Obstructive sleep apnea versus central sleep apnea: prognosis in systolic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: In chronic heart failure (CHF), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) are associated with increased mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic effect of CSR compared to OSA, in otherwise similar groups of CHF patients. METHODS: Screening for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) was conducted among patients with CHF of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤45%. The study included 43 patients (4 women) with >25% CSR during sleeping time, and 19 patients (2 women) with OSA and an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥6. Patients were followed for a median of 1,371 days. The primary endpoint was mortality, and the secondary endpoint was combined mortality and hospital admissions. RESULTS: Baseline parameters did not significantly differ between groups, but CSR patients were older and had higher AHI values than OSA patients. Five OSA patients (26%) died, and 14 (74%) met the combined end-point of death or hospitalization. CSR patients had significantly higher risk for both end-points, with 23 (53%) deaths [log-rank P=0.040; HR, 2.70 (1.01-7.22); P=0.047] and 40 (93%) deaths or readmissions [log-rank P=0.029; HR, 1.96 (1.06-3.63); P=0.032]. After adjustment for confounding risk factors, the association between CSR and death remained significant [HR, 4.73 (1.10-20.28); P=0.037], hospital admission rates were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CHF, CSR was associated with higher mortality than OSA independently of age and cardiac systolic function. CSR was also an age-independent predictor of unfavorable outcome, but hospital admission rates were not significantly different between the two groups after adjustment.

Quality of life improves in patients with chronic heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration treated with adaptive servo-ventilation in a nurse-led heart failure clinic.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate if quality of life improved in chronic heart failure patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration treated with adaptive servo-ventilation in nurse-led heart failure clinic. BACKGROUND: Cheyne-Stokes respiration is associated with decreased quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Adaptive servo-ventilation is introduced to treat this sleep-disordered breathing. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled design. METHODS: Fifty-one patients (ranging from 53-84 years), New York Heart Association III-IV and/or left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and Cheyne-Stokes respiration were randomised to an intervention group who received adaptive servo-ventilation or a control group. Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire was used to assess quality of life at randomisation and after three months. Both groups were followed in the nurse-led heart failure clinic. RESULT: Adaptive servo ventilation improved quality of life-scores both in a per protocol analysis and in an intention to treat analysis. Twenty-one patients dropped out of the study, nine in the control and 12 in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: Use of adaptive servo-ventilation improved quality of life in chronic heart failure patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. However, the drop-out rate was high. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Chronic heart failure patients come regularly to the nurse-led heart failure clinic. The heart failure nurses' competency has to include knowledge of equipment to provide support and continuity of care to the patients.

A retrospective analysis of cardiovascular outcomes in patients treated with ASV.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of long-term adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) on cardiovascular mortality and admission rates in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) has not been much studied. The aim of this study was primarily to investigate whether ASV therapy significantly reduced these parameters. DESIGN: We included 75 CHF patients on optimal medication and CSR ≥25% of sleeping time, in New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes II-IV and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 45%. Thirty-one patients were treated with ASV for >3-18 months and 44 patients served as a control group. RESULTS: Seven deaths (16%) in the control group and one death (3%) in the ASV treatment group had cardiovascular etiology. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding cardiovascular death (log rank p = 0.07; HR 0.18 (95% CI 0.02-1.44), p = 0.11) and combined cardiovascular death or readmissions, but there was a trend toward better outcome regarding cardiovascular event-free survival (log rank p = 0.06; HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.27-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: In CHF patients with CSR, 18 months ASV treatment did not significantly affect cardiovascular death or combined cardiovascular death or hospital admissions. But there was a trend toward better combined outcome.

Three-month treatment with adaptive servoventilation improves cardiac function and physical activity in patients with chronic heart failure and cheyne-stokes respiration: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cheyne-Stokes respiration frequently occurs in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) is a novel therapy with potential benefits. This prospective randomized trial investigated the effects of ASV on myocardial function and physical capacity. METHODS: Patients with severe CHF, despite optimal cardiac medication and/or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and Cheyne-Stokes breathing for >25% of sleeping time were included. Fifty-one patients, age 57-81 years (4 were women), were randomized to either an ASV or a control group; 30 patients completed the study (15 from each group). The primary end point was any change in LVEF. The secondary end points were alterations in physical capacity according to the 6-min walk test or the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. RESULTS: In the ASV-treatment group, LVEF improved from baseline (32 ± 11%) to study end (36 ± 13%), p = 0.013. The 6-min walk test improved from 377 ± 115 to 430 ± 123 m (p = 0.014) and the NYHA class from 3.2 (3.0-3.0) to 2.0 (2.0-3.0) (p < 0.001). No changes occurred in the control group. CONCLUSION: Three months of ASV treatment improved LVEF and physical capacity in CHF patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. These results suggest that ASV may be a beneficial supplement to standard medication in these patients.