Conhecimento de universitários do sexo masculino sobre o hpv / Knowledge of male university students about hpv

Introdução: O papilomavírus humano, mais conhecido como HPV, é um vírus responsável por infectar peles e mucosas (oral, genital ou anal), podendo evoluir para um quadro cancerígeno, é caracterizado como uma infecção sexualmente transmissível, e seu principal meio de transmissão é o contato com a pele ou mucosa contaminada. Como ocorre na maioria das infecções de transmissão sexual, a literatura aponta que o homem é o principal elo na cadeia epidemiológica do HPV, atuando como "portador" ou "vetor" de tipos oncogênicos. Assim, é extremamente importante salientar que a população masculina, considerada o principal vetor de transmissão do HPV e apresentando alto índice de prevalência da infecção, seja informada sobre o HPV. Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento de adultos jovens universitários do sexo masculino sobre o HPV. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem quantitativa. Pesquisa desenvolvida em um centro universitário de uma cidade do interior paulista. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre universitários do sexo masculino, adultos jovens com idade entre 18 e 20 anos e que estavam matriculados nos cursos de graduação deste centro universitário. A coleta de dados consistiu na apuração em um questionário virtual abrangendo questões sobre dados pessoais e questões fechadas sobre a temática abordada no estudo. Após a coleta foi realizada a análise percentual referente às respostas dadas pelos participantes. Resultados: Foi observado que a maioria dos participantes (75,4%) tinha conhecimento sobre o que é o HPV. Porém, os dados mostraram que nem todos que tinham esse conhecimento foram vacinados (60,2%). Em adição, os dados mostraram que a maioria (77,1%) apresentou conhecimento sobre a via de transmissão, mas nem todos (51,7%) apresentaram conhecimento sobre os sintomas que o HPV poderia causar. Conclusão: Apesar de a maioria dos indivíduos apresentarem conhecimento sobre o HPV, nota-se a importância de difundir conhecimentos sobre sinais e sintomas relacionados a esse vírus e as formas de proteção a fim de reduzir a taxa de transmissibilidade do mesmo

Introduction: The human papillomavirus, better known as HPV, is a virus responsible for infecting skin and mucous membranes (oral, genital or anal), which can develop into a cancerous condition. It is characterized as a sexually transmitted infection, and its main means of transmission is contact with contaminated skin or mucous membrane. As is the case with most sexually transmitted infections, the literature indicates that men are the main link in the HPV epidemiological chain, acting as a "carrier" or "vector" of oncogenic types. Therefore, it is extremely important to emphasize that the male population, considered the main vector of HPV transmission and presenting a high prevalence rate of infection, is informed about HPV. Objective: To identify the knowledge of young male university students about HPV. Material and Method: Descriptive and exploratory study with a quantitative approach. The research was developed in a university center located in a city in the country of São Paulo. Data collection was carried out among male university students, young adults aged between 18 and 20 years and who were enrolled in undergraduate courses at this university center. Data collection consisted of a virtual questionnaire covering questions about personal data and closed questions on the thematic of this study. After collection, a percentage analysis was performed between the responses given by the participants. Results: It was observed that most participants (75.4%) were aware of what HPV is. However, the data showed that not everyone who had this knowledge was vaccinated (60.2%). In addition, the data showed that the majority (77.1%) were aware of the transmission route, but not all (51.7%) were aware of the symptoms that HPV could cause. Conclusion: Although most individuals have knowledge about HPV, it is important to disseminate knowledge about signs and symptoms related to this virus and forms of protection in order to reduce its transmissibility rate

Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano, mejor conocido como HPV, es un virus responsable de infectar la piel y las mucosas (orales, genitales o anales), pudiendo convertirse en una condición cancerosa. HPV se caracteriza por ser una infección de transmisión sexual, y su principal vía de transmisión es el contacto con la piel o mucosas contaminadas. Como ocurre con la mayoría de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, la literatura señala que los hombres son el principal eslabón de la cadena epidemiológica del HPV, actuando como "portadores" o "vectores" de tipos oncogénicos. Por lo tanto, es de suma importancia enfatizar que la población masculina, considerada el principal vector de transmisión del HPV y que presenta una alta tasa de prevalencia de infección, esté informada sobre el HPV. Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento de jóvenes universitarios varones sobre el HPV. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo. La investigación se desarrolló en un centro universitario ubicado en una ciudad del interior de São Paulo. La recolección de datos se realizó entre estudiantes universitarios del sexo masculino, adultos jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 20 años y que cursaban cursos de pregrado en este centro universitario. La recolección de datos consistió en un cuestionario virtual que abarcó preguntas sobre datos personales y preguntas cerradas sobre el tema abordado en este estudio. Después de la recolección, se realizó un análisis porcentual de las respuestas dadas por los participantes. Resultados: Se observó que la mayoría de los participantes (75,4%) conocían qué es el HPV. Sin embargo, los datos mostraron que no todos los que tenían este conocimiento estaban vacunados (60,2%). Además, los datos mostraron que la mayoría (77,1%) conocía la vía de transmisión, pero no todos (51,7%) conocían los síntomas que podría causar el HPV. Conclusión: Aunque la mayoría de los individuos tiene conocimiento sobre el HPV, es importante difundir el conocimiento sobre los signos y síntomas relacionados con este virus y las formas de protección para reducir su tasa de transmisibilidad

Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and functional capacity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: an observational transversal study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the association among obstructive sleep apnea, functional capacity, and metabolic control. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving individuals of both sexes with clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 who were above 18 years of age. The assessment consisted of a volunteer identification form, a 2-minute step test, and the Stop-Bang questionnaire. In order to assess metabolic control, HbA1c and fasting glucose data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: A total of 100 individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, of whom 61% were women, were included in this study. According to the Stop-Bang instrument, 26, 57, and 17% of patients had low, intermediate, and high risk of developing OSA, respectively. There was no association between the 2-minute step test and metabolic variables and diabetes mellitus type 2 chronicity with Stop-Bang. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that there is no association among obstructive sleep apnea measured by means of Stop-Bang instrument, functional capacity measured by means of 2-minute step test, and metabolic variables in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and functional capacity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: an observational transversal study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the association among obstructive sleep apnea, functional capacity, and metabolic control. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving individuals of both sexes with clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 who were above 18 years of age. The assessment consisted of a volunteer identification form, a 2-minute step test, and the Stop-Bang questionnaire. In order to assess metabolic control, HbA1c and fasting glucose data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: A total of 100 individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, of whom 61% were women, were included in this study. According to the Stop-Bang instrument, 26, 57, and 17% of patients had low, intermediate, and high risk of developing OSA, respectively. There was no association between the 2-minute step test and metabolic variables and diabetes mellitus type 2 chronicity with Stop-Bang. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that there is no association among obstructive sleep apnea measured by means of Stop-Bang instrument, functional capacity measured by means of 2-minute step test, and metabolic variables in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Análise de zumbido em pacientes com diagnóstico de alça Vascular De VIII par craniano à ressonância nuclear magnética / Analysis of tinnitus in patients diagnosed with vascular loop of the viii cranial nerve on magnetic resonance imaging

Analisar e correlacionar sinais e sintomas auditivos, com ênfase no zumbido, achados audiológicos e sua incidência em indivíduos com alça vascular (AV) de VII/VIII par demonstrado por imagens de RNM de ângulo ponto cerebelar, classificando-os segundo Chavda. Estudo retrospectivo e transversal por meio da análise de dados clínicos dos prontuários de 15 pacientes, correlacionando queixas auditivas e otológicas com resultados encontrados nos exames complementares de Audiometria e RNM a que foram submetidos. Os pacientes que apresentavam alteração do trajeto dos vasos que penetram no MAI, formando alça vascular de VII e/ou VIII par craniano, foram classificados segundo Chavda. Todos os pacientes tinham exame de RNM com diagnóstico de alça vascular do VIII par. Onze deles (73,33%) eram bilaterais. Em 5 pacientes, houve concordância da queixa com os achados à RNM: sintomas bilaterais e alça vascular bilateral. O zumbido gerado pelas estruturas para-auditivas vasculares também são denominados zumbidos pulsáteis. Esses estados levam a fluxo turbulento, gerando o zumbido, que por sua vez é síncrono com o pulso do paciente. Há estudos demonstrando que não há correlação entre zumbido e contato vascular com o VIII par. Encontramos presença de zumbido em aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes com alça vascular, mas nem sempre a queixa coincidiu com a patologia, sendo difícil, portanto, correlacionar queixa e patologia. A presença de alça vascular na RNM não é patológica, mas um achado de exame. A presença do conflito neurovascular do VII/VIII par craniano nas imagens de RNM não justificou por si só os sinais e sintomas otoneurológicos e as al-terações audiovestibulares encontradas nos indivíduos avaliados neste estudo.

To analyze and correlate auditory signs and symptoms, emphasising tinnitus, audiological findings, and their incidence in individuals with vascular loop (AV) of VII/VIII pair demonstrated by MRI images of the cerebellopontine angle, classifying them according to Chavda. A retrospective and cross-sectional study by analyzing clinical data from the medical records of 15 patients, correlating hearing and otological complaints with results found in the complementary tests of Audiometry and MRI. Patients who presented alterations in the path of the vessels that penetrate the IAC, forming a vascular loop of the VII and/or VIII cranial nerve, were classified according to Chavda. All patients had an MRI with a vascular loop of the VIII pair diagnosed. Eleven of them (73.33%) were bilateral. In 5 patients, there was an agreement between the complaint and the MRI findings: bilateral symptoms and bilateral vascular loop. Tinnitus generated by vascular para-auditory structures is also called pulsatile tinnitus. These conditions lead to turbulent flow that causes tinnitus, synchronous with the patient's pulse. There are studies demonstrating there is no correlation between tinnitus and vascular contact with the VIII pair. We found the presence of tinnitus in approximately 80% of patients with vascular loop, but the complaint did not always coincide with the pathology, making it hard to correlate complaints and pathology. The presence of a vascular loop on MRI is not pathological but an examination finding. The neurovascular conflict of the VII/VIII cranial nerve present in the MRI images did not alone justify the otoneurological signs and symptoms and the audiovestibular alterations found in the individuals evaluated in this study.

Prevalência de apêndices préauriculares isolados em recémnascidos e resultados na triagem auditiva neonatal / Prevalence of isolated pre-auricular appendages in newborns and results in neonatal hearing screening

Introdução: os apêndices pré-auriculares, em conjunto com outras malformações craniofaciais e do osso temporal, estão associados à deficiência auditiva. Dentre as malformações do pavilhão auricular, encontram-se os apêndices pré-auriculares, formados por pele e cartilagem, e que podem estar presentes em qualquer ponto entre o trágus da orelha e o ângulo da boca, uni ou bilaterais. Objetivo: avaliar a resposta auditiva em 906 recém-nascidos sem indicadores de risco para deficiência auditiva e com apêndices pré-auriculares isolados (uni ou bilaterais) quanto a: prevalência de recém-nascidos com apêndices pré-auriculares; respostas de reflexo cócleo-palpebral; características das emissões otoacústicas; características do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico; e a incidência dessa causuística que apresente perda auditiva. Método: a identificação de indicadores de risco para deficiência auditiva foi realizada a partir da carteira do recém-nascido, do prontuário médico e de uma entrevista com os pais. Foram avaliados o meato acústico externo e a membrana timpânica através de otoscopia e espéculos auriculares. O reflexo cócleo-palpebral foi testado percutindo-se um agogô próximo ao recém-nascido. Pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas foi realizada com o aparelho ero scan etymotic research. Avaliou-se o potencial evocado auditivo do tronco encefálico. Resultado e discusssão: a prevalência de apêndices pré-auriculares foi de 1,1%. Todos apresentaram reflexo cócleo palpebral presente, passaram pelas EOA e o potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico apresentou resposta eletrofisiológica dentro dos padrões de normalidade em todos os pacientes estudados. Conclusão: não houve correlação entre a perda auditiva e a presença de apêndices pré-auriculares

Introduction: pre-auricular appendages, together with other craniofacial malformations and temporal bone, are associated with hearing loss. Among the malformations of the auricle are the preauricular appendages, formed by skin and cartilage, and that can be present at any point between the tragus of the ear and the angle of the mouth, uni or bilateral. Objective: to evaluate the auditory response in 906 newborns without risk indicators for hearing loss and with isolated pre-auricular appendages (uni- or bilateral) for: prevalence of newborns with pre-auricular appendages; responses of cochlear-eyelid reflex; characteristics of otoacoustic emissions; characteristics of auditory brainstem evoked potential; and the incidence of this cause that presents hearing loss. Method: identification of risk indicators for hearing loss was carried out from the newborn's wallet, the medical record and the interview with the parents. The external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane were evaluated through otoscopy and atrial speculum. The cochlear-eyelid reflex was tested by percututing an agogot close to the newborn. Research on otoacoustic emissions was performed using the ero scan etymotic research apparatus. The auditory evoked potential of the brainstem was evaluated. Results and discussion: the prevalence of pre-auricular appendages was 1.1%. All of them presented a palpebral cochlear reflex present, passed through the OAE, and the auditory evoked potential of the brainstem presented an electrophysiological response within normality patterns in all patients studied. Conclusion: there was no correlation between hearing loss and the presence of pre-auricular appendages alone.

A lung image reconstruction from computed radiography images as a tool to tuberculosis treatment control

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious lung disease with high worldwide incidence that severely compromises the quality of life in affected individuals. Clinical tests are currently employed to monitor pulmonary status and treatment progression. The present study aimed to apply a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method based on chest radiography to quantify lung-involvement volume of TB acute-phase patients before and after treatment. In addition, these results were compared with indices from conventional clinical exams to show the coincidence level. Methods: A 3D lung reconstruction method using patient chest radiography was applied to quantify lung-involvement volume using retrospective examinations of 50 patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB and treated with two different drugs schemes. Twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme I (rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide), whereas twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme II (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol). Acute-phase reaction: Serum exams included C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and albumin levels. Pulmonary function was tested posttreatment. Results: We found strong agreement between lung involvement and serum indices pre- and posttreatment. Comparison of the functional severity degree with lung involvement based on 3D image quantification for both treatment schemes found a high correlation. Conclusions: The present 3D reconstruction method produced a satisfactory agreement with the acute-phase reaction, most notably a higher significance level with the C-reactive protein. We also found a quite reasonable coincidence between the 3D reconstruction method and the degree of functional lung impairment posttreatment. The performance of the quantification method was satisfactory when comparing the two treatment schemes. Thus, the 3D reconstruction quantification method may be useful tools for monitoring TB treatment. The association with serum indices are not only inexpensive and sensitive but also may be incorporated into the assessment of patients during TB treatment.(AU)

Gliomas and the vascular fragility of the blood brain barrier.

Astrocytes, members of the glial family, interact through the exchange of soluble factors or by directly contacting neurons and other brain cells, such as microglia and endothelial cells. Astrocytic projections interact with vessels and act as additional elements of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). By mechanisms not fully understood, astrocytes can undergo oncogenic transformation and give rise to gliomas. The tumors take advantage of the BBB to ensure survival and continuous growth. A glioma can develop into a very aggressive tumor, the glioblastoma (GBM), characterized by a highly heterogeneous cell population (including tumor stem cells), extensive proliferation and migration. Nevertheless, gliomas can also give rise to slow growing tumors and in both cases, the afflux of blood, via BBB is crucial. Glioma cells migrate to different regions of the brain guided by the extension of blood vessels, colonizing the healthy adjacent tissue. In the clinical context, GBM can lead to tumor-derived seizures, which represent a challenge to patients and clinicians, since drugs used for its treatment must be able to cross the BBB. Uncontrolled and fast growth also leads to the disruption of the chimeric and fragile vessels in the tumor mass resulting in peritumoral edema. Although hormonal therapy is currently used to control the edema, it is not always efficient. In this review we comment the points cited above, considering the importance of the BBB and the concerns that arise when this barrier is affected.

Festa, lazer e religião: o caso da festa de São João em Tupi, Piracicaba-SP / Festival, leisure and religion: the case of the St. John festival in Tupi, Piracicaba, SP

Essa pesquisa analisa duas das possibilidades inter-relacionadas da festa: lazer e religião. Tem por objetivos identificar os aspectos significativos da participação popular oportunizados pela “Festa de São João” em Tupi (distrito da cidade de Piracicaba, no interior do estado de São Paulo) e verificar a dimensão de lazer experimentado e proporcionado pelos que organizam e/ou participam ativamente desta festa. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, e a escolha da cidade se deu de forma não probabilística, seguindo critérios de representatividade e acessibilidade. Utilizou-se uma combinação das pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo. As técnicas utilizadas foram: análise bibliográfica, análise de conteúdo, observação participante, com anotações em diário de campo, e entrevistas estruturadas. O estudo confirma que a festa é uma atividade de lazer e as análises indicam que há relações entre lazer e religião e que estas assumem várias formas.

The present research analyzes two inter-related possibilities involving the St. John Festival: leisure and religion. It aims at identifying the significant aspects of the popular participation provided by the “St. John Festival”, which takes place in Tupi (a district of the city of Piracicaba, in the countryside of São Paulo) and also at checking the dimension of leisure experienced and provided by those who organize or take active part in the festival. This is a case study and the city was chosen in a non-probabilistic way, following criteria of representativeness and accessibility. The work made use of a combination of literature review, documentary and field research. The techniques used were: literature analysis, content analysis, participant observation with the use of a field journal, and structured interviews. The study confirms that the festival is a leisure activity and analyses show that there are relations between leisure and religion and these can take over several forms.