Thickness and immunohistochemistry of LASIK flaps created by different femtosecond lasers in eye-bank corneas / Espessura e imunohistoquímica de flap de LASIK criado com diferentes laseres de femtosegundo em córneas de banco de olhos

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the corneal cell viability and thickness of LASIK flaps created by 3 femtosecond lasers in eye-bank human corneas. Methods: Forty-five eye-bank human sclerocorneal buttons (15 corneas in each group) were examined after the creation of 120 mm-thick laser-assisted keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps with 150kHz iFS In­traLase™ (IL), Z6 Femto LDV™ (LDV), or 200kHz Wavelight™ FS200 (FS200). The thickness of the flaps was measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT; Visante™). Cell viability was blindly evaluated with immunohistochemistry for keratocyte apoptosis using anti-caspase 3 antibodies. Results: The standard deviation from the intended flap thickness was less than 10 mm in all the groups. There was a statistically significant difference in corneas treated with LDV and IL with regard to the flap thickness horizontally at +3.00 mm (p=0.0124), -0.5 mm (p=0.0082), and -1.00 mm (p=0.0425) from the corneal vertex and +0.5 mm from the flap edge (p=0.0240), and those treated with LDV and FS200 with regard to the flap thickness horizontally at -0.5 mm from the corneal vertex (p=0.0082). The mean keratocyte apoptosis numbers were 13.09 ± 1.10, 15.59 ± 3.28, and 17.72 ± 1.49 in corneas treated with IL, FS200, and LDV, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: All 3 assessed femtosecond lasers provided predictable LASIK flap thickness. The mean stromal keratocyte apoptosis number was low in all groups.

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar a viabilidade celular e a espessura do disco de LASIK confeccionado por três laseres de femtosegundo, em córneas humanas de banco de olhos. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco botões córneo-esclerais humanos de banco de olhos (15 córneas em cada grupo) foram examinados, após a criação de disco de LASIK com 120 mm de espessura, utilizando-se o iFS IntraLase® 150kHz (IL), o Femto LDV® Z6 (LDV), ou o Wavelight® FS200 200kHz (FS200). Tomografia de coerência óptica do seguimento anterior (OCT Visante®) foi usada para medir a espessura dos discos. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada por meio de imuno-histoquímica para apoptose dos ceratócitos, com anti-caspase 3. Resultados: O desvio padrão da espessura planejada do disco foi inferior a 10 mm em todos os grupos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante da espessura do disco horizontalmente a +3,00 mm (p=0,0124), -0,5 mm (p=0,0082) e -1,00 mm (p=0,0425), a partir do vértice corneal, e a +0,5 mm (p=0,0240), a partir da borda do disco, em córneas tratadas por LDV e IL, e horizontalmente a -0,5 mm a partir do vértice corneal, entre LDV e FS200 (p=0,0082). A média de apoptose dos ceratócitos foi (13,09 ± 1,10), (15,59 ± 3,28) e (17,72 ± 1,49), em córneas tratadas pelo IL, FS200 e LDV, respectivamente (p<0,001). Conclusão: Todos os três laseres de femtosegundo estudados produziram disco de LASIK com predictibilidade de espessura. A média de apoptose dos ceratócitos foi baixa em todos os grupos.

Thickness and immunohistochemistry of LASIK flaps created by different femtosecond lasers in eye-bank corneas.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the corneal cell viability and thickness of LASIK flaps created by 3 femtosecond lasers in eye-bank human corneas. METHODS: Forty-five eye-bank human sclerocorneal buttons (15 corneas in each group) were examined after the creation of 120 mm-thick laser-assisted keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps with 150kHz iFS In-traLase™ (IL), Z6 Femto LDV™ (LDV), or 200kHz Wavelight™ FS200 (FS200). The thickness of the flaps was measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT; Visante™). Cell viability was blindly evaluated with immunohistochemistry for keratocyte apoptosis using anti-caspase 3 antibodies. RESULTS: The standard deviation from the intended flap thickness was less than 10 mm in all the groups. There was a statistically significant difference in corneas treated with LDV and IL with regard to the flap thickness horizontally at +3.00 mm (p=0.0124), -0.5 mm (p=0.0082), and -1.00 mm (p=0.0425) from the corneal vertex and +0.5 mm from the flap edge (p=0.0240), and those treated with LDV and FS200 with regard to the flap thickness horizontally at -0.5 mm from the corneal vertex (p=0.0082). The mean keratocyte apoptosis numbers were 13.09 ± 1.10, 15.59 ± 3.28, and 17.72 ± 1.49 in corneas treated with IL, FS200, and LDV, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: All 3 assessed femtosecond lasers provided predictable LASIK flap thickness. The mean stromal keratocyte apoptosis number was low in all groups.

Nodular scleritis and granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener) mimicking tuberculosis / Esclerite nodular e poliangiite granulomatosa (Wegener) mimetizando tuberculose

Granulomatous polyangiitis is a systemic disease that may affect any organ, with a predilection for the upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. This article aims to report a case of a patient with atypical nodular scleritis as the initial manifestation of granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener), mimicking a case of tuberculosis. The patient presented ocular hyperemia and lower progressive visual acuity for 1.5 years, followed by eye pain for two months. The patient had subpleural nodules with soft tissue density, increased pulmonary lymph nodes and discrete bilateral pleural thickening, with negative alcohol-resistant acid bacilli (BAAR). The histological diagnosis revealed a granulomatous vasculitis suggestive of non-infectious vasculitis (granulomatous polyangiitis). Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy was initiated.

Poliangiite granulomatosa é uma doença sistêmica que afeta qualquer órgão, com predileção pelo trato respiratório superior, pulmões e rins. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso atípico de uma paciente com esclerite nodular como manifestação inicial da poliangiite granulomatosa (Wegener), mimetizando um quadro de tuberculose. A paciente apresentou hiperemia ocular e baixa acuidade visual progressiva por 1,5 anos, seguido por dor ocular por dois meses. A paciente possuía nódulos subpleurais com densidade de partes moles, linfonodomegalia em janela aorto-pulmonar e espessamento pleural bilateral discreto, negativo para bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR). O diagnóstico histológico revelou uma vasculite granulomatosa sugestiva de vasculite não infecciosa (poliangiite granulomatosa). Foi iniciada pulsoterapia com ciclofosfamida.

[Complications after Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty]. / Complicações em ceratoplastia endotelial com desnudamento da Descemet (DSEK).

PURPOSE: To describe the complication rate and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). METHODS: Retrospective medical records review of patients who underwent DSEK between 2008 and 2010 at the Sorocaba Ophthalmological Hospital. The study was descriptive, using a quantitative approach. RESULTS: One hundred nineteen eyes of 118 patients were evaluated. According to the diagnoses, most patients were diagnosed with Fuchs' dystrophy (60 eyes, 50.4%), followed by patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in 55 eyes (46.2%). The most common procedure performed was DSEK alone, performed in 65 eyes (54.6%), followed by the DSEK associated to phacoemulsification (PHACO-DSEK) in 47 eyes (39.5%) and DSEK associated to other surgeries (7 eyes, 5.9%). Eight patients were excluded from the study due to insufficient information in the surgical record. In relation to the intra-operative complications, isolated cases of pupillary block, irregular manual dissection of button, inverted implantation of the button, button-holing and posterior capsule rupture were noticed. Among the documented early postoperative complications, button detachment was observed in 21.5% of the DSEK alone group; 34.0% in PHACO-DSEK group and 57.1% when DSEK was held jointly with other surgical techniques. Regarding to late complications, interface haze was observed in 16.9%, 8.5% and 14.2%, and glaucoma was observed in 4.6%, 2.1% and 14.2% in DSEK, PHACO-DSEK and DSEK associated to other techniques, respectively. Post rejection graft failure was observed in 15.3% and 12.7% of the eyes after DSEK and. PHACO-DSEK, respectively. CONCLUSION: Endothelial corneal transplant accomplished in this sample showed a high rate of complications when compared to the conventional penetrating keratoplasty. The most frequent complications were related to detachment of the button and graft failure.

Complicações em ceratoplastia endotelial com desnudamento da Descemet (DSEK) / Complications after Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty

OBJETIVO: Descrever a taxa de complicações e os tipos de complicações intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias da ceratoplastia endotelial com desnudamento da Descemet (DSEK). MÉTODOS: Revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à DSEK de 2008 a 2010 no Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba. O estudo teve caráter descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. RESULTADOS: Cento e dezenove olhos de 118 pacientes foram avaliados. Segundo a doença ocular de base, a maior parte dos pacientes eram portadores da distrofia de Fuchs (60 olhos, 50,4%), seguidos dos portadores de ceratopatia bolhosa do pseudofácico com 55 olhos (46,2%). A cirurgia mais comumente realizada foi o transplante endotelial isoladamente (DSEK), realizado em 65 olhos (54,6%), seguida do DSEK associado à facoemulsificação de cristalino (PHACO-DSEK) em 47 olhos (39,5%) e DSEK associado a outras cirurgias (7 olhos, 5,9%). Oito pacientes foram excluídos do trabalho devido informações cirúrgicas insuficientes em prontuário médico. Em relação às complicações cirúrgicas transoperatórias, foram observados casos isolados de bloqueio pupilar, dissecção irregular do botão, implante reverso do botão, "button-holing" e ruptura de cápsula posterior. Entre as complicações precoces, observou-se descolamento de botão em 21,5% dos olhos no grupo do DSEK, 34,0% no grupo PHACO-DSEK e 57,1% no grupo DSEK associado a outras técnicas cirúrgicas. No que se refere às complicações tardias, observou-se "haze" (opacidade) em interface em 16,9%, 8,5% e 14,2% e glaucoma foi observado em 4,6%, 2,1% e 14,2% dos olhos nos grupos DSEK, PHACO-DSEK e DSEK associado a outras técnicas, respectivamente. Falência pós-rejeição foi observada em 15,3% e 12,7% dos grupos DSEK e PHACO-DSEK, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante endotelial de córnea realizado nesta amostra teve uma taxa de complicações considerada alta se comparado aos transplantes penetrantes convencionais. As complicações mais frequentes foram aquelas relacionadas ao descolamento de botão e à falência pós-rejeição.

PURPOSE: To describe the complication rate and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). METHODS: Retrospective medical records review of patients who underwent DSEK between 2008 and 2010 at the Sorocaba Ophthalmological Hospital. The study was descriptive, using a quantitative approach. RESULTS: One hundred nineteen eyes of 118 patients were evaluated. According to the diagnoses, most patients were diagnosed with Fuchs' dystrophy (60 eyes, 50.4%), followed by patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in 55 eyes (46.2%). The most common procedure performed was DSEK alone, performed in 65 eyes (54.6%), followed by the DSEK associated to phacoemulsification (PHACO-DSEK) in 47 eyes (39.5%) and DSEK associated to other surgeries (7 eyes, 5.9%). Eight patients were excluded from the study due to insufficient information in the surgical record. In relation to the intra-operative complications, isolated cases of pupillary block, irregular manual dissection of button, inverted implantation of the button, button-holing and posterior capsule rupture were noticed. Among the documented early postoperative complications, button detachment was observed in 21.5% of the DSEK alone group; 34.0% in PHACO-DSEK group and 57.1% when DSEK was held jointly with other surgical techniques. Regarding to late complications, interface haze was observed in 16.9%, 8.5% and 14.2%, and glaucoma was observed in 4.6%, 2.1% and 14.2% in DSEK, PHACO-DSEK and DSEK associated to other techniques, respectively. Post rejection graft failure was observed in 15.3% and 12.7% of the eyes after DSEK and. PHACO-DSEK, respectively. CONCLUSION: Endothelial corneal transplant accomplished in this sample showed a high rate of complications when compared to the conventional penetrating keratoplasty. The most frequent complications were related to detachment of the button and graft failure.