RESUMO
Introdução: A tuberculose (TB) é considerada uma doença bem desafiadora para o sistema de saúde no Brasil, devido ao número elevado de casos nas últimas décadas. Contudo, com a pandemia da COVID-19, foi observada uma redução significativa de casos de TB. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da TB nas macrorregionais de saúde do estado do Paraná, bem como nas populações vulneráveis nos anos de 2011 a 2021, e sua associação com a ocorrências de casos de COVID-19 a partir de 2020. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, com dados secundários de TB do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e de COVID-19 no banco de dados público oficial da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná (SESA) para o coronavírus. Principais resultados: Foi observada diferenças significativas de ocorrência de casos de TB entre as macrorregionais relacionadas à faixa etária da população e entre os períodos pré-pandêmico e pandêmico no Paraná. Os dados obtidos apontam também para uma associação significativa de casos de TB em populações em situação de rua, privadas de liberdade e portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) no estado ao longo dos anos observados. Conclusão: As notificações de TB no estado do Paraná foram afetadas pela pandemia da COVID-19.
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is considered a very challenging disease for the health system in Brazil, due to the high number of cases in recent decades. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant reduction in TB cases was observed. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of TB in the macro-regional health regions of the state of Paraná, as well as in vulnerable populations in the years 2011 to 2021 and the association with the occurrence of COVID-19 cases from 2020. Methodology: Its an ecological study with secondary tuberculosis data from SINAN and data COVID-19 in the official public database of the Paraná State Health Department (SESA). Results: Results show significant differences of TB cases among the macro-regions related to the age group of the population and between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. A significant association of TB cases was also observed for the homeless, deprived of liberty and HIV-positive populations in the state over the years observed. Conclusion: TB notifications in the state of Paraná were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Introducción: La tuberculosis (TB) es considerada una enfermedad muy desafiadora para el sistema de salud en Brasil, debido al elevado número de casos en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, con la pandemia de COVID-19, se observó una reducción significativa de los casos de TB. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento de la TB en las macro regiones sanitarias del estado de Paraná, así como en poblaciones vulnerables en los años 2011 a 2021 y la asociación con la ocurrencia de casos de COVID-19 a partir de 2020. Metodología: Es un estudio ecológico con datos secundarios de tuberculosis del SINAN y datos COVID-19 en la base de datos pública oficial de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Paraná (SESA). Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas de casos de TB entre las macrorregiones relacionadas con el grupo de edad de la población y entre los períodos prepandémico y pandémico. También se observó una asociación significativa de casos de TB para la población sin hogar, privada de libertad y seropositiva al VIH en el estado a lo largo de los años observados. Conclusiones: Las notificaciones de TB en el estado de Paraná fueron afectadas por la pandemia de COVID-19.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS: We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS: All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION: No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.
Assuntos
Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Brasil , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Primatas , Zika virus/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná. METHODS We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). FINDINGS All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSION No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.
RESUMO
Dogs are the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by sand flies. In the state of Paraná, the first detection of a positive dog for VL was in 2014, this year Paraná lost free status for this disease (VL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Palotina, the occurrence of vectors that may transmit Leishmania infantum, and the number of notifications of human visceral leishmaniasis cases from period 2010 to 2020. To determine the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, blood samples from 204 dogs were analyzed using the rapid test DPP® to detect anti-L. infantum antibodies. To investigate the occurrence of potential vectors, monthly collections were made at 18 points within the urban area of the municipality. The number of human visceral leishmaniasis cases was investigated from Epidemiological Surveillance records. None of the serologically tested dogs showed positive titration. Only two specimens of Lutzomyia neivai, one of Lutzomyia sp. and four of Brumptomyia brumpti specimens were collected. No human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported. These results suggest that there is no evidence of circulation of L. infantum in Palotina.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral , Saúde Única , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cidades , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Insetos Vetores , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterináriaRESUMO
Neospora caninum is a heteroxenous protozoa, whose definitive hosts are canids and intermediate hosts are herbivores, and is of great importance in cattle. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of N. caninum in dairy cattle and dogs, to detect the presence of the protozoa at the molecular level in aborted fetuses, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection in properties in the western region of the state of Paraná. For this study, 600 bovine serum samples from 60 properties, 163 canine serum samples from 52 properties and 17 bovine fetuses from nine properties were collected. Data were collected using an epidemiological questionnaire to verify the risk factors. Serum samples were analyzed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Fetal tissues were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and subsequent DNA sequencing. Of the bovine samples, 23.67% were positive for N. caninum. Among the canine samples, 11.66% were positive for N. caninum. Risk factors in cattle were history of abortion, low milk production, extensive breeding, and Jersey breed (p<0.05). Protozoan DNA was detected in 52.94% of the 17 fetuses and the sequencing presented high similarity with N. caninum.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães/parasitologia , Neospora/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Coccidiose/sangue , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Feminino , Masculino , Neospora/imunologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Abstract Neospora caninum is a heteroxenous protozoa, whose definitive hosts are canids and intermediate hosts are herbivores, and is of great importance in cattle. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of N. caninum in dairy cattle and dogs, to detect the presence of the protozoa at the molecular level in aborted fetuses, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection in properties in the western region of the state of Paraná. For this study, 600 bovine serum samples from 60 properties, 163 canine serum samples from 52 properties and 17 bovine fetuses from nine properties were collected. Data were collected using an epidemiological questionnaire to verify the risk factors. Serum samples were analyzed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Fetal tissues were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and subsequent DNA sequencing. Of the bovine samples, 23.67% were positive for N. caninum. Among the canine samples, 11.66% were positive for N. caninum. Risk factors in cattle were history of abortion, low milk production, extensive breeding, and Jersey breed (p<0.05). Protozoan DNA was detected in 52.94% of the 17 fetuses and the sequencing presented high similarity with N. caninum.
Resumo Neospora caninum é um protozoário heteroxeno, cujos hospedeiros definitivos são os canídeos e os hospedeiros intermediários são os herbívoros, apresentando maior importância em bovinos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de N. caninum em bovinos leiteiros e em cães, detectar molecularmente o protozoário em fetos abortados e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção em propriedades da região Oeste do estado do Paraná. Para isso, foram coletadas 600 amostras de soro de bovinos provenientes de 60 propriedades, 163 amostras de soro de cães de 52 propriedades e 17 fetos de nove propriedades. Por fim, foram coletados dados em um questionário epidemiológico para verificar os fatores de risco. As amostras de soro foram analisadas por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e os tecidos fetais foram analisados utilizando a PCR e posterior sequenciamento de DNA. Das amostras de bovinos, 23,67% foram positivas para N. caninum. Entre os cães, 11,66% foram positivos. Os fatores de risco nos bovinos foram histórico de aborto, baixa produção de leite, criação extensiva e raça Jersey (p<0,05). Dos 17 fetos analisados, em 52,94% foi possível detectar DNA do protozoário, e o sequenciamento mostrou alta similaridade com N. caninum.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Neospora/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Coccidiose/sangue , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Neospora/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/sangueRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to analyze consumer profile; to identify the main reasons for raw milk consumption; and to analyze in laboratory samples of uninspected raw milk from five towns in the western region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The types of milk most frequently consumed were: 42.3% ultra-high temperature (UHT), 38.3% pasteurized milk, 17.6% uninspected raw milk, and 1.7% powered milk. The frequencies of households that preferred uninspected raw milk were, according to the town, 32.7% in Iporã, 29.2% in Marechal Cândido Rondon, 18.9% in Assis Chateaubriand, 17.6% in Palotina, and 10% in Toledo. Flavor was the main reason for uninspected raw milk consumption, and the purchase of this product was more frequent in households whose income was between one to four minimum wages. It was observed that the sales of uninspected milk are more financially advantageous to the producer than sales of inspected milk. All samples analyzed showed lack of compliance with at least one parameter, 60.9% for mesophilic counts, 56.6% for non-fat dry matter, 52.1% for freezing point, 43.5% for acidity, 23.9% for density, 23.9% for the casein macropeptide, 17.4% for fat content, 8.7% were reactors in the milk ring test, and 2.2% were reactors in microbial growth inhibitor test. Fraud by addition of water was observed in 20% of the samples. Uninspected raw milk analyzed in this study involved a low-quality product that is a financial hazard as it may be adulterated, and that poses risk to consumer health.(AU)
Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar o perfil, identificar os principais motivos para o consumo e avaliar laboratorialmente as amostras de leite cru informal de cinco municípios do oeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os tipos de leite mais frequentemente consumidos foram: 42,3% ultra-high temperature (UHT), 38,3% pasteurizado, 17,6% leite cru informal e 1,7% em pó. As frequências de consumidores que preferiram leite cru informal, por cidade, foram: 17,6% em Palotina, 29,2% em Marechal Cândido Rondon, 18,9% em Assis Chateaubriand, 17,6% em Palotina e 10% em Toledo. Sabor foi o principal motivo que influenciou o consumo de leite cru informal, e famílias com renda familiar de um a quatro salários mínimos foram as que mais consumiram esse tipo de leite. A comercialização informal de leite foi mais vantajosa financeiramente para o produtor em relação à comercialização formal. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram-se em desacordo em pelo menos um parâmetro, sendo 60,9% para mesófilos, 56,6% para estrato seco desengordurado, 52,1% para índice crioscópico, 43,5% para acidez, 23,9% para densidade, 23,9% para índice de caseíno macropeptídeo, 17,4% para teor de gordura, 8,7% reagente ao teste do anel em leite (TAL), e 2,2% reagente para presença de inibidor de crescimento bacteriano. A adulteração encontrada foi a adição de água em 20% das amostras analisadas. O leite cru informal avaliado nesta pesquisa envolveu a comercialização de um produto sem qualidade e que constitui um perigo financeiro, em razão do consumo de produtos adulterados, além do risco à saúde do consumidor.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Comércio , Comportamento do Consumidor , Leite , Higiene dos Alimentos , Inocuidade dos AlimentosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cryptosporidium is an important protozoan cause of waterborne disease worldwide of concern to public health authorities. To prevent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, the monitoring of this parasite in drinking water is necessary. In the present work, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR techniques were used to detect Cryptosporidium in raw water from catchment points of four water treatment plants (WTP) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: First, DNA extraction techniques were tested in samples containing decreasing amount of oocysts in reagent water, and PCR and nested-PCR with specific primers for 18SSU rDNA of Cryptosporidium were conducted to determine their sensitivity. In reagent water, a commercial extraction kit provided the best analytical sensitivity, and PCR and nested-PCR allowed the detection of five and two oocysts, respectively, with the primers XIAOR/XIAOF and XIAO1F/XIAO2R. RESULTS: In the spiking experiments, only the PCR with the primers AWA995F/AWA1206R was successful at detecting concentrations of 0.1 oocysts/mL. Two catchments samples of raw water and/or water sludge from four WTPs were contaminated with Cryptosporidium. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the techniques to monitor Cryptosporidium in water and detect contamination in water catchments of WTPs in Curitiba are discussed in the present work.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/análise , Água Doce/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Purificação da Água , Brasil , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Esgotos/parasitologia , Abastecimento de Água/análiseRESUMO
Introduction Cryptosporidium is an important protozoan cause of waterborne disease worldwide of concern to public health authorities. To prevent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, the monitoring of this parasite in drinking water is necessary. In the present work, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR techniques were used to detect Cryptosporidium in raw water from catchment points of four water treatment plants (WTP) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Methods First, DNA extraction techniques were tested in samples containing decreasing amount of oocysts in reagent water, and PCR and nested-PCR with specific primers for 18SSU rDNA of Cryptosporidium were conducted to determine their sensitivity. In reagent water, a commercial extraction kit provided the best analytical sensitivity, and PCR and nested-PCR allowed the detection of five and two oocysts, respectively, with the primers XIAOR/XIAOF and XIAO1F/XIAO2R. Results In the spiking experiments, only the PCR with the primers AWA995F/AWA1206R was successful at detecting concentrations of 0.1 oocysts/mL. Two catchments samples of raw water and/or water sludge from four WTPs were contaminated with Cryptosporidium. Conclusions The application of the techniques to monitor Cryptosporidium in water and detect contamination in water catchments of WTPs in Curitiba are discussed in the present work. .
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/análise , Água Doce/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Purificação da Água , Brasil , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Esgotos/parasitologia , Abastecimento de Água/análiseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The production of anti-Cryptosporidium polyclonal antibodies and its use in direct immunofluorescence assays to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium in water are described in the present work. METHODS: Two rabbits were immunized with soluble and particulate antigens from purified Cryptosporidium oocysts. The sera produced were prepared for immunoglobulin G extraction, which were then purified and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Slides containing known amounts of oocysts were prepared to determine the sensitivity of the technique. To test the specificity, slides containing Giardia duodenalis cysts were prepared. RESULTS: The conjugate was successfully used in water samples experimentally contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts, and it was possible to detect up to five oocysts/spot, corresponding to contamination of 250 oocysts/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The three immunizations performed in the rabbits were enough to produce antibodies against Cryptosporidium, the standard direct immunofluorescence assay permitted the detection of five oocysts in 20% of the samples, and no cross-reaction with Giardia duodenalis cysts occurred.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/biossíntese , Cryptosporidium/imunologia , Água Doce/parasitologia , Animais , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/normas , Oocistos/imunologia , Coelhos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The production of anti-Cryptosporidium polyclonal antibodies and its use in direct immunofluorescence assays to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium in water are described in the present work. METHODS: Two rabbits were immunized with soluble and particulate antigens from purified Cryptosporidium oocysts. The sera produced were prepared for immunoglobulin G extraction, which were then purified and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Slides containing known amounts of oocysts were prepared to determine the sensitivity of the technique. To test the specificity, slides containing Giardia duodenalis cysts were prepared. RESULTS: The conjugate was successfully used in water samples experimentally contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts, and it was possible to detect up to five oocysts/spot, corresponding to contamination of 250 oocysts/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The three immunizations performed in the rabbits were enough to produce antibodies against Cryptosporidium, the standard direct immunofluorescence assay permitted the detection of five oocysts in 20 percent of the samples, and no cross-reaction with Giardia duodenalis cysts occurred.
INTRODUÇÃO: A produção de anticorpos policlonais anti-Cryptosporidium e sua utilização na imunofluorescência para determinar a presença de Cryptosporidium em água são descritas no presente trabalho. MÉTODOS: Dois coelhos foram imunizados com antígeno solúvel e particulado provenientes de oocistos purificados de Cryptosporidium. O soro produzido foi preparado para a extração de imunoglobulinas G, que foram purificadas e conjugadas com isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). Lâminas contendo quantidades conhecidas de oocistos foram preparadas para determinar a sensibilidade da técnica. Para testar a especificidade foram preparadas lâminas contendo cistos de Giardia duodenalis. RESULTADOS: O conjugado foi usado com sucesso em amostras de água contaminadas experimentalmente com oocistos de Cryptosporidium, sendo capaz de detectar até cinco oocistos/spots que corresponde a uma contaminação de 250 oocistos/mL. CONCLUSÕES: As três imunizações realizadas nos coelhos foram suficientes para produção de anticorpos contra Cryptosporidium; a reação de imunofluorescência direta padronizada permitiu a detecção de cinco oocistos em 20 por cento das amostras; não houve reação cruzada com cistos de Giardia duodenalis.
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/biossíntese , Cryptosporidium/imunologia , Água Doce/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/normas , Oocistos/imunologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
In the present work, assays were performed to compare the efficacy of hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocyst in public water supply from Brazilian South conditions. Experiments were carried out in samples containing 2 x 10(4) oocysts/ml of C. parvum purified from feces of experimentally contaminated calves. An in vitro excystation method was used to evaluate oocysts' viability and to determine the inactivation rates of hypochlorous acid at 2 ppm, chlorine dioxide at 1, 2, and 5 ppm, and ozone at the doses of 0.18, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, and 1.44 mg/l. By using hypochlorous acid, the maximum inactivation rate obtained was 49.04% after 120 min. Chlorine dioxide at 5 ppm inactivated 90.56% of oocysts after 90 min of contact. Ozone was the most effective product, rendering an inactivation of 100% with the concentration of 24 mg/l. Resistance of Cryptosporidium to the usual disinfectants and the need for more effective water treatments to prevent waterborne diseases in Brazil are discussed in this manuscript.