40 mm). Independent risk factors for severe submucosal fibrosis included a history of biopsy and lesions located on the fold or flexure. CONCLUSIONS: Severe submucosal fibrosis and poor scope operability are the common risk factors for interruption, piecemeal resection, and perforation in standardized colorectal ESD.

Efficacy and safety comparison of scissor-type knives with needle-type knives for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a post-hoc propensity score-matched analysis (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many knives have been developed to improve the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of scissor-type knives for colorectal ESD compared with needle-type knives. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc propensity score-matched analysis in an 11-facility study between August 2013 and December 2018. A total of 2330 patients (2498 lesions) who underwent colorectal ESD were divided into needle-type (1923 patients, 2067 lesions) and scissor-type (407 patients, 431 lesions) knife groups. Short-term outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Two-to-one propensity score-matched analysis identified 814 (709 patients) and 407 (386 patients) lesions in the needle- and scissor-type knife groups, respectively. The median resection speed was significantly faster in the needle-type group (18.3 mm2/min) than in the scissor-type group (13.2 mm2/min, P < .0001), whereas en-bloc and histologic complete resection rates were not significantly different between the needle- and scissor-type groups (96.8% [788/814] vs 98.3% [400/407], P = .1888 and 95.1% [774/814] vs 95.6% [389/407], P = .7763, respectively). The rate of lesions resected using a single knife was significantly higher in the scissor-type group (98.5% [401/407]) than in the needle-type group (43.9% [357/814], P < .0001). Rates of intraoperative perforation and delayed bleeding were significantly lower in the scissor-type group than in the needle-type group (.7% [3/407] vs 2.5% [20/814], P = .0431 for each). CONCLUSIONS: Scissor-type knives are safer for colorectal ESD. However, they are associated with slower resection speeds compared with needle-type knives. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000016197.).

Real-world learning curve analysis of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a large multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The current status of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) performed by endoscopists without colorectal ESD experience is unknown. This study evaluated the quality of colorectal ESD performed by endoscopists without colorectal ESD experience. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 420 consecutive patients with 427 superficial colorectal tumors (male/female, 251/169; mean age, 69 years) who underwent ESD. The procedures were performed by 31 endoscopists without colorectal ESD experience using needle knife-type devices at 13 hospitals from October 2008 to June 2017. Cases were divided into the first and second phases according to the experience of the endoscopist: the first phase included the first 20 cases and the second phase included case 21 and beyond. We also identified factors associated with en bloc resection failure. RESULTS: Rates of colonic tumors, laterally spreading tumors of the non-granular type, poor scope operability, and severe submucosal fibrosis for the first phase were significantly lower than those for the second phase. The en bloc resection rates for the first and second phases were 93% and 96%, respectively. The factors associated with en bloc resection failure were poor scope operability (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-6.5), severe submucosal fibrosis (OR 6.5; 95% CI 2.6-15.9), and the first 20 cases (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2-10.1). CONCLUSION: Inexperienced endoscopists should initially perform colorectal ESD for tumors without severe submucosal fibrosis under good scope operability for at least 20 cases.

Evaluation of individual risk in nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding patients with NSAID administration: a multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUNDS: Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is an undesirable effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We conducted a multicenter study in Japan to clarify the GI risk grade in patients with NSAID-induced GI bleeding. METHODS: Patients with emergent endoscopic hemostasis by nonvariceal bleeding were registered from 36 hospitals in Hiroshima. In cases with NSAID use, the GI risk grade (low, moderate, or high) was evaluated, and concomitant drugs were investigated. We asked 79 gastroenterologists and 234 orthopedists what concomitant drugs they would prescribe to 3 simulated patients. RESULTS: A total of 1,350 patients were registered. NSAIDs were used in 278 cases (21%). Concerning the risk grade in each patient, the largest group was the moderate-risk group (203 patients; 73%), while the high-risk group comprised 10% of all NSAID users with bleeding. A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or misoprostol was administrated to only 20 patients (7%). A small number of the gastroenterologists and orthopedists who responded to the questionnaire would prescribe PPI or misoprostol to simulated patients with short-term loxoprofen use. CONCLUSIONS: In NSAID users with GI bleeding, the moderate-risk group was the largest group for GI toxicity in Japan. In these cases, PPI or misoprostol was not commonly medicated in clinical practice.

Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer has been proven in epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Our aim was to investigate the prophylactic effect of H pylori eradication on the development of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer. METHODS: In this multi-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, 544 patients with early gastric cancer, either newly diagnosed and planning to have endoscopic treatment or in post-resection follow-up after endoscopic treatment, were randomly assigned to receive an H pylori eradication regimen (n=272) or control (n=272). Randomisation was done by a computer-generated randomisation list and was stratified by whether the patient was newly diagnosed or post-resection. Patients in the eradication group received lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 750 mg twice daily, and clarithromycin 200 mg twice daily for a week; those in the control group received standard care, but no treatment for H pylori. Patients were examined endoscopically at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after allocation. The primary endpoint was diagnosis of new carcinoma at another site in the stomach. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000001169. FINDINGS: At 3-year follow-up, metachronous gastric carcinoma had developed in nine patients in the eradication group and 24 in the control group. In the full intention-to-treat population, including all patients irrespective of length of follow-up (272 patients in each group), the odds ratio for metachronous gastric carcinoma was 0.353 (95% CI 0.161-0.775; p=0.009); in the modified intention-to-treat population, including patients with at least one post-randomisation assessment of tumour status and adjusting for loss to follow-up (255 patients in the eradication group, 250 in the control group), the hazard ratio for metachronous gastric carcinoma was 0.339 (95% CI 0.157-0.729; p=0.003). In the eradication group, 19 (7%) patients had diarrhoea and 32 (12%) had soft stools. INTERPRETATION: Prophylactic eradication of H pylori after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer should be used to prevent the development of metachronous gastric carcinoma. FUNDING: Hiroshima Cancer Seminar Foundation.

Gastric MALT lymphomas are divided into three groups based on responsiveness to Helicobacter Pylori eradication and detection of API2-MALT1 fusion.

Gastric MALT lymphoma shows unique features including regression by Helicobacter pylori eradication and API2-MALT1 fusion. We performed a molecular and clinicopathologic study for 115 cases. All eradication-responsive cases were devoid of API2-MALT1 fusion. All tumors positive for the fusion and all negative for H. pylori infection were nonresponsive to the eradication. Consequently, gastric MALT lymphomas were divided into three groups: Eradication-responsive and fusion-negative (group A, n = 72), eradication-nonresponsive and fusion-negative (group B, n = 22), and eradication-nonresponsive and fusion-positive (group C, n = 21). Group A tumors were characterized by low clinical stage and superficial gastric wall involvement, and group C tumors by low H. pylori infection rate, advanced clinical stage, and nuclear BCL10 expression. All group C tumors showed exclusively low-grade histology. Group B tumors, which have not been well recognized, frequently showed nodal involvement, deep gastric wall involvement, and advanced clinical stage, and sometimes an increased large cell component. A multivariate discriminant analysis revealed that responsiveness to the eradication could be predicted accurately by negative API2-MALT1 fusion, positive H. pylori infection, low clinical stage, and superficial gastric wall invasion, the former being the most important factor for the prediction. This 3-group categorization may be helpful for a comprehensive understanding of gastric MALT lymphoma.

H. pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recently, many study have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection is crucial in development of atrophic gastritis, which is closely associated with gastric cancer. We conducted a long-term endoscopic prospective follow-up study to investigate the development of gastric cancer in H. pylori-positive and -negative patients. METHODS: 1,603 patients who underwent endoscopy and were assessed as to the presence of H. pylori infection by histology, rapid urease test and serologic test between April 1990 and March 1993 were entered. We prospectively studied 1246 subjects with and 280 subjects without H. pylori infection for a mean follow-up of 7.8 years (range 1-10.6 years). RESULTS: Gastric cancer of both the intestinal and diffuse type developed in 36 (2.9%) infected patients but in none of the uninfected patients during follow-up. There was an increased risk for gastric cancer in infected patients with severe gastric atrophy and corpus predominant gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Gastric cancer was detected in 21 (4.7%) of the patients with non ulcer dyspepsia, in 10 (3.4%) of those with gastric ulcer and in 5 (2.2%) of those with gastric hyperplastic polyp, at enrollment. No gastric cancer was detected in duodenal ulcer patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the development of both types of gastric cancer is caused by H. pylori-associated gastritis, and the risk for development of gastric cancer in H. pylori-negative subjects is extremely low. Subjects having H. pylori-positive gastric mucosa with severe atrophy and/or corpus gastritis may be at particularly high risk for gastric cancer.